Acid-base Balance Quiz
40 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What condition can hyperventilation lead to?

  • Respiratory acidosis
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Metabolic alkalosis
  • Respiratory alkalosis (correct)
  • Which of the following is a cause of metabolic acidosis?

  • Diarrhoea (correct)
  • Increased oxygen levels
  • Hyperventilation
  • Vomiting
  • What primary change occurs in respiratory acidosis?

  • Increase of pO2
  • Increase of pH
  • Increase of bicarbonate
  • Increase of pCO2 (correct)
  • What is the normal range for blood standard bicarbonate (SB) in mmol/l?

    <p>22-26</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory alkalosis can be caused by which of the following?

    <p>Excessive mechanical ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation is least likely to lead to hyperosmolar hypohydration?

    <p>Bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs of respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Light-headedness and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory acidosis could develop due to what condition?

    <p>Hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Severe diarrhea typically results in which of the following conditions?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a patient with severe diarrhea, what is most likely to occur?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compensatory mechanism acts in response to metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Increase of pCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hypoosmolar hypohydration indicate about fluid balance?

    <p>Negative fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Severe acidosis is likely to cause which of the following effects?

    <p>Inhibition of the respiratory center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To diagnose hyperosmolar hyperhydration, which space's osmolarity is primarily measured?

    <p>Extracellular space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is characteristic of hyperosmolar hyperhydration?

    <p>Development of intracranial pressure symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary change in the internal environment during metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Decrease of bicarbonate concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from a change in hypothalamic set point?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is crucial for resetting the thermostatic set-point in the hypothalamus?

    <p>Prostaglandins E2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes fibrosis?

    <p>Development of new connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which morphological feature indicates acute inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils and tissue edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines are most important in causing fever?

    <p>IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of fever?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ primarily increases body temperature during a fever?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism explains the pathogenesis of thirst in a patient with hyperglycemia?

    <p>Increased plasma osmolarity due to hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are characteristics of acute inflammation?

    <p>Infiltration of neutrophilic leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances can enter inflamed tissues through exocytosis?

    <p>Reactive oxygen intermediates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are responsible for high-affinity interactions between leukocytes and endothelium during inflammation?

    <p>Integrins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about integrins is correct?

    <p>Integrins can undergo up-regulation of the affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is phlegmonous appendicitis characterized by?

    <p>Purulent inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statements are true regarding fibrinous inflammation?

    <p>The exudate contains red blood cells in a significant amount</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accurately describes an inflammatory ulcer?

    <p>Local tissue destruction on the surface of an organ due to inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hypercapnia refer to?

    <p>Increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does not represent a main type of exudate?

    <p>Plasmous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a basic mechanism that causes exudation?

    <p>Hyperionia in focus of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of COX2 inhibitors in inflammation?

    <p>Block synthesis of Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a function of Interferons?

    <p>Promote blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mediator of inflammation is incorrectly paired?

    <p>Chemokines - protein receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), how is the activity of CARS affected?

    <p>Decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following responses is not true regarding CRP?

    <p>Synthesized in kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shivering is primarily initiated by impulses from which part of the nervous system?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acid-base balance

    • Hyperventilation causes respiratory alkalosis
    • Diarrhoea causes metabolic acidosis
    • Respiratory acidosis causes a decrease in pH and an increase in pCO2
    • Normal blood standard bicarbonate (SB) is 22-26 mmol/l
    • Metabolic acidosis develops in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis
    • Metabolic acidosis is caused by increased production of endogenous acids, loss of bicarbonate via diarrhoea, and accumulation of endogenous acids because of inappropriately low renal excretion in chronic kidney disease
    • Respiratory alkalosis develops in patients with hypobaric hypoxic hypoxia
    • Respiratory alkalosis can be caused by meningitis, excessive mechanical ventilation and hypoxic hypoxia at high altitude
    • Respiratory alkalosis can present with light-headedness, confusion, peripheral and circumoral parasthesia, cramps, syncope
    • Signs and symptoms of acute respiratory acidosis include headache, anxiety, gait disturbances, drowsiness, and tremor
    • Respiratory acidosis develops if the patient has hypoventilation
    • Respiratory alkalosis can develop during general anesthesia and due to massive loss of gastric juices
    • The compensatory mechanism in respiratory alkalosis causes a decrease in SB
    • The compensatory mechanism in metabolic alkalosis causes hyperventilation
    • Severe diarrhoea causes metabolic acidosis and hypoosmolar hypohydration
    • Severe acidosis causes stimulation of the respiratory centre
    • To diagnose hyperosmolar hyperhydration, increased osmolarity is measured in the extracellular space
    • Hyperosmolar hyperhydration can develop in patients with diabetes mellitus and it is characterized by development of great thirst, increasing MCHC, and decreasing relative density of urine
    • Respiratory alkalosis will develop if the patient has hyperventilation
    • Normal carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system in blood is HCO3/H2CO3 – 1/20
    • Anions of the strong acids in the kidneys are excreted in the form of ammonium salts
    • During metabolic acidosis, the primary change in internal environment is a decrease of bicarbonate concentration
    • Fever results from a change in hypothalamic set point
    • Resetting of the thermostatic set point in the hypothalamus to a higher level directly depends on TNF-a, IL-1, and IL-6

    Inflammation

    • Fibrosis is the development of new connective tissue
    • Neutrophils and tissue oedema indicate acute inflammation. Mesenchyme cell infiltrate and fibrosis replacing specialized tissue are characteristic for chronic inflammation
    • The most important cytokines in causing fever are IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-a
    • The cause of fever includes bacterial and viral infections, and myocardial infarction
    • The hypothalamus is responsible for increasing body temperature in fever
    • The pathogenesis of thirst in a patient with hyperglycemia is increased plasma osmolarity due to hyperglycaemia
    • Physico-chemical changes in the focus of inflammation are acidosis, disionia, hyperkalia, exudation and hyperthermia
    • The basic mechanism, which cause exudation are increased permeability of blood vessels, hyperionia in the focus of inflammation, increased arterial blood pressure, changes of filtration in capillary, and disorders of lymph retention
    • The main types of exudates are serous, catharrhal, plasmous, fibrinous, haemorrhagic, and purulent
    • Mediators of inflammation - lipids metabolites are eicosanoids, PAF, and chemokines
    • Inhibition of complement system activation in therapeutic needs can be achieved by monoclonal antibodies
    • Interferons have antiviral and antiproliferative functions, and they activate T-lymphocytes
    • COX2 inhibitors block the synthesis of prostaglandins
    • Glucocorticoids directly block the activity of phospholipase A2
    • In case of inflammation, COX1, COX2, lipooxigenasi, and phospholipase A2, are induced
    • Pro-resolution mediators of inflammation are lipoxynes, protectins, and resolvins
    • CRP (C-reactive protein) is an acute-phase protein that is not synthesised in the kidneys
    • Physical thermoregulation regulates heat production and the return of heat
    • Thyroid hormone level increase can increase heat production in 1 day
    • Shivering is initiated by impulses from the hypothalamus
    • Activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors in vascular smooth muscle causes vasoconstriction
    • The following changes can be present in acute inflammation: cellular polymorphism, infiltration of neutrophilic leukocytes
    • The following changes can be present in chronic inflammation: cellular polymorphism, development of granuloma, and presence of atypical mitoses
    • Substances that enter the inflamed tissues during exocytosis are plasma proteins, lysosomal enzymes, and reactive oxygen intermediates
    • Integrins ensure firm adhesion between leukocytes and endothelium in inflammations
    • Selectins ensure low-affinity interaction between leukocytes and endothelium in inflammations
    • Integrins are involved in leukocyte adhesion, they can undergo up-regulation of the affinity
    • Phlegmonous appendicitis is characterised by purulent inflammation
    • Phlegmonous inflammation is a type of purulent inflammation
    • The exudate in fibrinous inflammation is rich in fibrinogen
    • Inflammation of ulcer is tissue destruction of the surface due to inflammation
    • Inflammatory ulcer is local tissue destruction on the surface of an organ due to inflammation
    • Hypercapnia is defined as increased amount of carbon dioxide in blood

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Description

    Test your knowledge on acid-base balance concepts, including respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis. Explore how various physiological conditions affect pH levels and bicarbonate in the blood. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of these important topics in human physiology.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Browser