Acid-Base Balance Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a physiological variable that can affect the therapeutic effect of medications?

  • Type of administration
  • Concentration of medication
  • Genetic factors
  • Knowledge base (correct)
  • Cultural beliefs have no impact on how patients respond to medications.

    False

    What is the primary route of medication administration for immediate effect?

    Intravenous (IV)

    Inhalation is a route of administration primarily used for _______.

    <p>respiratory medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following disorders with their probable compensation mechanism:

    <p>Respiratory Acidosis = Increased bicarbonate retention Metabolic Acidosis = Increased respiratory rate Alkalosis Disorders = Decreased carbon dioxide levels Gas Exchange Abnormalities = Compensatory mechanisms vary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most logically organized system of medication measurement?

    <p>Metric system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Household measurement systems are the most accurate method for measuring medication.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one potential for medication misuse within patient populations.

    <p>Financial status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a pH less than 7.35 and elevated PaCO2?

    <p>Respiratory Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperventilation is associated with respiratory acidosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary gas exchange abnormality associated with chronic renal disease?

    <p>Metabolic Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body compensates for an acid-base disturbance by adjusting either __________ or __________ levels.

    <p>PaCO2, HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fully compensated means the pH is in the normal range while both PaCO2 and HCO3 are out of range.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In metabolic alkalosis, what is the expected trend for HCO3- levels?

    <p>Elevated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the acid-base disorder with its associated condition:

    <p>Respiratory Acidosis = Hypoventilation Metabolic Alkalosis = Prolonged Vomiting Respiratory Alkalosis = Anxiety Metabolic Acidosis = Starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by a low pH and a high PaCO₂?

    <p>Respiratory Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In fully compensated metabolic acidosis, both the pH and HCO₃⁻ are within normal ranges.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pH range indicates alkalosis?

    <p>7.35 - 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metabolic _____ is characterized by a low pH and low HCO₃⁻.

    <p>Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the condition to its compensation status:

    <p>Metabolic Acidosis = Uncompensated Respiratory Alkalosis = Fully Compensated Respiratory Acidosis = Partially Compensated Metabolic Alkalosis = Partially Compensated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by a normal pH with decreased HCO₃⁻?

    <p>Fully Compensated Metabolic Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Partially compensated metabolic alkalosis is indicated by an excess of HCO₃⁻ and a decreased pH.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for PaCO₂?

    <p>35 - 45 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acid-Base Balance

    • Step 1:
      • P: Primary variable (e.g., pH, PaCO2, HCO3)
      • 2: Second variable
      • 3: Third variable
    • Step 2:
      • Identify the primary variable that is out of range:
        • pH: Acidic if < 7.35, Alkaline if > 7.45
        • PaCO2: Acidic if > 45, Alkaline if < 35
        • HCO3: Acidic if < 22, Alkaline if > 26
    • Step 3:
      • Determine the type of imbalance, based on the primary variable:
        • Metabolic acidosis: pH is low due to low HCO3
        • Respiratory acidosis: pH is low due to high PaCO2
        • Metabolic alkalosis: pH is high due to high HCO3
        • Respiratory alkalosis: pH is high due to low PaCO2

    Summary Table

    • Metabolic Acidosis:
      • pH: Decreased
      • PaCO2: Normal
      • HCO3: Decreased
    • Respiratory Acidosis:
      • pH: Decreased
      • PaCO2: Increased
      • HCO3: Normal
    • Metabolic Alkalosis:
      • pH: Increased
      • PaCO2: Increased
      • HCO3: Increased
    • Respiratory Alkalosis:
      • pH: Increased
      • PaCO2: Decreased
      • HCO3: Decreased

    Compensation

    • Uncompensated
      • Body is NOT trying to correct the acid-base imbalance
      • pH will be outside of the reference range
    • Partially Compensated
      • Body is trying to correct the acid-base imbalance
      • pH is still outside of the reference range, but the compensatory mechanism is attempting to bring it back into range
      • One or more of the other variables will be out of range
    • Fully Compensated
      • Body has successfully corrected the acid-base imbalance
      • pH is within the reference range
      • All other parameters are outside of their reference ranges

    Causes of Acid-Base Imbalances

    • Respiratory Acidosis:
      • Causes:
        • Hypoventilation
        • Impaired gas exchange
      • Examples:
        • Pulmonary conditions (e.g., COPD, pneumonia, asthma)
        • Medications (e.g., CNS depressants)
        • Respiratory conditions (e.g., sleep apnea)
    • Respiratory Alkalosis
      • Cause:
        • Hyperventilation
      • Examples:
        • Anxiety
        • Stress
        • Pain
        • Fear
        • Pulmonary edema
    • Metabolic Acidosis:
      • Causes:
        • Decreased HCO3 (bicarbonate) level
      • Examples:
        • Chronic renal disease
        • Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
        • Sepsis
        • Starvation
        • Prolonged diarrhea
    • Metabolic Alkalosis:
      • Causes:
        • Increased HCO3 level
      • Examples:
        • Prolonged vomiting
        • Prolonged gastric suctioning
        • Excessive antacids
        • Cushing syndrome

    Other Considerations

    • Genetic Factors:
      • Individual genetic makeup can impact medication metabolism and therapeutic effects.

    Routes of Administration

    • Oral:
      • Sublingual
      • Buccal
    • Parenteral:
      • Intravenous (IV)
      • Intramuscular (IM)
      • Subcutaneous (SQ)
      • Intradermal (ID)
      • Other: epidural, intrathecal, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, intrapleural, intra-arterial
    • Topical:
      • Direct application
      • Body cavity
    • Inhalation
    • Intraocular

    Measurement Systems

    • Metric System:
      • Most logically organized
      • Meter, liter, gram
    • Household System:
      • Most familiar to individuals
      • Disadvantage: inaccuracy
    • Solutions:
      • Solids dissolved in fluid
      • Concentration expressed as:
        • Units of mass per unit volume (g/L, mg/mL)
        • Percentage (10% solution)
        • Proportions (1/1000)

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    Related Documents

    Nutrition Board Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on acid-base balance concepts, including the identification of primary variables and types of imbalances. This quiz will cover essential definitions and summaries related to metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis. Perfect for nursing students and healthcare professionals.

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