Acid-Base Balance Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the pH value for respiratory acidosis with fully compensated?

  • 7.55
  • 7.43
  • 7.37 (correct)
  • 7.35

What are the manifestations of hypokalemia?

  • High and slow heart pumps, ST depression wave, hyporeflexia (correct)
  • High and slow heart pumps, ST depression wave, constipation
  • High and slow heart pumps, shallow respiration, muscle clamping
  • Flat T wave, decreased DTR, constipation

What is the priority risk for individuals with hypokalemia?

  • Decreased deep tendon reflexes
  • Hypoactive bowel sounds
  • Paralytic ileus
  • Small bowel obstruction (correct)

What is the function of potassium (K+)?

<p>Pumps the heart and muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sodium in the body?

<p>Maintains blood pressure, blood volume, and pH balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the manifestations of hypernatremia?

<p>Body swelling, flushed red rosey skin, and increased muscle tone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chloride in the body?

<p>Maintains blood pressure, blood volume, and pH balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of magnesium in the body?

<p>Mellows the muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the manifestations of hypomagnesemia?

<p>Low mellow excited heart, low DTR, and hyperreflexia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of hypermagnesemia?

<p>Renal failure and alcoholism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of calcium in the body?

<p>Maintains strong bones, blood clotting, and muscle contractions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the manifestations of hypocalcemia?

<p>Trousseau's sign, Chvostek's sign, and diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of hypocalcemia?

<p>Hypoparathyroidism and renal failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the manifestations of hypercalcemia?

<p>Kidney stones, constipation, and bone pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of hypercalcemia?

<p>Hyperparathyroidism and cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of phosphate in the body?

<p>Has an inverse relationship with calcium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH value for metabolic alkalosis partially compensated?

<p>7.55 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the manifestations of hypokalemia?

<p>Hyperactive bowel sounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the priority risk for individuals with hypokalemia?

<p>Small bowel obstruction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH value for respiratory acidosis with fully compensated?

<p>7.43 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for potassium (K+)?

<p>3.5-5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of hyperkalemia?

<p>Excessive aldosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the manifestations of hyperkalemia?

<p>Flat T wave and ST depression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of potassium (K+)?

<p>Pumps the heart and muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of hypokalemia?

<p>Fluid loss (electrolyte loss) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of potassium (K+)?

<p>Pumps the heart and muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH value for metabolic alkalosis fully compensated?

<p>7.55 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for potassium (K+)?

<p>3.5-5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a manifestation of hypernatremia?

<p>Flushed, red, rosey skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the manifestation of hypochloremia?

<p>Fatigue, muscle cramps, fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cause of hyperphosphatemia?

<p>High PTH lead to high calcium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chloride (Cl) in the body?

<p>Maintains pH balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the manifestation of hypomagnesemia?

<p>Increased deep tendon reflexes (DTR) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cause of hypocalcemia?

<p>Low PTH leading to low calcium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the manifestations of hypermagnesemia?

<p>High mellow heart block (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of potassium (K+) in the body?

<p>Mellows the muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cause of hyperkalemia?

<p>Low aldosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the manifestations of hypernatremia?

<p>Body big, edema, increased muscle tone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of magnesium (Mg) in the body?

<p>Maintains blood pressure and blood volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the manifestations of hypercalcemia?

<p>Kidney stones, constipation, bone pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Respiratory Acidosis (Fully Compensated)

A state where the pH of the blood is within the normal range (7.35-7.45) even though there is an underlying respiratory acidosis.

Metabolic Alkalosis (Partially Compensated)

A state where the pH of the blood is higher than normal (greater than 7.45) but the body is not fully able to compensate.

Metabolic Alkalosis (Fully Compensated)

A state where the pH of the blood is within the normal range (7.35-7.45) despite an underlying metabolic alkalosis. The body compensates by retaining bicarbonate.

Normal Potassium Level

Normal range of potassium in the blood is 3.5-5.0 mEq/L.

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Function of Potassium

Potassium is essential for muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and maintaining fluid balance.

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Hypokalemia

Low potassium in the blood (below 3.5 mEq/L).

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Symptoms of Hypokalemia

Symptoms of hypokalemia include muscle weakness, cramps, fatigue, and arrhythmias.

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Hyperkalemia

High potassium in the blood (above 5.0 mEq/L).

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Symptoms of Hyperkalemia

Symptoms of hyperkalemia include muscle weakness, fatigue, palpitations, and ECG changes.

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Function of Sodium

Sodium is crucial for fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle function.

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Hypernatremia

High sodium in the blood.

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Symptoms of Hypernatremia

Symptoms of hypernatremia include thirst, confusion, muscle twitching, and seizures.

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Function of Chloride

Chloride works with sodium to maintain osmotic pressure and acid-base balance.

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Hypochloremia

Low chloride in the blood.

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Symptoms of Hypochloremia

Symptoms of hypochloremia may include muscle spasms and metabolic alkalosis.

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Function of Magnesium

Magnesium is essential for enzyme activity, muscular function, and the synthesis of DNA and proteins.

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Hypomagnesemia

Low magnesium in the blood.

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Symptoms of Hypomagnesemia

Symptoms of hypomagnesemia include muscle weakness, tremors, and seizures.

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Hypermagnesemia

High magnesium in the blood.

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Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia

Symptoms of hypermagnesemia may include hypotension, slowed reflexes, and respiratory distress.

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Function of Calcium

Calcium is essential for bone structure, coagulation (clotting), and intracellular signaling.

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Hypocalcemia

Low calcium in the blood.

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Causes of Hypocalcemia

Causes of hypocalcemia include vitamin D deficiency, kidney dysfunction, and hypoparathyroidism.

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Symptoms of Hypocalcemia

Symptoms of hypocalcemia include muscle cramps, tingling, and cardiac issues.

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Hypercalcemia

High calcium in the blood.

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Causes of Hypercalcemia

Causes of hypercalcemia may include hyperparathyroidism and malignancies.

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Symptoms of Hypercalcemia

Symptoms of hypercalcemia often include nausea, vomiting, weakness, and confusion.

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Function of Phosphate

Phosphate is crucial for energy production (ATP), bone mineralization, and cell membrane integrity.

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Hyperphosphatemia

High phosphate in the blood.

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Causes and Effects of Hyperphosphatemia

Hyperphosphatemia is often caused by kidney failure, and may lead to calcification of tissues.

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Study Notes

Acid-Base Imbalances

  • Respiratory Acidosis (Fully Compensated): pH value typically near normal range (7.35-7.45).
  • Metabolic Alkalosis (Partially Compensated): pH value above normal (greater than 7.45) but not fully compensated.
  • Metabolic Alkalosis (Fully Compensated): pH value usually remains within normal range but may demonstrate bicarbonate retention.

Potassium (K+)

  • Normal Range: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L.
  • Function: Crucial for muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and maintaining fluid balance.
  • Hypokalemia: Symptoms include muscle weakness, cramping, fatigue, and arrhythmias. Priority risk involves life-threatening cardiac disturbances.
  • Hyperkalemia: Symptoms include muscle weakness, fatigue, palpitations, and ECG changes.

Sodium (Na+)

  • Function: Vital for fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle function.
  • Hypernatremia: Symptoms include thirst, confusion, muscle twitching, and seizures.

Chloride (Cl)

  • Function: Works with sodium to maintain osmotic pressure and acid-base balance.
  • Hypochloremia: Symptoms may include muscle spasms and metabolic alkalosis.

Magnesium (Mg)

  • Function: Important for enzyme activity, muscular function, and the synthesis of DNA and proteins.
  • Hypomagnesemia: Symptoms include muscle weakness, tremors, and seizures.
  • Hypermagnesemia: Symptoms may include hypotension, slowed reflexes, and respiratory distress.

Calcium (Ca)

  • Function: Essential for bone structure, coagulation, and intracellular signaling.
  • Hypocalcemia: Causes include vitamin D deficiency, kidney dysfunction, and hypoparathyroidism. Symptoms include muscle cramps, tingling, and cardiac issues.
  • Hypercalcemia: Causes may include hyperparathyroidism and malignancies. Symptoms often include nausea, vomiting, weakness, and confusion.

Phosphate (PO4)

  • Function: Crucial for energy production (ATP), bone mineralization, and cell membrane integrity.
  • Hyperphosphatemia: Often caused by kidney failure, may lead to calcification of tissues.

Note on Key Manifestations

  • Hypokalemia: Muscle weakness, fatigue, arrhythmias; priority risk includes cardiac disturbances.
  • Hyperkalemia: Similar manifestations; can also lead to life-threatening arrhythmias.
  • Hypernatremia: Thirst, confusion, seizures.
  • Hypomagnesemia: Muscle cramps, tremors; can exacerbate hypokalemia.
  • Hypercalcemia: Nausea, weakness, arrhythmias; risk for hypercalcemic crisis.

Summary on Causes

  • Causes of Hypokalemia: Diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea, adrenal disorders.
  • Causes of Hyperkalemia: Kidney dysfunction, excessive potassium intake, or metabolic acidosis.
  • Causes of Hypocalcemia: Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney disease.
  • Causes of Hypercalcemia: Hyperparathyroidism, cancer, prolonged immobilization.

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Description

Test your knowledge of acid-base balance with this quiz. Practice identifying different types of imbalances based on pH, Paco2, and Hco3 levels. Sharpen your skills in recognizing metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and more.

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