Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the normal pH range for arterial blood?
What is the normal pH range for arterial blood?
How does hypo-ventilation affect blood pH?
How does hypo-ventilation affect blood pH?
What condition is indicated when arterial blood pH is less than 7.35?
What condition is indicated when arterial blood pH is less than 7.35?
Which buffer system primarily responds to changes in intracellular fluid (ICF) pH?
Which buffer system primarily responds to changes in intracellular fluid (ICF) pH?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of bicarbonate ions in the regulation of blood pH?
What is the role of bicarbonate ions in the regulation of blood pH?
Signup and view all the answers
During which condition would the respiratory system attempt to compensate for metabolic acidosis?
During which condition would the respiratory system attempt to compensate for metabolic acidosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary consequence of renal retention of bicarbonate ions?
What is a primary consequence of renal retention of bicarbonate ions?
Signup and view all the answers
High levels of PCO2 in arterial blood are indicative of which condition?
High levels of PCO2 in arterial blood are indicative of which condition?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor contributes to respiratory alkalosis?
Which factor contributes to respiratory alkalosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which process is primarily responsible for the secretion of hydrogen ions by the kidneys?
Which process is primarily responsible for the secretion of hydrogen ions by the kidneys?
Signup and view all the answers
The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4.
The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4.
Signup and view all the answers
Alkalosis is defined as arterial pH greater than 7.45.
Alkalosis is defined as arterial pH greater than 7.45.
Signup and view all the answers
Venous blood has a higher pH than interstitial fluid (IF) fluid.
Venous blood has a higher pH than interstitial fluid (IF) fluid.
Signup and view all the answers
A patient with a blood pH of 7.0 is in a state of acidosis.
A patient with a blood pH of 7.0 is in a state of acidosis.
Signup and view all the answers
Hyperventilation causes an increase in blood pH.
Hyperventilation causes an increase in blood pH.
Signup and view all the answers
The phosphate buffer system has the least significant role in blood pH regulation compared to bicarbonate and protein buffers.
The phosphate buffer system has the least significant role in blood pH regulation compared to bicarbonate and protein buffers.
Signup and view all the answers
The kidneys retain hydrogen ions to increase blood pH.
The kidneys retain hydrogen ions to increase blood pH.
Signup and view all the answers
Metabolic alkalosis can occur due to excessive bicarbonate retention by the kidneys.
Metabolic alkalosis can occur due to excessive bicarbonate retention by the kidneys.
Signup and view all the answers
Hypoventilation generally leads to decreased levels of PCO2 in arterial blood.
Hypoventilation generally leads to decreased levels of PCO2 in arterial blood.
Signup and view all the answers
The bicarbonate buffer system is primarily effective in the intracellular fluid (ICF).
The bicarbonate buffer system is primarily effective in the intracellular fluid (ICF).
Signup and view all the answers
What is the normal pH of venous blood?
What is the normal pH of venous blood?
Signup and view all the answers
Acidosis is defined as arterial pH less than 7.35.
Acidosis is defined as arterial pH less than 7.35.
Signup and view all the answers
What role do the kidneys play in regulating blood pH?
What role do the kidneys play in regulating blood pH?
Signup and view all the answers
The normal range for PCO2 in arterial blood is between _____ mmHg.
The normal range for PCO2 in arterial blood is between _____ mmHg.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following buffer systems with their primary function:
Match the following buffer systems with their primary function:
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is characterized by arterial pH greater than 7.45?
Which condition is characterized by arterial pH greater than 7.45?
Signup and view all the answers
Hyperventilation results in decreased blood pH.
Hyperventilation results in decreased blood pH.
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to blood pH during hypoventilation?
What happens to blood pH during hypoventilation?
Signup and view all the answers
The bicarbonate buffer system is primarily effective in the _____ fluid.
The bicarbonate buffer system is primarily effective in the _____ fluid.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions can lead to metabolic alkalosis?
Which of the following conditions can lead to metabolic alkalosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of the bicarbonate buffer system?
What is the primary role of the bicarbonate buffer system?
Signup and view all the answers
Acidosis is the condition where arterial blood pH is less than 7.35.
Acidosis is the condition where arterial blood pH is less than 7.35.
Signup and view all the answers
What pH is considered normal for arterial blood?
What pH is considered normal for arterial blood?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the buffer systems to their primary functionality:
Match the buffer systems to their primary functionality:
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does hyperventilation usually have on blood pH?
What effect does hyperventilation usually have on blood pH?
Signup and view all the answers
The protein buffer system plays a minor role in maintaining blood pH compared to bicarbonate and phosphate systems.
The protein buffer system plays a minor role in maintaining blood pH compared to bicarbonate and phosphate systems.
Signup and view all the answers
What condition occurs when arterial pH exceeds 7.45?
What condition occurs when arterial pH exceeds 7.45?
Signup and view all the answers
During hypoventilation, the levels of _____ typically increase in the blood.
During hypoventilation, the levels of _____ typically increase in the blood.
Signup and view all the answers
Which buffer system is primarily effective in regulating pH in the extracellular fluid?
Which buffer system is primarily effective in regulating pH in the extracellular fluid?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement correctly describes the role of buffers in maintaining blood pH?
Which statement correctly describes the role of buffers in maintaining blood pH?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between PCO2 and blood pH?
What is the relationship between PCO2 and blood pH?
Signup and view all the answers
How do the kidneys affect blood pH in response to acidosis?
How do the kidneys affect blood pH in response to acidosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a physiological consequence of hyperventilation?
What is a physiological consequence of hyperventilation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which buffer system is most effective in the regulation of blood pH?
Which buffer system is most effective in the regulation of blood pH?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition is associated with a decrease in blood pH?
Which condition is associated with a decrease in blood pH?
Signup and view all the answers
In which scenario would the bicarbonate system be utilized for compensation?
In which scenario would the bicarbonate system be utilized for compensation?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor is likely to disrupt homeostasis and induce respiratory acidosis?
What factor is likely to disrupt homeostasis and induce respiratory acidosis?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the phosphate buffer system primarily function in the body?
How does the phosphate buffer system primarily function in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines the concept of compensation in acid-base balance?
What defines the concept of compensation in acid-base balance?
Signup and view all the answers
The normal pH range for arterial blood is _____ to 7.45.
The normal pH range for arterial blood is _____ to 7.45.
Signup and view all the answers
Acidosis or acidemia is defined as arterial pH _____ 7.35.
Acidosis or acidemia is defined as arterial pH _____ 7.35.
Signup and view all the answers
Hyperventilation typically results in an increase in blood _____.
Hyperventilation typically results in an increase in blood _____.
Signup and view all the answers
The _____ buffer system is primarily effective in the extracellular fluid.
The _____ buffer system is primarily effective in the extracellular fluid.
Signup and view all the answers
A blood pH of 7.0 indicates a state of _____.
A blood pH of 7.0 indicates a state of _____.
Signup and view all the answers
The normal range for _____ in arterial blood is between 35 to 45 mmHg.
The normal range for _____ in arterial blood is between 35 to 45 mmHg.
Signup and view all the answers
The phosphate buffer system has a significant role in regulating pH in _____ fluid.
The phosphate buffer system has a significant role in regulating pH in _____ fluid.
Signup and view all the answers
Alkalosis or alkalemia is characterized by arterial pH _____ 7.45.
Alkalosis or alkalemia is characterized by arterial pH _____ 7.45.
Signup and view all the answers
The kidneys help to regulate blood pH by secreting _____ ions.
The kidneys help to regulate blood pH by secreting _____ ions.
Signup and view all the answers
Metabolic alkalosis can occur due to excessive retention of _____ by the kidneys.
Metabolic alkalosis can occur due to excessive retention of _____ by the kidneys.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Acid-Base Balance
- pH affects all functional proteins and biochemical reactions, tightly regulated in the body.
- Normal pH range for arterial blood is 7.4.
- Venous blood and interstitial fluid (IF) pH is 7.35.
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) pH is 7.0.
- Alkalosis, or alkalemia, is an arterial pH greater than 7.45.
- Acidosis, or acidemia, is an arterial pH less than 7.35.
- Blood pH below 6.8 leads to CNS depression, coma, and death as ultimate outcomes.
- Blood pH above 7.8 leads to nervous system excitation, muscle tetany, extreme nervousness, convulsions, and death from respiratory arrest.
Learning Objectives
- Define acid, base, pH, and buffer.
- State the normal pH range for arterial blood.
- State the chemical equation of the bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffer systems.
- Explain the roles of these buffer systems in regulating blood, interstitial fluid, and intracellular pH, including how they respond to pH changes.
- State the normal ranges for PCO2 and HCO3- in arterial blood, and summarize their relationship to blood pH.
- Describe the role of the respiratory system in regulating blood pH and predict how hypo- and hyperventilation affect blood pH.
- Explain the mechanisms by which kidneys secrete hydrogen ions, and how this affects blood pH.
- Explain the mechanisms by which kidneys retain bicarbonate ions, and how this affects blood pH.
- Discuss compensation for respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
- Determine whether a patient is in normal pH, respiratory acidosis/alkalosis, or metabolic acidosis/alkalosis based on blood gas values and whether the acidosis or alkalosis is compensated.
- Describe how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems maintain homeostasis.
- Predict factors or situations that lead to respiratory or metabolic acidosis or alkalosis.
Sources of Acid Production
- Small amounts of acidic substances in food; mostly H+ is a byproduct of metabolism.
- Breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins releases phosphoric acid into extracellular fluid (ECF).
- Lactic acid from anaerobic glucose respiration.
- Fatty acids and ketone bodies from fat metabolism.
- H+ is liberated when CO2 is converted to HCO3- in blood.
Acid-Base Regulation Mechanisms
- Chemical buffer systems (first line of defense, rapid, acts within 1-3 minutes).
- Brain stem respiratory centers (rapid, first line of defense, acts within 1-3 minutes).
- Renal mechanisms (most potent, require hours to days to effect pH changes).
Chemical Buffer Systems
-
Chemical buffers: One or more compounds resisting pH changes when a strong acid or base is added.
- Bind H+ if pH drops; release H+ if pH increases.
-
Bicarbonate buffer system: Mixture of H2CO3 (weak acid) and salts of HCO3- (weak base), major ECF buffer.
-
Phosphate buffer system: Dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-), a weak acid, and monohydrogen phosphate (HPO42-), a weak base.
-
Protein buffer system: Intracellular proteins, most powerful buffers, plasma proteins, act as both weak acid and weak base, influenced by changes in pH.
Physiological Buffering Systems
- Respiratory and renal systems regulate the amount of acid or base in the body, operate more slowly than chemical buffer systems, and have more capacity than chemical buffers.
Acid-Base Imbalances
- Chemical buffers cannot eliminate excess acids or bases from the body; however, physiological (respiratory and renal) buffers can.
- Lungs eliminate volatile carbonic acid by eliminating CO2.
- Kidneys eliminate nonvolatile acids (phosphoric, uric, lactic, and ketones) and regulate alkaline substances.
- Respiratory and renal systems compensate for imbalances by other respective organs.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on acid-base balance in the body, focusing on the pH levels of blood and fluids. This quiz covers definitions, normal ranges, and the roles of various buffer systems in maintaining pH. Understand the implications of acidosis and alkalosis effectively.
