Questions and Answers
What is the primary aim of scholarship when evaluating an argument?
A claim in an argument reflects a main idea and serves as a point of view.
True
What are the components that support an argument?
evidence, reasoning, acknowledgment of counter-arguments
In constructing an argument, the _______ acknowledges opposing views.
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Match the following components of an argument with their descriptions:
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Which type of evidence is NOT typically associated with informal arguments?
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All generalizations are reliable and should be used in academic writing.
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What are the two main types of evidence differentiated in academic writing?
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A __________ is something we take for granted or presuppose without questioning.
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Match the following types of evidence with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Understanding Academic Argument
- Scholarship aims for clarity through accuracy, precision, and consistency.
- Evidence should be sound, fair, and well-reasoned across various disciplines including history, economics, science, and ethics.
Reading and Evaluating Arguments
- Conflicting claims must be assessed thoroughly.
- Evidence judgments require honesty and accuracy in representation.
- Respectful and critical consideration of others' ideas is essential.
Key Concepts of Argument Construction
- Claim: The central point of view in an argument. Effective arguments have one main claim with supporting sub-claims.
- Reason: Justifications that support the claim.
- Evidence: Factual support for claims, must link logically to the reasoning.
- Counterargument: Acknowledgment of opposing views.
- Concession: Agreement with parts of the counterargument.
- Refutation: Disagreement with the counterargument and providing reasons why.
Components of Argument
- A strong argument includes a clear claim, supportive evidence, and reasoned connections between the two.
- Acknowledgment of counterarguments enhances the strength of the main claim.
Supporting Arguments
- Effective support combines evidence with reasoning, expressed as: support = evidence + reasoning.
Types of Evidence
- Categories of evidence include:
- Logic: Reasoned arguments based on facts.
- Authority: Citing credible sources to support claims.
- Emotion: Engaging the audience's feelings.
- Statistics: Data that provides quantifiable support.
- Examples: Specific instances that illustrate points.
- Experience and Ethics: Personal and moral appeals can also be effective.
Differences in Evidence
- Informal arguments may rely on softer evidence like emotion and ethics.
- Academic writing necessitates hard evidence, including statistics, examples, and expert authority.
Reliable Facts
- Reliable facts are known with certainty, categorized as:
- Common Knowledge: Widely accepted truths.
- Reported Facts: Evidence based on factual reporting.
- Personal Experience: Subjective but relatable narratives.
Generalizations to Avoid
- Avoid absolute terms such as "all," "always," or "never" as they can misrepresent reality.
Understanding Assumptions
- Assumptions are unquestioned beliefs that shape interpretations and judgments about the world.
Addressing Counterarguments
- Identifying and acknowledging counterarguments is crucial for effective persuasion.
- To strengthen your own argument, respond either by conceding points or refuting claims effectively.
Importance of Research
- Research is invaluable for:
- Developing and refining ideas.
- Providing evidence-based support for claims.
Types of Research
- Primary Research: Involves firsthand data collection through experiments, observations, and interviews.
- Secondary Research: Involves analyzing existing information from texts and articles.
Conclusion
- The ultimate goal in constructing an argument is to defend your claim with well-supported reasons and evidence to persuade your audience effectively.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the principles of examining academic arguments. It covers the importance of clarity, accuracy, and the assessment of conflicting claims within various disciplines. Engage with the essential elements of sound evidence and fairness in scholarly writing.
