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Study Notes

Ion with maximum net driving force at -85mV: K⁺
Similarities between simple and facilitated diffusion: Both processes do not require ATP.
Intracellular vs. Extracellular fluid differences: Higher concentration of Na⁺, lower concentration of K⁺, higher concentration of Cl^-, and lower concentration of phosphate ions are present in extracellular fluid compared to intracellular fluid.
Function not related to endoplasmic reticulum: Not related to protein secretion.
Brain components: Contains all of the correct answers.
Specific function areas in CNS: All listed choices are accurate.
Presynaptic membrane channels: Abundant voltage-dependent calcium channels.
Protein receptors components: Consist of a binding component and an intracellular part.
Protein G complex structure: Contains all listed components
Synaptic delay duration: 0.5 ms
Organ definition: 10-15

Alternative name for Broca's area: Motor speech area.
Brain stem functions: Control of breathing, cardiovascular system, and balance.
Depolarization phase explanation: The negative charge in the cell shifts to neutrality or positive, a loss in the membrane's resting potential, activation of ion channels.
Osteotendinous reflexes: Reflexes identified through clinical neurological examination by tapping tendons to elicit muscle contractions.
Normal gait definition: A person exhibiting proper posture during walking with no identified abnormalities.
Repolarization phase: Opens voltage-gated potassium channels, leading to potassium ion outflow, reducing cell's positivity, cell voltage returns to resting potential.
Reflexes in newborns: Moro, sucking, startle (reflex), and stepping reflexes.

Nerve fibers innervating sweat glands and piloerectors: Sympathetic postganglionic cholinergic fibers.
Most accurate somatosensory system: Dorsal column-medial lemniscus system.
Important communication route between limbic system and brainstem: Medial forebrain bundle.
Motor cortex feedback pathway: Spinal cord pathways, including the spinocerebellar tracts.
Epileptic seizure causes: A sudden, excessive, and hypersynchronous electrical discharge of neurons within the brain.
Adrenaline effect on adrenergic receptors: Stimulation of both alpha and beta receptors, initiating different reactions and with varying intensity on each.
Brain region responsible for memory decisions: Cerebrum, specifically the cerebral cortex.