Neuroscience Chapter 5 Quiz

A type of neuron with one dendrite and one axon, found in sensory systems such as vision.

A neuron with a short axon or no axon at all, found in the brain and responsible for integrating information within a single brain structure.

A neuron that gathers information from the environment, such as light, sound, touch, etc., and transmits it to the central nervous system (CNS).

A neuron that controls muscle movements.

A neuron that lies entirely within the CNS and connects different brain regions.

A specialized junction between two neurons where communication happens.

Chemical messengers released by presynaptic neurons that transmit signals to postsynaptic neurons.

Protein molecules on the postsynaptic membrane that bind to neurotransmitters. They mediate the effects of neurotransmitters.

The process of moving substances along microtubules within the axon.

Movement from the cell body to the terminal buttons, carried by kinesin.

Movement from the terminal buttons back to the cell body, carried by dynein.

The area where the axon originates from the cell body, responsible for integrating signals.

Small protrusions on dendrites that can change shape, involved in communication and learning.

The ability of the brain to change and adapt its connections.

Tiny structures inside the cell nucleus responsible for protein synthesis.

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a neuron.

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

The force exerted by the attraction or repulsion of ions.

The point where the electrical potential across the cell membrane reaches a threshold and triggers an action potential.

A wave of electrical activity that travels down the axon of a neuron.

Charged particles, such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and organic anions (A-), that contribute to the membrane potential.

The compartment at the base of an axon where an action potential is generated.

A mechanism that actively pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, maintaining the concentration gradient.

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a neuron, typically around -70mV.

Specialized protein structures that allow specific ions to enter or leave the neuron. They can be open or closed, regulating ion flow across the membrane.

Type of ion channel that opens or closes in response to changes in membrane potential.

The ability of a membrane to allow specific ions to pass through, determined by the number of open ion channels.

The strength of an action potential is determined by how frequently it fires in a given time period.

The process where an action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next, increasing the speed of signal transmission.

Gaps between myelin sheaths on an axon where sodium ions (Na+) can enter, retriggering the action potential.

The movement of an action potential down an axon, where its strength diminishes as it travels.

Specialized pouches at the end of a neuron that contain neurotransmitters, chemical messengers involved in neuronal communication.

The production of synaptic vesicles, small packages containing neurotransmitters, in the Golgi apparatus and their transport to the terminal button.

The process of recycling synaptic vesicles in the terminal button.

A type of signal that occurs at the synapse between neurons, it can be graded (vary in strength) and decremental (decrease in strength as it travels).

The integration of multiple PSPs occurring simultaneously at different locations on the cell body of a neuron.

The integration of multiple PSPs occurring in rapid succession at the same location on the cell body of a neuron.

The process by which neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft by special transporter molecules.

The process by which neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft.

A synapse that occurs between the terminal button of one axon and the dendrite or dendritic spine of another neuron.

A synapse that occurs between the terminal button of one axon and the cell body of another neuron.