MedSurg

Process of antibody Production

Acts as a potent vasoconstrictor and causes contraction of bronchial smooth muscle.

Chemical mediators that initiate the inflammatory response. Cause smooth muscle contraction, bronchial constriction, mucus secretion in the airways, and the typical wheal-and-flare reactions of the skin.

Can be obtained from blood samples or smears of secretions. A level greater than 5% to 10% is considered abnormal and may be found in patients with allergic disorders .

Results from a rapid release of IgE-mediated chemicals, which can induce a severe, life-threatening reaction

Aka allergy vaccine therapy, involves the administration of gradually increasing quantities of specific allergens to the patient until a dose is reached that is effective in reducing disease severity from natural exposure.

The most common method of treatment which consists of the serial injection of one or more antigens that are selected in each particular case on the basis of skin testing.

This acts as a cushion and lubricant

Involves the deeper layers of the skin, resulting in more diffuse swelling rather than the discrete lesions characteristic of hives.

Uric acid deposits; develop in cartilage tissue, tendons, and soft tissues.

_________ destroys cartilage and erodes the bone.

is a blood test that that can show if you have inflammation in your body.

Prevent inflammation and joint damage; immunosuppresant.

A chronic rash with erythematous papules or plaques and scaling and can cause scarring and pigmentation changes.

Occurs due to a buildup of antibodies and immune complexes that cause damage to the nephrons.

Hardening/stiffening of an artery related to presence of atheromal plaque.

Approximately two thirds of body fluid is in the ICF compartment

Approximately one third is in the ECF compartment .

Electrolytes help:

Major cation in the ECF

Major cation in the ICF

Major anion ion the ECF

Combination of fluids and electrolytes

Movement of fluid from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration with eventual equalization of the solute concentrations.

Movement of solutes from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration, leading ultimately to equalization of the solute concentrations.

A membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through; exchange of fluid

is the ability of all solutes to cause an osmotic driving force that promotes water movement from one compartment to another.

Movement of water and solutes occurs from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure.

By product / waste product of muscle

The usual daily urine volume in the adult.

Major functions in maintaining normal fluid balance:

This manufactures ADH, which is stored in the posterior pituitary gland and released as needed to conserve water.

a mineralocorticoid secreted by the zona glomerulosa (outer zone) of the adrenal cortex, has a profound effect on fluid balance.

embedded in the thyroid gland, regulate calcium and phosphate balance by means of parathyroid hormone (PTH).

This influences bone reabsorption, calcium absorption from the intestines, and calcium reabsorption from the renal tubules.

Fight and flight responses

It occurs when water and electrolytes are lost in the same proportion.

Clinical manifestations of hypovolemia

Contains waste products, electrolyte; The normal id 1.005 - 1.030

Fluids to administer in hypovolemia

Nursing Management for Hypovolemia

Refers to an isotonic expansion of the ECF caused by the abnormal retention of water and sodium in approximately the same proportions in which they normally exist in the ECF.

Clinical manifestations of hypervolemia

This block sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule, where only 5% to 10% of filtered sodium is reabsorbed. Ex. hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)

such as furosemide (Lasix) or torsemide (Demadex), can cause a greater loss of both sodium and water because they block sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henle loop, where 20% to 30% of filtered sodium is normally reabsorbed.

Used when renal function is so severely impaired that pharmacologic agents cannot act efficiently; Hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may be used to remove nitrogenous wastes and control potassium and acid–base balance, and to remove sodium and fluid.

contain potassium and must therefore be used cautiously by patients taking potassium-sparing diuretics

Nursing management for Hypervolemia

a type of edema in which fluid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity; it results from nephrotic syndrome and cirrhosis.

Serum sodium level that is less than 135 mEq/L (135 mmol/L).

Excessive ADH activity, with water retention and dilutional hyponatremia, and inappropriate urinary excretion of sodium in the presence of hyponatremia. Key word: Soak Inside

Clinical Manifestations for Hyponatremia

Pharmacologic management for hyponatermia

Serum sodium level higher than 145 mEq/L (145 mmol/L). It can occur in patients with normal fluid volume or in those with FVD or FVE.

Pathophysiology of Hypernatremia

Clinical manifestations of Hypernatermia

Medical management for Hypernatremia

Nursing Management for Hypernatremia

Binge - eating

Patho of Hypokalemia

An elevated ___________ is specific to hypokalemia.

A wave that can be seen for atrial contraction

A wave that can be seen fir ventricular contraction

A wave that can be seen for ventricular depolarization (relaxation)

Diuretic that should be avoided in Hypokalemia

Serum potassium level greater than 5 mEq/L [5 mmol/L.

Pathophysiology of Hyperkalemia

Clinical manifestations for Hyperkalemia

ECG for Hyperkalemia

Emergency Pharmacologic Therapy for hyperkalemia

Nursing management for Hyperkalemia

This inhibits the Calcium in the bone.

Acts as anticoagulant; eliminates calcium

Serum calcium is controlled by PTH and calcitonin.  As ionized serum calcium decreases, the parathyroid glands secrete PTH.

is a symptom that involves involuntary muscle contractions and overly stimulated peripheral nerves.

Twitching of muscles enervated by the facial nerve

ECG for hypocalcemia

Non vesicant fluid; Can cause tissue and cell damage

Vesicant fluid; Irritating; cellulitis and necrosis

Nutritional therapy for hypocalcemia

Serum calcium value greater than 10.2 mg/dL [2.6 mmol/L]).

Pathophysiology of hypercalcemia

Clinical Manifestation of hyercalcemia

Most abundant an ion in intracellular

Serum magnesium concentration (1.3 mg/dL [0.62 mmol/L]) and is frequently associated with hypokalemia and hypocalcemia.

Pathophysiology if hypomagnasemia

Clinical Manifestations of hypomagnasemia

Medical Management for hypomagnasemia

Serum magnesium level higher than 3.0 mg/dL [1.25 mmol/L].

Clinical Manifestations of hypermagnasemia

Formula for Flow rate

Formula for Droprate

Immunosuppressive Agents

Scleroderma

CREST syndrome

group of diseases that are termed idiopathic inflammatory myopathies

related condition, is most commonly identified by an erythematous smooth or scaly lesion found over the joint surface, which often occurs prior to symptoms of weakness.

Diagnostic procedure to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells. Can reveal nerve dysfunction, muscle dysfunction or problems with nerve-to-muscle signal transmission.