Immunology: Antibody Production & T Cells
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Immunology: Antibody Production & T Cells

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of plasma cells in the primary immune response?

  • To destroy pathogens
  • To produce antibodies (correct)
  • To activate T cells
  • To form memory cells

    • How long does it typically take for plasma cells to become effective against an antigen during the primary response?

  • 1-3 days
  • 1-2 weeks
  • 3-14 days (correct)
  • 2-4 weeks

    • Which type of T cell is primarily responsible for activating B cells?

  • Regulatory T cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells
  • Memory T cells
  • Helper T cells (correct)

    • What occurs during the secondary immune response?

    <p>B memory cells rapidly divide to form plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of regulatory T cells in the immune response?

    <p>To turn off the immune system response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity arises from the transfer of antibodies from mother to child?

    <p>Naturally acquired passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antigens can cell-mediated immunity effectively target?

    <p>Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which state best describes naturally acquired active immunity?

    <p>Immunity that develops after infection with an antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphocyte is primarily responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is characterized by specific recognition of antigens and has memory?

    <p>Adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do B cells mature before moving to lymphatic tissue?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of stem cells in relation to lymphocytes?

    <p>They give rise to all blood cells, including lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

    <p>Presence of memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of chemical mediators in response to injury?

    <p>The presence of foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can act as an antigen?

    <p>Bacteria, pollen, and food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the development of lymphocytes?

    <p>They differentiate from stem cells in red bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the skin and mucous membranes in the immune system?

    <p>To act as barriers against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a chemical mediator that helps protect against bacterial infections?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phagocytic cells in the immune response?

    <p>To ingest and destroy foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is typically the first to respond to an infection?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of basophils in the immune system?

    <p>To release histamine and promote inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do interferons stimulate surrounding cells to produce?

    <p>Antiviral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are macrophages primarily derived from?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of natural killer cells in the immune response?

    <p>To recognize and destroy tumor and virus-infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of T cells in the immune response?

    <p>Involved in cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do T cells mature in the human body?

    <p>Thymus gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antigen receptors on lymphocytes?

    <p>Bind with a specific antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules do?

    <p>Present processed antigens on cell surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do helper T cells secrete to stimulate B cell production?

    <p>Interleukin-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interleukin-1 in the immune response?

    <p>Stimulate helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is primarily mediated by B cells?

    <p>Adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytokines in the immune system?

    <p>Regulate neighbor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response is primarily involved in combating antigens present in body fluids such as blood and lymph?

    <p>Antibody-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the antibody structure is responsible for binding to specific epitopes of an antigen?

    <p>Variable region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different immunoglobulins are identified as effective in destroying antigens?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune response?

    <p>Inactivate antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the antibody structure can vary among different classes of immunoglobulins?

    <p>Constant region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the number of antigen-binding sites on an antibody?

    <p>Valence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects is NOT attributable to antibodies?

    <p>Repair damaged tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response utilizes B cells to produce antibodies?

    <p>Humoral response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    ### Antibody Production

    • The primary response occurs when a B cell is first exposed to an antigen.
    • The B cell undergoes division and forms plasma cells and memory cells.
      • Plasma cells produce antibodies.
      • Plasma cells can take 3-14 days to become effective against an antigen. It is during this time that a person experiences disease symptoms.
      • Memory cells are quickly produced during the second exposure to an antigen.
      • These cells quickly divide and create plasma cells that produce antibodies.
      • The process also produces more memory cells.

    Cell-Mediated Immunity

    • Cell-mediated immunity is effective against antigens in cells and tissues.
    • Cell-mediated immunity is effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
    • This type of immunity uses different types of T cells.

    Types of T Cells

    • Helper T cells (TH)
      • Activate macrophages
      • Help form B cells
      • Promote the production of Tc cells
    • Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
      • Precursor to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)
    • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)
      • Destroy antigens on contact
    • Regulatory T cells (Tr)
      • Turn off the immune system response when an antigen is gone

    Types of Adaptive Immunity

    • Naturally Acquired Immunity
      • Active
        • Natural exposure to antigens causes the production of antibodies.
        • Can lead to lifelong immunity.
        • Example: Mononucleosis.
      • Passive
        • The transfer of antibodies from mother to child.
        • Example: Breast milk or placenta.

    Innate Immunity

    • Present at birth.
    • Defends the body against any pathogen.
    • Accomplished by physical barriers, chemical mediators, cells, and inflammatory response.

    Physical Barriers

    • First line of defense.
    • Skin and mucous membranes act as barriers.
    • Tears, saliva, and urine wash away pathogens.

    Chemical Mediators

    • Chemicals that can kill microbes and prevent them from entering cells.
    • Lysozyme
      • Found in tears and saliva
      • Kills bacteria
    • Mucous Membranes
      • Prevent entry of microbes
    • Histamine
      • Promotes inflammation by causing vasodilation.
    • Interferons
      • Proteins that protect against viral infections by stimulating surrounding cells to produce antiviral proteins.

    Cells

    • White Blood Cells
      • Produced in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue to fight foreign substances.
    • Phagocytic Cells
      • Ingest and destroy foreign substances.
      • Examples: Neutrophils and macrophages
      • Neutrophils
        • First to respond to infection but die quickly
      • Macrophages
        • Monocytes that leave the blood and enter tissues
        • Can ingest more material than neutrophils.
        • Protect lymph in lymph nodes and blood in the spleen and liver.
        • Given specific names for certain areas of the body (Kupffer cells in the liver).
    • Basophils
      • Made in red bone marrow.
      • Leave the blood and enter infected tissues.
      • Can release histamine.
    • Mast Cells
      • Made in red bone marrow.
      • Found in the skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract.
      • Can release leukotrienes.
    • Eosinophils
      • Produced in red bone marrow.
      • Release chemicals to reduce inflammation.
    • Natural Killer Cells
      • Type of lymphocyte.
      • Produced in red bone marrow.
      • Recognize classes of cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells.
      • Release chemicals to lyse cells.

    Inflammatory Response

    • A chemical and cellular response to injury.
    • Triggered by the presence of foreign substances.
    • Stimulates the release of chemical mediators.

    Adaptive Immunity

    • Defenses that involve specific recognition of a particular antigen.
    • Acquired after birth.
    • Initiates when innate defenses fail.
    • Slower than innate immunity but has memory.
    • Employs lymphocytes (B and T cells).
    • Two types: Antibody-mediated and cell-mediated.
    • Antigen
      • A substance that stimulates an immune response. Example: Bacteria, virus, pollen, food, drugs, etc.
    • Self-antigen
      • A molecule produced by a person's body that stimulates an immune system response.
    • Antibody
      • Proteins the body produces in response to an antigen.

    Origin and Development of Lymphocytes

    • Stem Cells
      • Found in red bone marrow.
      • Give rise to all blood cells.
      • Give rise to some pre-T cells and pre-B cells.
    • Lymphocytes
      • Type of white blood cell.
      • Involved in adaptive immunity.
      • Develop from stem cells.
      • Differentiate into specific lymphocytes, such as B and T cells.
    • B cells
      • Type of lymphocyte.
      • Involved in antibody-mediated immunity.
      • Originate from stem cells.
      • Mature in red bone marrow.
      • Move to lymphatic tissue after maturation.
      • Lead to antibody production.
    • T cells
      • Type of lymphocyte.
      • Involved in cell-mediated immunity primarily and antibody-mediated immunity.
      • Mature in the thymus gland.
      • Move to lymphatic tissue after maturation.
      • Four types of T cells.

    Antigen Recognition

    • Lymphocytes have antigen receptors on their surface.
      • Called B-cell receptors on B cells and T-cell receptors on T cells.
      • Each receptor only binds with a specific antigen.
    • When antigen receptors combine with an antigen, the lymphocyte is activated, and adaptive immunity begins.

    Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecule (MHC)

    • Contain binding sites for antigens.
    • Specific for certain antigens.
    • Hold and present a processed antigen on the surface of the cell membrane.
    • Bind to antigen receptors on B or T cells and stimulate a response.

    Cytokines

    • Proteins secreted by a cell that regulate neighboring cells.
    • Example: Interleukin 1 released by macrophages stimulates helper T cells.

    Lymphocyte Proliferation

    1. After an antigen is processed and presented to helper T cells, the helper T cell produces interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 receptors.
    2. Interleukin-2 binds to receptors and stimulates the production of more helper T cells.
    3. Helper T cells are needed to produce B cells.
    4. B cells produce antibodies.

    Dual Nature of the Immune System

    • Lymphocytes give rise to two types of immune responses: antibody-mediated and cell-mediated.
    • Antigens can trigger both types of responses.
    • Both types can recognize self vs. non-self, use specificity, and have memory.

    Antibody-Mediated

    • Effective against antigens in body fluids (blood and lymph).
    • Effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
    • Employs B cells to produce antibodies.

    Antibody Structure

    • Letter "Y" shape.
      • Variable region: The "V" of the "Y". Binds to epitopes of an antigen using an antigen-binding site.
      • Constant region: The stem of the "Y". Each class of immunoglobulin has the same structure.
    • Antigen-binding site: Site on an antibody where an antigen binds.
    • Valence: Number of antigen-binding sites on an antibody.
    • Five immunoglobulins used to destroy antigens: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD

    Effects of Antibodies

    • Inactivate antigens
    • Bind antigens together
    • Activate complement cascades
    • Initiate the release of inflammatory chemicals
    • Facilitate phagocytosis

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the mechanisms of antibody production and cell-mediated immunity. Learn how B cells and T cells interact with antigens and the types of responses they generate during immune reactions. Test your knowledge of plasma cells, memory cells, and the different types of T cells involved in immune defense.

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