Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of life expectancy is solely attributed to genetic factors?
What percentage of life expectancy is solely attributed to genetic factors?
Which of the following factors contributed to the increased hospitalizations in Australia?
Which of the following factors contributed to the increased hospitalizations in Australia?
What was the life expectancy for newborn baby girls in Australia in 2021?
What was the life expectancy for newborn baby girls in Australia in 2021?
What is the leading cause of disease burden and death in Australia?
What is the leading cause of disease burden and death in Australia?
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Which of the following types of cancer is the most commonly diagnosed in males?
Which of the following types of cancer is the most commonly diagnosed in males?
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What was the estimated number of new cancer cases diagnosed in Australia in 2022?
What was the estimated number of new cancer cases diagnosed in Australia in 2022?
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What contributes to the rising cases and deaths related to dementia in Australia?
What contributes to the rising cases and deaths related to dementia in Australia?
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What chronic condition is highlighted for causing significant hospitalizations among older Australians due to falls?
What chronic condition is highlighted for causing significant hospitalizations among older Australians due to falls?
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What percentage of the total disease burden did cancer contribute to in 2018?
What percentage of the total disease burden did cancer contribute to in 2018?
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Which of the following health issues is characterized by its long-lasting effects?
Which of the following health issues is characterized by its long-lasting effects?
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What percentage of Australians aged 65+ is likely to cope with 5 or more chronic diseases?
What percentage of Australians aged 65+ is likely to cope with 5 or more chronic diseases?
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Which group of Australians has the highest prevalence of arthritis?
Which group of Australians has the highest prevalence of arthritis?
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What is the main focus of the 'Compression of Morbidity' model?
What is the main focus of the 'Compression of Morbidity' model?
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What percentage of Australians reports having some form of cardiovascular disease?
What percentage of Australians reports having some form of cardiovascular disease?
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Which coping strategy focuses on addressing the stressor directly?
Which coping strategy focuses on addressing the stressor directly?
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What is a significant outcome of chronic stress related to immune system function?
What is a significant outcome of chronic stress related to immune system function?
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What is the proportion of Australians aged 75+ who rate their health as good, very good, or excellent?
What is the proportion of Australians aged 75+ who rate their health as good, very good, or excellent?
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Which coping strategy attempt to manage one's feelings about the stressor?
Which coping strategy attempt to manage one's feelings about the stressor?
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What is a common consequence of polypharmacy in medication adherence?
What is a common consequence of polypharmacy in medication adherence?
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What is a key risk factor for poor health in aging individuals?
What is a key risk factor for poor health in aging individuals?
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Study Notes
Longevity
- Life expectancy in Australia is 84.5 years, 7 years above the global average.
- Genetic factors account for 20% of lifespan.
- Environmental factors such as stress and pollution play a significant role.
- Ethnic and gender differences influence life expectancy as well.
Health in Australia
- Life expectancy in 2021 for a baby boy was 81.2 years and for a baby girl was 85.3 years.
- Hospitalizations are increasing.
- Over $202.5 billion was spent on healthcare in 2022.
Burden of Disease in Australia
- Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the leading cause of disease burden and death, accounting for 571,000 Australians in 2020-21.
- CHD death rates have been declining since 1980.
- Cancer contributed to 18% of the total disease burden in 2018.
- Estimated 162,000 new cancer cases diagnosed in 2022.
- Prostate cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in males, breast cancer in females.
- Five-year cancer survival rates are increasing due to advancements in detection, treatment, and screening programs.
- Dementia affects 386,200 to 472,000 Australians.
- Cases and deaths are rising due to Australia’s growing ageing population.
Health Issues and Ageing
- Reduced immunity leading to increased vulnerability to infections like influenza, pneumonia, and respiratory tract infections.
- Increased risk of injury specifically from falls in people aged 65 and older.
- Increased prevalence of chronic conditions.
- Increased need for medication.
- Increased risk of disability.
- Increased stress, particularly as a result of age-related health challenges.
Injuries and Falls
- Over 100,000 hospitalizations due to falls in individuals aged 65 and older in 2014.
- Average hospital stay for fall-related injuries increases from 4 days (ages 65-69) to 17 days (85+).
- Somesthesis (awareness of body position) declines with age, increasing risk of falls and resultant injuries.
- Delirium, a state of acute confusion, increases the likelihood of falls.
Chronic Conditions
- Australians with at least one of the eight selected chronic conditions: 50%.
- Chronic diseases are characterized by their long-lasting effects.
- Chronic conditions can persist throughout an individual's life.
- Prevalence of chronic diseases is much higher in older adults.
Arthritis
- 14% of Australians have arthritis, affecting 60% of women and 42% of men aged 75 and older.
- 3% of Australians have arthritis, affecting 23% of women and 5% of men aged 65 and older.
Cardiovascular Disease
- 22% of Australians have some form of CVD, increasing to 54% for ages 65-74 and 66% for ages 75 and older.
- Individuals aged 65 and over have a significantly higher risk of heart failure (66%), stroke (71%), and CHD (13x more likely than those aged 45-54).
Cancer & Ageing
- Cancer causes 31% of all deaths in Australia.
- By age 85, 1 in 2 men (50%) and 1 in 3 women (33%) are diagnosed with cancer.
Disability
- 18% of people in Australia have a disability, with 5.8% having a severe or profound disability.
- 53% of people aged 65 and over have a disability, with 20% having severe or profound limitations.
Compression of Morbidity
- The goal is aiming to live a long, healthy life with a short period of illness or disability before death.
- This model prioritizes healthy aging with optimal quality of life in later years.
Functional Health and Disability
- Pain is not a normal part of ageing, needing to be addressed.
Medication & Polypharmacy
- Medication management is crucial for managing chronic conditions.
- Polypharmacy (taking multiple medications) increases the risk of medication interactions and adherence challenges.
- Each additional pill taken results in a 50% decrease in adherence.
- Roughly two-thirds of Australians 75 and older rate their health as good, very good, or excellent.
Stress and Coping
- Stress affects health and well-being.
- Coping strategies can help manage the demands of stressful events.
- Adaptation involves adapting to stress over time.
Transactional Model of Stress
- 3 stages:
- Primary Appraisal: Determining the significance of an event.
- Secondary Appraisal: Evaluating options and resources for managing the situation.
- Coping: Engaging in strategies to manage the stressor.
Coping Strategies
- Problem-focused coping aims to directly address the stressor.
- Emotion-focused coping focuses on managing feelings related to the stressor.
Resources for Coping
- Health and energy, positive beliefs, social skills, material resources, personal control, and social support.
Age and Stress
- Coping strategies may change with age.
- Sources of stress may change with age.
Stress and Ageing
- People develop better stress management abilities throughout their lives.
- This is crucial because stress levels increase in later life due to factors such as illness, death, and loss.
Chronic Stress
- Raises blood sugar and blood pressure.
- Increases inflammation and immune system resistance to infection.
- Suppresses telomerase activation in immune system cells, leading to shorter telomeres and reduced cell division.
Outcomes of Stress
- Bonanno Patterns of Coping:
- Chronic Disruption
- Delayed (Trauma Response)
- Recovery
- Resilience
- Hardiness
- Self-Enhancement
- Meaning
- Positive emotion and laughter
Postponement of Ill Health and Disease
- Four strategies:
- Prevention of risk factors.
- Reduction of risk factor prevalence.
- Prevention of ill health progression.
- Reduction of morbidity.
Key Risk Factors
- Smoking
- Heavy drinking
- Depression
- Social isolation
- Physical inactivity
- Fair or poor perceived health
- Lack of meaning
- Low mastery
- Low socioeconomic status (SES)
Stress
- Stress is a reaction to disturbing stimuli.
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