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• The notebook used for writing goes through a long manufacturing process, starting as part of a tree.
• The tree is cut down, transported to a pulp mill, processed into wood pulp, mixed with chemicals, and converted into paper by machines.
• Ink made from chemicals prints lines on the paper sheets which are then bound, packed, and sent to the market before reaching the consumer.
• Secondary activities or manufacturing transform raw materials into more valuable products.
• The paper made from pulp and cloth has value added to it during the manufacturing process.
• A finished product has more value and utility than its raw materials.
• Industry refers to economic activity related to production of goods, extraction of minerals, or provision of services
• Examples of industries include iron and steel (production of goods), coal mining (extraction of coal), and tourism (service provider).

Classification of Industries

• Industries are classified based on raw materials, size, and ownership.
• Based on raw materials, industries can be agro-based, mineral-based, marine-based, and forest-based.
• Agro-based industries use plant and animal based products as raw materials; some examples are food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products, and leather.
• Mineral-based industries are primary industries using mineral ores as raw materials, with their products feeding other industries.
• Iron made from iron ore is a mineral-based product which is used as raw material for heavy machinery, building materials, and railway coaches.
• Marine-based industries use products from the sea and oceans, like processing seafood or manufacturing fish oil.
• Forest-based industries use forest produce, for example in pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture, and building industries.
• Size refers to the capital invested, number of people employed, and production volume.
• Based on size, industries are classified as small scale and large scale.
• Cottage or household industries manufacture products by hand, with artisans involved in basket weaving, pottery, and other handicrafts.
• Small scale industries use less capital and technology compared to large scale industries, silk weaving and food processing are in this category.
• Large scale industries have higher capital investment and use superior technology; automobile and heavy machinery production are large scale.
• Ownership determines if industries are classified into private, state-owned/public, joint, or cooperative sectors.
• Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or groups.
• Public sector industries belong to and are operated by the government, illustrated by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Steel Authority of India Limited.
• Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or groups; Maruti Udyog Limited is an example.
• Co-operative sector industries are owned and operated by producers/suppliers of raw materials/workers or both; Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy are examples.

Factors Affecting Location of Industries

• Factors affecting where industries locate include the availability of raw materials, land, water, labor, power, capital, transport, and market.
• Industries are situated where some or all these factors are easily accessible.
• Governments may provide incentives, such as subsidized power and lower transport costs, to encourage industries to locate in backward areas.
• Industrialization leads to the development and growth of towns and cities.

Industrial System

• An industrial system consists of inputs, processes, and outputs.
• Inputs include the raw materials, labor, costs of land, transport, power, and infrastructure.
• Processes encompass a range of activities converting raw materials into finished products; the outputs are the end product and earned income.
• In the textile industry:
  • Inputs: cotton, human labor, factory, and transport cost.
  • Processes: ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, and printing.
  • Output: a shirt.

Industrial Regions

• Industrial regions emerge when multiple industries are located together and benefit from their closeness.
• Major industrial regions globally: eastern North America, western and central Europe, eastern Europe, and eastern Asia.
• These regions tend to be in temperate areas, near seaports, and especially near coal fields.
• India's industrial regions: Mumbai-Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region, Ahmedabad-Baroda region, Chottanagpur industrial belt, Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region, and Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram industrial cluster.

Industrial Disasters

• Industrial accidents/disasters mainly occur due to technical failures or mishandling hazardous materials.
• One of the worst industrial disasters was in Bhopal on December 3, 1984, involving a leak of Methyl Isocynate (MIC) gas along with Hydrogen Cyanide from the Union Carbide pesticide factory.
  • Officially, 3,598 died by 1989.
  • Thousands suffered ailments like blindness, impaired immune system, etc.
• Another incident was in Gao Qiao, Chongging, China on December 23, 2005, due to a gas well blowout that killed 243, injured 9,000, and evacuated 64,000.
• Many died from burns to their eyes, skin, and lungs who could not get away from the explosion.
• Risk reduction measures must be followed:
  • Densely populated areas must be separated from industrial zones.
  • Residents near industries should be aware of toxin/hazardous substance storage dangers.
  • Fire warning and fighting systems need to be improved.
  • The storage capacity of toxic substances must have limitations.
  • Pollution dispersion qualities should be improved.

Distribution of Major Industries

• The world’s major industries: iron and steel, textile, and emerging technology (information) industries.
• Iron and steel and textile industries are older, while information technology is emerging.
• Information Technology includes Information Technology, Wellness, Hospitality and Knowledge.
• Iron and steel production is located in Germany, USA, China, Japan, and Russia.
• Textiles are concentrated in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan.
• Information technology centers are the Silicon Valley of Central California and Bangalore, India.

Iron and Steel Industry

• Similar to other industries, the iron and steel industry comprises inputs, processes, and outputs.
• This industry is a feeder industry whose products are used by others as raw materials.
• Smelting is the process in which metals are extracted from their ores.
• Inputs: raw materials like iron ore, coal, and limestone, along with labor, capital, site and other infrastructure.
• Converting iron ore into steel involves heating it beyond the melting point.
• The raw material is put in a blast furnace for smelting, then refined, the product of this process is steel, which may be used as raw material by other industries.
• 4 tonnes of iron ore + 8 tonnes of coal + 1 tonne of limestone = 1 tonne of steel
• Steel is tough, shaped, cut, or made into wire; special alloys are created by adding aluminum, nickel, and copper, giving the steel hardness, toughness, or rust resistance.
• Steel is the "backbone of modern industry."
• Almost everything we use, from tools to machinery, ships, trains, trucks, autos, safety pins, and needles, is made of iron or steel.
• Oil wells are drilled and minerals are mined with steel machinery and equipment.
• Farm machines and large buildings have steel framework made largely of it.

Location of Iron and Steel Industries:

• Before 1800 A.D. the iron and steel industry was located where raw materials, power supply, and running water were easily available.
• The ideal locations are near coal fields and close to canals and railways.
• Post-1950 industries were located on large flat areas near seaports (importing of iron ore from overseas became necessary).
• India used its raw materials, cheap labor, transport, and market to its advantage.
• Key steel producing centers, such as Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, and Bokaro, are concentrated over four states: West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh.
• Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar (Karnataka), Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), and Salem (Tamil Nadu) use local resources.

Jamshedpur

• Before 1947, the only iron and steel plant in India was Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO), a privately owned company.
• After independence, the government set up several iron and steel plants.
• TISCO was started in 1907 at Sakchi (later renamed Jamshedpur) near Rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai (Jharkhand) which is geographically the most conveniently located iron and steel center in India.
• Sakchi was chosen for its proximately 32 km from Kalimati station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line, its closeness to iron ore, coal and manganese deposits, it also had sufficient water supply.
• TISCO gets coal from Jharia coalfields, and iron ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
• Other industrial plants (producing chemicals, locomotive parts, agricultural equipment, machinery, tinplate, cable, and wire) were set up in Jamshedpur.
• India's iron and steel industry enabled rapid industrial development.

Pittsburgh

• Pittsburg is a an important steel city of the United States of America, as the steel industry makes great usage of localized geographical advantages. Materials such as coal are sourced locally, while iron ore is transported from the western mines of Minnesota due to one of the worlds best cheapest shipping transport routes.
• There are plenty of railways able to transport the ore from the great lakes to the Pittsburgh area. Adequate amounts of water supply is a resource provided from rivers in the area.
• Steel mills can be found upstream along the rivers, using both water and land based transportation routes.
• As well as steel manufacturing factories, the Pittsburgh area contains other factories using steel as their raw material to make heavy machinery.