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Questions and Answers

What does the word 'psychology' originate from?

  • Latin words 'psyche' and 'logos'
  • Greek words 'psyche' and 'logos' (correct)
  • Greek words 'psyche' and 'logos' (correct)
  • None of the above

    • Who is considered the 'Father of Psychology'?

    Wilhelm Wundt

    William James was the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States.

    True

    According to the American Psychological Association, what is psychology?

    <p>The scientific study of the mind and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Dewey define psychology?

    <p>The science of the facts or phenomena of self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Skinner believe psychology was the science of?

    <p>Behavior and experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Feldman consider psychology to be the scientific study of?

    <p>Behavior and mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to McDougall, psychology aims to do what?

    <p>Give us better understanding and control of the behavior of the organism as a whole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does behavior refer to?

    <p>The totality of an individual's life activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a type of behaviour?

    <p>Financial activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wundt was the first person to make psychology a science.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychology allows for speculation and superstition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cause and effect relationships are an important aspect of psychology as a science.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychology as a science, adopts a systematic and logical approach to investigation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the branch of psychology that focuses on studying the mind and behavior without practical applications?

    <p>Pure Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of applied psychology?

    <p>Educational Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    General psychology deals with what?

    <p>The fundamental rules, principles and theories of psychology in relation to the study of behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does abnormal psychology study?

    <p>Deviat and maldjustive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does social psychology examine?

    <p>The interpersonal relationships of people in the society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of experimental psychology?

    <p>It describes the ways and means of carrying out psychological experiments under laboratory situations for the study of mental processes and behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does physiological psychology examine?

    <p>The physiological structure of the body, particularly the brain, nervous system and functioning of the glands in relation to the conative, cognitive and affective behaviour of human beings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does parapsychology deal with?

    <p>Extra-ordinary perception, precognition, cases of claimed with rebirth and telepathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Geopsychology focuses on the relationship between what two things?

    <p>The relation of physical environment, particularly weather, climate, soil and landscape with behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspects of human development does developmental psychology study?

    <p>The physical, emotional, intellectual, social, moral, language and personality development of human being across the lifespan that is from conception to death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive psychology focus on?

    <p>Higher mental processes such as memory, reasoning, information processing, language, problem solving, decision making, creativity and artificial intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does educational psychology apply?

    <p>Psychological principles, theories and techniques into the teaching-learning process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central focus of clinical psychology?

    <p>The treatment of individuals with psychological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is industrial psychology?

    <p>An applied discipline within psychology, is the science of human behavior in the workplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does legal psychology do?

    <p>It studies the behavior of clients, criminals, witnesses, etc., with the application of psychological principles and techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of military psychology?

    <p>The use of psychological principles and techniques in the field of military activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Political psychology is concerned with the utilization of what?

    <p>Psychological principles and techniques in studying politics and deriving political gains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does consumer psychology study?

    <p>The behavioral pattern of consumers towards purchasing, using, evaluation and disposing of products, services and ideas that they expect will satisfy their needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sports and exercise psychology apply?

    <p>Psychology in athletic activity and exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of environmental psychology?

    <p>Designing work environments and studying the effects of crowding, noise and air pollutions on behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these are methods of psychology? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Introspection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is introspection?

    <p>The process of examining one's own thoughts and feelings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is observation?

    <p>The process of watching and recording behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a case study?

    <p>An in-depth analysis of a single individual or group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a survey method?

    <p>Collecting data through questionnaires or interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an interview method?

    <p>Collecting data through structured conversations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sociometric method?

    <p>A method for studying social relationships within a group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The growth of a human body stops after puberty.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Growth is not affected very much by learning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Development describes changes in the organism as a whole.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Growth and development are separate and distinct processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maturation is a natural process.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is heredity?

    <p>The totality of biologically transmitted factors that influence the structure of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Genes' are the real genetic units.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'environment' refer to?

    <p>The influences that shape an individual's growth process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the dimensions of development? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical development is just about the external appearance of a person.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive development entail?

    <p>The development of intellectual abilities like sensation, perception, thinking, reasoning, memory, imagination, creativity etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Concept development involves both discrimination and generalization.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language development during childhood focuses on the acquisition of written communication skills.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People develop competencies to bear tensions during adolescence.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two complexes Freud identified in his theory of emotional development?

    <p>Oedipus complex and Electra complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children are social at birth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social maturity is attained by the end of adolescence.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Moral development is closely related to social development.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three stages of moral development according to Lawrence Kohlberg?

    <p>Preconventional level, Conventional level, Postconventional level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children develop strong motivation to learn to speak but have no difficulty with pronunciation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adolescence is a time of change and growth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adulthood described as by Hurlock?

    <p>Adulthood begins when children become sexually mature and ends when they reach the age of legal maturity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adolescence is a period of stress and storm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adolescents are often regarded as 'hero-worshippers'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adolescence is a time of day-dreaming.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adolescence is a time of acquiring attitudes and values.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adolescence is a period where individuals attain biological maturation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Puberty begins earlier for boys than for girls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adolescence is a time of great intellectual advancement.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adolescents are known for their constant emotional expression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of development in the postnatal years?

    <p>Infancy, Childhood, Pre-adolescence, Adolescence, Adulthood, Middle Age, Old Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the first two weeks of development, infants are called what?

    <p>Neonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants are typically born with very few reflexes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parents have a profound influence on a child's personality.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children's physical growth slows down during childhood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children's intellectual development during childhood is rapid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children are typically not very social during childhood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the stage when the signs of puberty begin to appear?

    <p>Pseudo Maturity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the stage of cognitive development that children enter during early childhood?

    <p>Pre-Operational Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Educational Psychology Course Objectives

    • CO1: Students acquire knowledge about diverse psychological methods.
    • CO2: Students gain understanding of learning theories.
    • CO3: Students comprehend motivation's impact on human behavior.
    • CO4: Students grasp intelligence and creativity concepts thoroughly.
    • CO5: Students explain personality theories and concepts.

    Psychology's Definition and Origins

    • Psychology derives from Greek words "psyche" (soul) and "logos" (study).
    • Early psychology focused on the study of the soul.
    • Psychology encompasses biological, social, and environmental influences on thought, action, and feelings.
    • Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior (American Psychological Association definition).
    • Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory at Leipzig University in 1879.
    • Key figures in early psychology include William James (1890), William McDougall, and Pillsbury (1911).

    Branches of Psychology

    • Psychology branches into pure and applied categories.
    • Pure psychology includes general, abnormal, experimental, physiological, parapsychology, geopsychology, developmental, and cognitive psychology.
    • Applied psychology includes educational, clinical, industrial, legal, military, political, consumer, sports and exercise, and environmental psychology.
    • General psychology studies fundamental psychological principles and theories.
    • Abnormal psychology explores deviant and maladaptive behavior.
    • Social psychology focuses on interpersonal relationships, attitudes, and prejudice.
    • Experimental psychology employs laboratory experiments to study mental processes and behavior.
    • Physiological psychology examines the physiological structure of the body, including the brain, nervous system, and glands.
    • Parapsychology explores extra-ordinary perception.
    • Geopsychology investigates the effects of environmental factors (weather, climate, soil, landscape) on behavior.
    • Developmental psychology studies the physical, emotional, intellectual, social, moral, language, and personality development of human beings across the lifespan.
    • Cognitive psychology focuses on higher mental processes such as memory, reasoning, and information processing.

    Educational Psychology

    • Educational psychology applies psychological principles, theories, and techniques to the teaching-learning process.
    • Educational psychology aims to create desirable change in behavior.
    • Educational psychology combines principles of education and psychology.

    Meaning and Definition of Educational Psychology

    • Educational psychology study learner experiences and behavior in relation to the educational environment.
    • It's an applied branch of psychology focused on teaching and learning incorporating psychological principles.

    Definition of Educational Psychology (Key Quotes)

    • Skinner (1938) defined it as the branch of psychology that deals with teaching and learning.
    • Crow and Crow (1973) described it as encompassing the study of the learning experiences occurring during the lifespan from birth to old age.
    • Anderson (1949) characterized it as a study of knowledge with applications to education, using tools and techniques, and social processes.

    Scope of Educational Psychology

    • The scope covers the learner, the learning process, the learning experience, learning environments, and teaching methods.

    Nature of Educational Psychology

    • Educational psychology is a science that employs the scientific method.
    • It's not a perfect science but is growing and evolving.
    • It relates to and draws upon social sciences to understand human behavior.
    • It helps teachers understand themselves and learners.

    Significance of Educational Psychology

    • Helps understand learner problems and learning processes.
    • Informs the selection of appropriate teaching methods.
    • Improves learning environments.
    • Assists in understanding learner problems.
    • Enhances classroom socialization.
    • Supports teacher discipline strategies.
    • Identifies special needs of students.
    • Facilitates curriculum development for teachers.
    • Supports guidance services for teachers and students.
    • Evaluates teaching performance.
    • Conducts research to improve instruction.

    Childhood and Growing up

    • Human life begins with conception.
    • The fetal stage continues through childbirth.
    • Growth is quantitative and measurable (height, weight).
    • Growth is not always uniform across individuals or parts of the body.

    Development: Meaning and Definition

    • Development is progressive change in a predictable pattern.
    • It refers to changes in behavior and mental activity, unlike growth, which may stop at maturity.
    • Development is influenced by environment and maturation.
    • Development occurs across multiple dimensions (physical, cognitive, social, emotional, moral, and language).

    Characteristics of Development

    • Development is directional and sequential.
    • Development encompasses ongoing mental activity.
    • The goal of development includes adaptation to the environment.
    • Development is multifaceted and integrating complex structures and functions.
    • Development is not uniform across individuals.
    • Development is influenced by maturation and learning (and the environment).
    • Development cannot be directly measured; it is qualitative.
    • Development can occur independently of growth.

    Heredity and environment

    • Heredity is the sum total of biologically transmitted factors influencing body structure.
    • Genes are the real genetic units.
    • Environment includes various influences affecting individual growth.

    Dimensions of Development

    • Physical: The development of internal and external body organs.
    • Cognitive: The development of intellectual skills and knowledge.
    • Emotional: The development of feelings and emotional responses.
    • Social: The development of interactions and relationships.
    • Moral: The development of moral values and ethical behavior.
    • Language: The development of communication skills.

    Important Developmental Stages

    • Prenatal stages (conception to birth):
    • Germinal period, Embryonic stage, Fetal stage
    • Postnatal stages:
    • Infancy, Early childhood, Later childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood, Middle age, Old age

    Developmental Tasks

    • Tasks that arise during specific life periods, successful completion of which leads to happiness and later success.
    • Example tasks include learning to walk, read, and write.
    • Various developmental tasks exist for each stage of life.

    Infancy (Birth - 3 Years)

    • Rapid development.
    • Neonates have wrinkled skin and large heads.
    • Infants typically sleep for extended periods.
    • Infants discriminate between parents and strangers.
    • Infants develop motor skills (crawling).
    • Parents have a significant role in shaping their children's personalities.
    • Physical growth occurs steadily but rather slowly.

    Childhood (4 to 6 Years)

    • Physical growth rate diminishes.
    • Annual height increase about 3 inches per year.
    • Children's body weight increases approximately 7 times what it was at birth.
    • Tooth development and the replacement of baby teeth with permanent teeth occur.
    • Children develop diverse motor skills.
    • Emotional development leads to better self-control and more stable emotional responses.
    • Childhood enjoys greater pleasure and shows a more stable emotional response.
    • Emotions appear with or without a concrete object.

    Intellectual Development (Childhood)

    • The preoperational stage, Piaget's theory.
    • Development of symbolic thinking, perception of size/shape/color/time/distance.
    • Rapid memory improvement.
    • Creativity and imagination blossom.
    • Thinking and reasoning develop based on concrete examples.

    Social Development

    • Children adjust and establish relationships with others.
    • Peer group becomes important in developing loyalty/values/interests/habits/desires around opposite sex.
    • Children develop self-centered and aggressive behaviors while simultaneously establishing social responsibility.

    Adolescence

    • Transition period from childhood to adulthood.
    • Characterized by physical maturation, particularly puberty.
    • Time of searching for identity, problem solving, and emotional turmoil.
    • Includes increased awareness of sexuality, hero-worship, and daydreaming.

    Physical Development (Adolescence)

    • Physical growth reaches its peak.
    • Hormones increase and glands become more active.
    • Increased awareness of physical appearance.
    • Complete biological maturation occurs.

    Sexual Development

    • Puberty begins earlier in girls (approximately 12-13 years).
    • Boys experience puberty later (approximately 14 years old).
    • Development of sexual interests, including autoerotism, homosexuality, and heterosexuality.

    Intellectual Development (Adolescence)

    • Piaget's formal operational stage of intellectual development occurs.
    • Adolescents excel in abstract thinking.
    • Enhanced logical reasoning.
    • Imagination, memory, critical thinking, and observations skills increase.

    Social Development (Adolescence)

    • Conformity increases, and significant peer group influences arise.
    • Strong beliefs in group loyalty and norms.
    • Increasing heterosexual relationships.
    • Social development culminates in the acquisition of social responsibility.

    Emotional Development (Adolescence)

    • Period of fluctuating emotional intensity.
    • Heightened emotional expression, instability, and possibly guilt.
    • Development of emotional coping strategies is crucial.

    Language Development

    • Strong motivation to acquire language, including specific sounds and word combinations.
    • Rapid vocabulary increase.
    • By age three, sentences six to eight words are common.
    • By the age of 6, a child displays adult-like language abilities with few mistakes.

    ###Other topics

    • Different developmental stages from birth through various stages of life are identified.
    • Developmental tasks help guide and characterize specific developmental stages.

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