Educational Psychology Unit I - PDF

Educational Psychology K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor of Education, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai, Tamil Nadu  COURSE OBJECTIVES CO1: Enable students to acquire knowledge about various methods of psychology CO2: Gain knowledge abo...

Educational Psychology K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor of Education, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai, Tamil Nadu  COURSE OBJECTIVES CO1: Enable students to acquire knowledge about various methods of psychology CO2: Gain knowledge about the concept of learning and its related theories CO3: Understand motivation and its influence on human behavior CO4: Comprehend in-depth concepts of intelligence and creativity CO5: Explain the concepts and theories of personality K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Education do not teach people what do not know but it teaches a man, how to behave in the society. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Psychology The word ‘psychology’ is derived from Greek words ‘psyche’ which means soul. Logos means ‘study’. In early days psychology was regarded as study of soul. Study of Mind Study of Consciousness – William James (1890) Study of behaviour – William McDougall Pillsbury (1911) – Science of Human Behaviour K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Wilhelm Wundt, a German Physician. He founded the first psychology laboratory at Leipzig University in 1879. Father of Psychology K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai William James William James (January 11, 1842 – August 26, 1910) was an American philosopher, historian and psychologist and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Meaning of Psychology Psychology is the study of mind and behavior. It encompasses the biological influences, social pressures, and environmental factors that affect how people think, act, and feel. psychology is concerned with the science or study of the mind and behavior. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, according to the American Psychological Association. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Definition of Psychology Psychology is the science of the facts or phenomena of self. - Dewey (1859-1952) Psychology is the science of behaviour and experience. - Skinner (1904). Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. - Feldman (2005) K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Definition “Psychology is the science which aims to give us better understanding and control of the behaviour of the organism as a whole”. - MCDougall (1871-1938) K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Behaviour It refers to the totality of the life activities of an individual organism. Behaviour includes conscious, subconscious and unconscious state of activities. Walking, cycling, swimming and dancing – Motor activities. Thinking, reasoning, imagining – Cognitive activities. Feeling happy, sad, angry – Affective activities. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Psychology as a Science Wundt was the first person to announce (in 1973) that he intended to make psychology as a science. It accepts the scientific approaches. It does not allow speculation and superstition. It believes in cause and effect relationships. It adopts the systematic and logical approach in the method of investigation. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Branches of Psychology Branches of Psychology Pure Applied Psychology Psychology K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Pure Psychology Applied Psychology General Psychology Educational Psychology Abnormal Psychology Clinical Psychology Social Psychology Industrial Psychology Experimental Psychology Legal Psychology Physiological Psychology Military Psychology Parapsychology Political Psychology Geopsychology Consumer Psychology Developmental Psychology Sports and Exercise Psychology Cognitive Psychology Environmental Psychology K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  General Psychology It deals with the fundamental rules, principles and theories of psychology in relation to the study of behaviour. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Abnormal Psychology It is the study of deviant and maldjustive behaviors. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Social Psychology It deals with the interpersonal relationships of people in the society. It studies the attitudes, interests, prejudice, leadership and other social relationship. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Experimental Psychology It describes the ways and means of carrying out psychological experiments under laboratory situations for the study of mental processes and behaviour. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Physiological Psychology It examines the physiological structure of the body, particularly the brain, nervous system and functioning of the glands in relation to the conative, cognitive and affective behaviour of human beings. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Parapsychology It deals with extra-ordinary perception, precognition, cases of claimed with rebirth and telepathy. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Geopsychology It deals with the relation of physical environment, particularly weather, climate, soil and landscape with behaviour. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Developmental Psychology It studies the physical, emotional, intellectual, social, moral, language and personality development of human being across the lifespan that is from conception to death. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Cognitive Psychology It focuses on ‘higher mental processes’ such as memory, reasoning, information processing, language, problem solving, decision- making, creativity and artificial intelligence. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Educational Psychology It applies psychological principles, theories and techniques into the teaching-learning process. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Clinical Psychology It is concerned with the treatment of individuals with psychological disorders. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Industrial Psychology It is an applied discipline within psychology, is the science of human behavior in the workplace. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Legal Psychology It studies the behavior of clients, criminals, witnesses, etc., with the application of psychological principles and techniques. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Military Psychology It is concerned with the use of psychological principles and techniques in the field of military activities. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Political Psychology It deals with the use of psychological principles and techniques in studying politics and deriving political gains. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Consumer Psychology It studies the behavioral pattern of consumers towards purchasing, using, evaluation and disposing of products, services and ideas that they expect will satisfy their needs. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Sports and Exercise Psychology It applies psychology in athletic activity and exercise. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Environmental Psychology It deals with designing work environments and studying the effects of crowding, noise and air pollutions on behaviour. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Methods of Psychology Introspection Observation Experimental Method Case Study or Clinical Study Survey Method Interview Sociometric K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Introspective Method K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Observation Method Participant Observation Non-participant Observation Controlled Observation Uncontrolled Observation K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Experimental Method K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Case Study K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Interview Method K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Sociometric Method K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Educational Psychology K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Educational Psychology It is the applied branch of psychology The principles, laws and techniques of psychology are applied to the teaching-learning situations. The aims of education is to desirable change in behaviour. It combines two features. (Education and Psychology) K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Meaning of Educational Psychology Educational psychology is a study of experiences and behaviour of the learner in relation to educational environment. Educational psychology is a branch of applied psychology which deals with teaching and learning by incorporating psychological principles. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Definition of Educational Psychology “Educational psychology is the branch of psychology which deals with teaching and learning”. - Skinner (1938) K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Definition of Educational Psychology Educational psychology describes and explains the learning experiences of an individual from birth through old age. Crow and Crow (1973). K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Definition of Educational Psychology “Educational psychology is a subject to be studied, an area or field of knowledge, a set of applications of laws and principles from a field of knowledge to a social process, a set of tools and techniques, and a field of research”. - Anderson (1949) K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Scope of Educational Psychology The Learning Learning The Learner Process Experience Learning Teaching Environment and Learning K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Nature of Educational Psychology It is a science following the scientific approach. It adopts the systematic enquiry and scientific approach to study behaviour. It is not a perfect science but, it is a growing science. It is a positive science rather than the normative science. It is related to social science in a sense that it also studies the human beings and their sociability. It is a research based study. It helps the teacher to understand themselves and learners. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Significance of Educational Psychology To understand the learner To understand the problems of learner To understand the learning process To understand the developmental characteristics To select methods of teaching To improve quality of teaching To create conductive learning environment To understand the problems of learner To make socialization in classroom K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Significance of Educational Psychology To maintain discipline To identify the special needs children To enable teachers for curriculum development To render guidance service To know the teacher himself To evaluate the performance To conduct the research. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai CHILDHOOD AND GROWING UP GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Introduction Human life starts with the conception in the mother’s womb as a result of the process of fertilisation of the ovum of the mother by the sperm cell of the father.  The mother’s womb then becomes the place for the growth and development of the new life. ‘Foetus’ Baby weight increases by 11,00,000 times. Tiny ‘Zygote’ grows into a baby of about 50 cm long with a weight of about 3.5 kg at the time of birth.  Growth: Meaning It is quantitative changes of the body. It can be measured in kg, pounds, meters, inches etc.  The Encyclopedia of Britannica defines ‘growth’ as an increase in the size or the amount of an entity. The word growth is used for all those structural and physiological changes that takes place within individual during the process of maturation. Growth is change in size, in proportion, disappearance of old features and acquisition of new ones (Hurlock)  Characteristics of growth Growth refers to increase caused by becoming larger and heavier. It is quantitative, additive, augumental. It is objectively observable and measurable. Growth does not continue throughout life; it stops when maturity has been obtained. Growth may or may not bring development.  Rate of growth is not uniform. It proceeds more rapidly in the early years of life but slows down in the later years of infancy. At puberty, there is sudden rise in the speed of growth. There exist wide range of individual differences among children with respect to growth. The rate of growth of different parts of the body is different. Development: Meaning and Definition Development means a progressive series of changes that occur in an orderly predictable pattern as a result of maturation and experience. (Hurlock). Development is concerned with growth as well as those changes in behavior which results from environmental situations (Anderson). Characteristics of development Development is ‘directional’ and ‘sequential’. Development is continuous in all areas of mental activity. It does not stop with puberty as in the case of growth. The goal of development is to enable the individual to adapt to the environment in which he lives. It is a complex process of integrating may structures and functions.  Rate of development is not uniform throughout the life span of an individual. Development is influenced by maturation and learning. It is very much related to one’s environment. Stimulating environment helps an individual to develop many skills. Since development is qualitative in nature, it can not be measured directly. Development is possible even without growth. Comparison between Growth and Development Growth Development Growth is quantitative Development is both quantitative and qualitative. Growth could be objectively It is mainly qualitative it can not be observed measured. Growth does not continue It is continuous in all areas of mental throughout the life span. It stops activity; it does not stop after after maturation is obtained puberty Growth is one aspect of development Development is complex and many sided Growth occurs in different parts of Development describes the changes the organism in the organism as a whole Growth is not directional Development is progressive and sequential Growth Development Rate of growth is not uniform in all parts Rate of development is also not uniform of the organism Individual differences exist in growth Children differ in their level of among children development in different aspects Growth is not affected very much by Learning and experience affect learning development to a very great extent Growth may or may not lead to Development in one aspect promotes development development in other aspects ( among physical, mental, social, emotional and moral).  Growth and development are a joint product of both heredity and environment.  Maturation Maturation is a natural process. It is the growth which takes place within the individual. Maturation is the process of becoming completely developed mentally or emotionally. Relationship among Maturation, Learning and Environment Development occurs as a result of maturation and experience. Infant boy Vs Infant Chimbanzee – The aim of the experiment was to see to what extent, the chimpanzee could be humanised by the human environment. Gesell and Thomson’s Co-twin study.  Heredity Heredity is defined as the totality of biologically transmitted factors that influence the structure of the body. Everything the child begets biologically from his parents belongs to heredity. The child inherits the traits and characteristics of his parents and forefathers through ‘Chromosomes’. ‘Genes’ are the real genetic units.  Environment The term ‘Environment’ influences belonging to different categories which affect the growth process of the individual making him what he is.  Transmission Mechanism of Heredity Fraternal twins Identical twins  Dimensions of Development Physical Development Cognitive Development Emotional Development Social Development Moral Development and Language Development K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Physical Development Development of internal and external organs of an individual. External – Height, weight, body proportions Internal – Neuromuscular system Endocrine glands Circulatory system Digestive system Respiratory system Reproductive system K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Physical Development Anatomical growth Physiological growth Motor Development Cognitive Development Cognitive Development Development of Intellectual abilities like Sensation, perception, thinking, reasoning, memory, imagination, creativity etc. Concept Development – It involves both discrimination and generalization. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Cognitive Development Development of language – Speech, vocabulary and written communication. Memory Level Problem solving ability Concrete Thinking Abstract thinking K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  According to freud there seems to be twin faceted emotional behaviour of individuals during infancy and childhood. Male children much affection towards mother – Oeidipus complex Female children opposing emotions of their mother. – Electra complex. Social Development Social development means acquisition of the ability to behave in accordance with social expectations or attaining of maturity in social relationship. Hurlock (1950) Infant is not social at birth. Infant is not able to distinguish between person and object. Child’s interest - Upto 12 months – Toys K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Social Development ✓ Later child’s interest – Play materials to play mates. ✓ 7-8 years – Make friendship regardless of gender difference. ✓ Adolescence – Social behavior is dominated by desires. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Social Development Social contact widened. At the end of adolescence the individual attains social maturity. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai MORAL Development K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai MORAL Development K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Important Developmental Stages I Prenatal Stages (From conception to birth) 1. Germinal period (First 2 weeks) 2. Embryonic stage ( III to VIII week) 3. Fetal stage (IX week to birth)  II Postnatal stages 1. Infancy - From birth to 2 years 2. Childhood – Early childhood (From 3 to 6 yrs) - Later childhood (from 7 to 11 yrs). 3. Pre-adolescence (From 11 to 13 yrs) 4. Adolescence (from 14 to 17 yrs.) 5. Adulthood - Early adulthood 20 -40 yrs.) 6. Middle age (From 40-60 Years) 7. Old age (Above 60 years)  Developmental Stages - Hurlock Infancy – birth to 5 years Childhood – 5 to 12 years Adolescence – 12 to 18/20 Adulthood – After 20 years  Developmental Task “It is a task which arises at a period in the life of an individual, successful achievement of which leads to his happiness and success with later tasks, which failure leads to unhappiness and difficulty with later tasks”. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Learning to walk Learning to read Learning to write Learning to do K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Developmental Tasks for the various Stages of Development Infancy Early childhood Later childhood Adolescence Adulthood Middle age Senescence (Old age) K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Infancy (Birth-3 Years) Infancy begins with birth and extents to two years. It is the stage of rapid development. During the first two weeks infants are neonate. They have usually wrinkled, blocky red skin and a large head. They sleep for about 18 to 22 hours a day. By Six months of age, infants can discriminate between faces of parents and strangers, they discriminate others. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Infancy (Birth-3 Years) By the age of nine months, a baby can creep or crawl. At the age of two years, baby cooperates with others especially adults, and later with his playmates. Parents have a profound influence in shaping their children’s personality. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Development Characteristics of Childhood Physical growth is at a slow rate. The average annual height is 3 inches. By the age of six, the average child measures 46.6 inches. Average annual increase in weight is 3 to 5 pounds. At the age of six, children weight approximately seven times as much as they did at birth. The arms and legs lengthen and the hands and feet grow bigger The muscles becomes larger, stronger and heavier. Baby teeth to be replaced by permanent teeth. The child in pre-school stage develops a variety of motor skills. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Emotional Development Later childhood may be said to be of greater control and stability of emotions. Child enjoys and derives great pleasure from the pleasant emotions. The emotional responses of the child becomes less diffuse, random and undifferentiated. Emotions are expressed even in the absence of concrete objects. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Intellectual Development At the early childhood, the child enters into Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development – Pre operational stage. The child begins to think symbolically. Child develops the perception of size, shape, colour, time and distance. Memory increases rapidly. Creativity and imagination begin to grow. Thinking and reasoning develop in relation to concrete materials. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Piaget’s Cognitive Development K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Social Development Child develops social behavior necessary to adjust with others. Child becomes an active member of a peer group. Child believes in group loyalty and thus tries to conform to the rules and values maintained by the group. Boys and girls make individual groups make their interests, habits and desires become differentiated. They develop an antagonistic feeling towards the group of opposite sex. Children develop group consciousness and they become self selfish, self-centered and aggressive but cooperative. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Social Development Infancy I feeling - We feeling Pre-gang stage – Early childhood Pseudo Maturity – Later childhood (8-12) According to Ross Childhood (Later childhood) is known as the 'Pseudo Maturity' stage as the signs of puberty usually begin to appear in this stage. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Social Development Self-assertiveness Social Insight Social competence Social discrimination Snobbishness These are all seen emerging during later adolescence. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Moral Development Moral values and ethics in behaviour. 4 stages of Moral Development Prudential stage Authoritarian stage Social stage Personal stage K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Lawrence Kohlberg – 3 stages Preconventional level Conventional level Postconventional level K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Language Development Children have strong motivation to learn to speak Certain sound and sound combinations are especially difficult for a child to pronounce. Vocabularies increase rapidly as they learn new words. After age three, the child forms six to eight work sentences. Six year child speaks more like adults with a few errors. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Adolescence Adolescence – comes from the Latin word ‘adolescere’ meaning to grow or to ‘to grow to maturity’. The period of transition from childhood to adulthood is called adolescence. Puberty to Maturity. Time of change Problem age Individual searches for identity K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Adolescence “Adolescence begins when children become sexually mature and ends when they reach the age of legal maturity”. - Hurlock K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Adolescence Transitional Period Problem Age Time of Search for Identity Time of Unrealism Period of stress and Storm Hero-worshipper Sex-consciousness Period of Day-dreaming Acquiring period of attitudes and values K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Physical Development Physical growth reaches its peak The glands become active and Produce increased amount of hormones. ▪ Individual attains biological maturation. ▪ Conscious of physical appearance. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Sexual Development Onset of puberty is earlier in girls (12-13) Boys – 14 Auto-erotism Homo-sexuality Hetero-sexuality K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Intellectual Development Period of great intellectual development Piaget’s stage of formal operation. Abstract thinking Logical thinking Power of imagination, memory, critical thinking and observation increases. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Social Development Social conformity Hero-worship Heterosexual relationship Group loyalty Develops social responsibility K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Emotional Development Emotional instability and intensity Period of heightening of all emotions. Not constant in emotional expression. Develop competencies to bear tensions Unexpressed fear and feeling of guilt. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai