Physiology - Week 7 - Respiratory & Integumentary Systems

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Questions and Answers

What is the outermost layer of the skin called?

Dermis

Epidermis (correct)

Subcutaneous layer

Hypodermis

Which component in the epidermis is responsible for skin pigmentation?

Keratinocytes

Fibroblasts

Sebocytes

Melanocytes (correct)

What type of gland increases in function with puberty, primarily found in armpits and the pubic region?

Sebaceous glands

Apocrine glands (correct)

Merocrine glands

Ceruminous glands

What important role does the dermis play?

Contains sensory nerves and blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of skin contains the majority of the skin's collagen and elastin fibers?

Dermis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sebaceous glands in the skin?

Produce a lubricant for hair and skin Signup and view all the answers

How does aging affect the skin's ability to maintain moisture?

Decreases the production of sebum Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of hemoglobin in blood pH regulation?

Hemoglobin acts as a buffer by interacting with hydrogen ions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant chemical barrier function of the skin?

Produces antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the drive to control respiration in relation to carbon dioxide levels?

Increase in hydrogen ions leading to a decrease in pH. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sweat gland is responsible for producing sweat with a higher protein content?

Merocrine glands Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for thermoregulation and sensation?

Dermis Signup and view all the answers

Which layer below the skin is NOT considered part of the skin but provides protective functions?

Hypodermis Signup and view all the answers

How does aging affect the skin's ability to maintain hydration?

Thinning of the epidermis. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances can penetrate biological barriers and enter the body?

Nitroglycerine Signup and view all the answers

Which form of respiration involves an increase in the rate and depth of breathing in response to metabolic needs?

Hyperpnea Signup and view all the answers

What is hypercapnia?

Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of dermal macrophages in the immune response?

They engulf foreign substances. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?

Production of insulin. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to dermal blood vessels when the external environment is warm?

They dilate to release heat. Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is responsible for sensing deep pressure in the skin?

Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory component primarily cleans and moistens incoming air?

Trachea Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of modifying cholesterol in the skin in relation to vitamin D?

To convert it into a vitamin D precursor. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of bicarbonate ions in blood acid-base balance?

They serve as a buffer for excess hydrogen ions. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the skin's role as a blood reservoir?

It holds about 5% of the body's entire blood volume. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main waste eliminated through sweating?

Urea Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue damage is defined as a burn?

Damage inflicted by intense heat or chemicals. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skin receptor is sensitive to painful stimuli?

Free nerve endings Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response occurs when the external temperature is perceived as cool?

Dermal blood vessels constrict. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of burn involves damage only to the epithelial cells without affecting the dermal tissue?

Superficial/First Degree Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of partial-thickness/Second degree burns?

They present with blisters. Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment tool is used to estimate the percentage of body surface area burned?

Rule of 9's Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total body surface area does the genitalia account for in adults according to the Rule of 9's?

1% Signup and view all the answers

Full-thickness/Third degree burns typically require which of the following treatments?

Skin grafting Signup and view all the answers

In the case of significant burns, immediate threats to life are primarily due to loss of what?

Bodily fluids with proteins and electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

For a patient with burns covering both anterior legs, groin, and front chest and abdomen, what would be the total burned body surface area according to the Rule of 9's?

36% Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin is affected in partial-thickness/second degree burns?

Epidermis and upper dermis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT true about full-thickness/third degree burns?

They only damage the epidermis. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change is a key concern in managing burn injuries?

Loss of bodily fluids Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory System

This is a study of the respiratory system, focusing on the FOX Chapter 16.
Objectives include learning the components of the respiratory system, describing airflow into and out of the lungs, and the reason for pressure changes.
The chapter also aims to explain ventilation and perfusion, oxygen transport, and carbon dioxide/oxygen transport differences.
Various neural controls of respiration are also included.
The four processes of respiration are described.
The first is pulmonary ventilation, consisting of inspiration (air into the lungs) and expiration (air out of the lungs).
The second is external respiration, where oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood, and CO2 diffuses from the blood to the lungs.
Third, transport of respiratory gases. The cardiovascular system, using blood, transports gases between the lungs and body tissues.
Finally, internal respiration, where oxygen diffuses from the blood to tissue cells, and CO2 diffuses from tissue cells to the blood.
The respiratory system organs are detailed including the upper and lower tracts.
Upper Respiratory Tract examples are nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, mouth, and pharynx.
Lower Respiratory Tract parts include larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi (right/left), bronchioles, and alveoli.
The pharynx (throat) is a passageway for air and food, connecting the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus. The uvula prevents food from going into the nose.
Larynx (voice box) has cartilage structure at the top of the trachea. The Adam's apple is part of the thyroid cartilage, and the epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea. Vocal folds are vital for voice production, while the trachea cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air.
Structures of the trachea and larynx are included and diagrams help understand the relative positions of these organs.
Alveoli, air sacs at the end of terminal bronchioles, are where gas exchange with capillaries happens. Thin walls and squamous epithelium ease gas exchange. About 300 million alveoli are present. A key function of alveoli is that they secrete surfactant to prevent their collapse during exhalation.
Lungs are subdivided into lobes and sections of the respiratory system are further divided into lobes for clarity. Also note the role of the heart between the lungs-specifically for the left lung.
Diagrams present detailed views of the lungs and indicate important anatomical structures.
Pleura and pleural cavity details are given. The pleura is a double-layered membrane (visceral and parietal) surrounding the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. The pleural cavity lies between these layers and has pleural fluid.
Pulmonary ventilation is the mechanical process of breathing, using skeletal muscles to adjust the thoracic cavity's volume which generates the pressure gradients that causes airflow.
Atmospheric pressure affects the movement of air into and out of the alveoli, which is due to the pressure gradients.
The process of respiration is described, covering inhalation's role in bringing air into the lungs, typically driven by respiratory muscles of the thorax and diaphragm, and exhalation's role of expelling air from the lungs. Exhalation is commonly a passive process.
The diffusion of gases in relation to respiration is explained, including partial pressure and solubility.
Oxygen transport in the blood, is explained with the role of hemoglobin.
CO2 transport involves the blood’s conversion of CO2 into bicarbonate/carbonic acid, and how this impacts blood pH to drive respiration.
The roles of the nervous system (respiration center in brain stem) in respiration, including regulation, are highlighted. Also, Peripheral and central chemoreceptors and their impacts on respiration are detailed.
A negative feedback loop details how these components maintain balanced or homeostasis in ventilation and pH regulation through carbon dioxide.
Terms important for understanding respiratory system dysfunctions are included; examples: Hypercapnea, Hypocapnea, Hyperventilation, Hypoventilation, Hyperpnnea, Hypoxia, and Apnea.
Burn types and categories are listed.
Rule of 9's is presented as a way to estimate the extent of burns.
The effects of aging on skin are noted as being a key part of the integument.
Function of skin, accessory structures, and specialized glands in the skin are detailed.
Specialized glands include sebaceous or oil glands, sudoriferous or sweat glands, ceruminous glands, the tarsal glands, mammary glands, and ciliary glands.
The layers of the skin are explained, including the epidermis (outermost, very thin layer), the dermis (middle layer, elastic), and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
Hair and its follicle features and function are discussed in-depth.
The function and roles of nails are outlined.

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