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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the MOST significant contributor to air pollution in urban settlements?
Which of the following is the MOST significant contributor to air pollution in urban settlements?
- Hydroelectric power plants (HPP)
- Thermal power plants (CHP) and motor transport (correct)
- Enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy
- Electronic industry
What set of conditions is MOST likely to cause a toxic fog event (Los Angeles-type smog)?
What set of conditions is MOST likely to cause a toxic fog event (Los Angeles-type smog)?
- Calm winds, a fine sunny day, temperature inversion, and the presence of nitrogen oxides, ozone and hydrocarbons (correct)
- Calm and a fine sunny day.
- High atmospheric pressure, calm winds, and high humidity
- The presence of nitrogen oxides and ozone in the air
Which of the following is a potential health effect of acute exposure to atmospheric pollutants?
Which of the following is a potential health effect of acute exposure to atmospheric pollutants?
- Mutagenic effect
- Oncogenic effect
- Acute poisoning or bronchial asthma attack (correct)
- None of the above
Approximately how much carbon dioxide does an adult exhale in one hour?
Approximately how much carbon dioxide does an adult exhale in one hour?
Which principle is MOST important for ventilation systems in hospitals to prevent the spread of infection?
Which principle is MOST important for ventilation systems in hospitals to prevent the spread of infection?
Besides preventing hospital-acquired infections and creating appropriate working conditions, what other crucial function does adequate ventilation serve in hospitals?
Besides preventing hospital-acquired infections and creating appropriate working conditions, what other crucial function does adequate ventilation serve in hospitals?
Which type of food poisoning is most commonly associated with improperly canned foods?
Which type of food poisoning is most commonly associated with improperly canned foods?
Which combination of characteristics BEST describes river water?
Which combination of characteristics BEST describes river water?
Which combination of methods is commonly used for water disinfection?
Which combination of methods is commonly used for water disinfection?
An alimentary illness characterized by the '3 Ds'–diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia–is most likely:
An alimentary illness characterized by the '3 Ds'–diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia–is most likely:
What is the primary characteristic of 'dwelling (stuffy) air'?
What is the primary characteristic of 'dwelling (stuffy) air'?
The formation of Los Angeles-type smog is most directly caused by:
The formation of Los Angeles-type smog is most directly caused by:
Which of the following represents a resorptive (toxic) effect of atmospheric pollutants?
Which of the following represents a resorptive (toxic) effect of atmospheric pollutants?
Which volume of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) is exhaled by an average adult in one hour?
Which volume of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) is exhaled by an average adult in one hour?
According to the classification of working conditions based on the degree of danger, which categories are considered acceptable?
According to the classification of working conditions based on the degree of danger, which categories are considered acceptable?
Which of the following represents a non-specific effect of noise exposure?
Which of the following represents a non-specific effect of noise exposure?
Which of the following is the LEAST direct purpose of periodic medical examinations in an occupational setting?
Which of the following is the LEAST direct purpose of periodic medical examinations in an occupational setting?
Which set of conditions is primarily associated with dust exposure in occupational settings?
Which set of conditions is primarily associated with dust exposure in occupational settings?
For most industrial chemicals, what route of entry into the body poses the greatest and most immediate risk?
For most industrial chemicals, what route of entry into the body poses the greatest and most immediate risk?
Which of the following represents a long-term (delayed) impact of exposure to harmful industrial factors?
Which of the following represents a long-term (delayed) impact of exposure to harmful industrial factors?
Within what frequency range are sounds typically perceptible to the average human ear?
Within what frequency range are sounds typically perceptible to the average human ear?
An employee works with vibrating machinery daily. Which combination of PPE would be most effective at mitigating the risks associated with local vibration exposure?
An employee works with vibrating machinery daily. Which combination of PPE would be most effective at mitigating the risks associated with local vibration exposure?
Which of the following is a recognized long-term effect specifically associated with exposure to industrial poisons?
Which of the following is a recognized long-term effect specifically associated with exposure to industrial poisons?
Beyond aesthetics, what is the MOST comprehensive set of benefits that green spaces and plantings provide in populated urban areas?
Beyond aesthetics, what is the MOST comprehensive set of benefits that green spaces and plantings provide in populated urban areas?
Which of the following is the MOST comprehensive definition of climate?
Which of the following is the MOST comprehensive definition of climate?
A student is measuring microclimatic parameters in a greenhouse. If the goal is to modify the growing environment to optimize plant growth by directly influencing heat exchange between the plants and their environment, which combination of factors should they prioritize adjusting?
A student is measuring microclimatic parameters in a greenhouse. If the goal is to modify the growing environment to optimize plant growth by directly influencing heat exchange between the plants and their environment, which combination of factors should they prioritize adjusting?
A community experiences a sudden increase in cases of intestinal infections after a period of heavy rainfall. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause, linking water quality to infectious disease?
A community experiences a sudden increase in cases of intestinal infections after a period of heavy rainfall. Which of the following is the MOST likely cause, linking water quality to infectious disease?
A meteorologist observes a rapid change in temperature, wind speed, and humidity in a specific location. Which of the following terms BEST describes these observations?
A meteorologist observes a rapid change in temperature, wind speed, and humidity in a specific location. Which of the following terms BEST describes these observations?
Which of the following types of radiation would be classified as corpuscular radiation?
Which of the following types of radiation would be classified as corpuscular radiation?
Following a nuclear accident, rescue workers are MOST concerned about deterministic effects of radiation exposure. Which of the conditions below exemplifies a deterministic effect?
Following a nuclear accident, rescue workers are MOST concerned about deterministic effects of radiation exposure. Which of the conditions below exemplifies a deterministic effect?
A nutritionist analyzes an adult's diet and finds that it consists of 12% protein, 40% fat, and 47% carbohydrates by weight. Based on general dietary recommendations, how would you assess the composition of this diet?
A nutritionist analyzes an adult's diet and finds that it consists of 12% protein, 40% fat, and 47% carbohydrates by weight. Based on general dietary recommendations, how would you assess the composition of this diet?
A worker in an old building is exposed to lead dust. Which combination of signs and symptoms would MOST strongly suggest lead poisoning?
A worker in an old building is exposed to lead dust. Which combination of signs and symptoms would MOST strongly suggest lead poisoning?
Flashcards
Main Air Pollution Sources
Main Air Pollution Sources
Sources include thermal power plants, metallurgy, chemical plants & motor transport.
Los Angeles Smog Factors
Los Angeles Smog Factors
Calm sunny days, temp inversion, nitrogen oxides, ozone, hydrocarbons
Effects of Acute Air Pollution
Effects of Acute Air Pollution
Acute exposure can cause acute poisoning or asthma attacks
CO2 Exhaled Per Hour
CO2 Exhaled Per Hour
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Hospital Ventilation
Hospital Ventilation
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Ventilation System Functions
Ventilation System Functions
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River Water Characteristics
River Water Characteristics
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Water Disinfection Methods
Water Disinfection Methods
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Periodic medical exams
Periodic medical exams
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Dust occupational diseases
Dust occupational diseases
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Chemical entry: Most dangerous route
Chemical entry: Most dangerous route
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Long-term impacts of harmful factors
Long-term impacts of harmful factors
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Human hearing range
Human hearing range
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PPE for local vibration
PPE for local vibration
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Long-term effects of industrial poisons
Long-term effects of industrial poisons
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Hygienic value of green plantings
Hygienic value of green plantings
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Climate
Climate
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Microclimate components
Microclimate components
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Air humidity instruments
Air humidity instruments
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Factors of human heat exchange
Factors of human heat exchange
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Waterborne infectious diseases
Waterborne infectious diseases
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Weather
Weather
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Deterministic effects of radiation
Deterministic effects of radiation
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Physical development criteria
Physical development criteria
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Botulism
Botulism
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Main Groups of Minerals
Main Groups of Minerals
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Pellagra
Pellagra
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"Dwelling (stuffy) Air"
"Dwelling (stuffy) Air"
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Toxic Fog (Los Angeles Smog)
Toxic Fog (Los Angeles Smog)
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Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants
Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants
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Water Quality Indicators
Water Quality Indicators
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Working Conditions Classes
Working Conditions Classes
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Study Notes
Sources of Air Pollution in Cities
- Main sources include thermal power plants (CHP).
- Also enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy contribute to pollution
- Chemical plants are major contributors
- Motor transport is also a main source.
Reasons for Toxic Fog (Los Angeles Smog)
- Calm and sunny weather promotes smog formation.
- Temperature inversion traps pollutants near the ground
- Presence of nitrogen oxides and ozone in the air is necessary.
- Presence of hydrocarbons in the air occurs due to emissions from oil refining and motor vehicle exhaust.
Acute Exposure to Atmospheric Pollutants
- Results in acute poisoning and bronchial asthma attacks
Carbonic Acid Exhaled
- An adult exhales 22.6 liters of carbonic acid per hour.
Principles of Hospital Ventilation
- It is necessary to prevent air overflow between "dirty" and "clean" zones in hospitals.
Functions of Ventilation in Hospitals
- Prevents nosocomial infections.
- Ensures good working conditions for staff and visitors.
- Provides patient comfort.
Characteristics of River Water
- Includes low transparency and large microbial insemination.
- River water also contains a large number of suspended solids.
Water Disinfection Methods
- Chemical disinfection is employed, along physical and microbiological methods
Physical Environmental Factors
- Indoor microclimate, vibration, noise, and atmospheric electricity qualify.
Health of Population Indicators
- Assessed through incidence rates, disability rates and demographic indicators
Hygiene as a Science
- Studies the influence of environmental factors on human health.
- Hygiene develops hygiene standards and preventive measures.
Earth's Habitat
- The biosphere names the cover of the Earth, the habitat of living organisms
Overweight BMI
- A Body Mass Index of 25-30 indicates overweight.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
- BMR is the energy required for keeping vital functions to a minimum.
Periodic Medical Examinations
- Needed for the prevention of occupational pathology and timely detection of early stages of diseases
Dust Occupational Diseases
- Asbestosis and anthracosis qualify.
Most Dangerous Route for Chemicals
- Inhalation ranks as the most dangerous way for chemicals to enter the body.
Long-Term Impacts of Harmful Factors
- Can include oncogenic and mutagenic effects.
Human Hearing Frequency
- People perceive sounds within a frequency range of 20 to 20,000 Hz.
Protective Equipment Against Local Vibration
- Includes gloves or mittens with cork pad on the palms.
Long-Term Effects of Industrial Poisons
- Can be mutagenic or carcinogenic.
Hygienic Value of Green Plantings
- Reduce noise and improve the microclimate, benefiting territories and premises.
- Green plantings have phytoncidal and windproof effects
- Reduce air dustiness and its gaseous composition.
- Enrich the air with oxygen.
Health Groups of Children
- Children with deficiency or superfluous mass are allocated to the IV group of health.
- Children with serious chronic diseases, invalids are allocated to the V group of health.
- A schoolchild at the age of 14, with chronic tonsillitis and caries, average growth, and harmonious physical development belong to the third health group.
Definition of Climate
- Climate is a long-term weather pattern in a given area that significantly impacts plants, animals, and humans.
Microclimate Components
- Air speed, humidity, radiant heat, and temperature constitute microclimate.
Instruments for Estimating Air Humidity
- Psychrometer and hygrometer are used.
Factors Affecting Human Heat Exchange
- Air velocity, radiation temperature of surfaces, and relative humidity in the room affect it.
Infectious Diseases Related to Water Quality
- Intestinal infections, zoonoses, virus infections, and helminthiases can be connected to bad water quality
Definition of Weather
- Weather describes a physical condition of the atmosphere in a given place over a short time.
Corpuscular Radiation Examples
- Neutron, Beta, and Alpha radiation
Deterministic Effects of Ionizing Radiation
- Acute radiation sickness, cataract, and radiation burns are deterministic effects.
Hygienic Adult Diet
- An appropriate adult diet includes 12% proteins, 40% fats, and 47% carbohydrates.
- A diet with too much fat and not enough protein is not considered hygienic
Criteria for Physical Development
- Somatoscopic and somatometric are used for this characteristic
- Physiometric qualifies too
Radiation Protection Principles for Medical Personnel
- Control of exposure time, radiation dose, and distance are important.
- Shielding is a key principle
Electromagnetic Radiation
- Alpha radiation, gamma radiation, and X-rays count
Main Symptoms of Lead Poisoning
- Encephalopathy, lead color, and lead border qualify.
Not a Mycotoxicosis
- Botulism is not part of the mycotoxicosis group.
Food Poisoning from Canned Food
- Botulism is commonly associated with canned foods.
Main Groups of Minerals
- Macronutrients and trace elements
Illness Characterized by Diarrhea, Dermatitis, and Dementia
- Pellagra is the alimentary illness.
"Dwelling (stuffy) Air" Defined
- Defined as air polluted by antropotoxines.
Reasons for Toxic Fog (Los Angeles Smog)
- Presence of hydrocarbons in the air
- Presence of nitrogen oxides and ozone in the air.
- Calm and a fine sunny day
- Temperature inversion
Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants
- Can have reflex (irritating) and resorptive (toxic) effects.
Carbonic Acid Exhaled
- An adult exhales 22.6 liters of carbonic acid per hour.
Water Quality Indicators
- Include epidemiological, physical, radiological, chemical and organoleptic qualities.
Main Objects of Examination in Hygiene
- Healthy persons, microorganisms, bacteria, viruses and environmental objects.
Hygiene Research Methods
- Sanitary-statistical method, instrumental and laboratory method, method of experiment, and method of hygienic examination survey.
Types of Medical Examinations for Workers
- Periodic and preliminary examinations.
Effects of Noise on the Body
- Can result in damage to the central nervous system, hearing loss, and increased blood pressure.
Classes of Working Conditions
- Optimal and permissible conditions.
- Harmful and dangerous working conditions
Non-Specific Noise Effect
- Increased blood pressure and damage to the central nervous system.
Physical Factors of the Working Environment
- Ionizing radiation.
- Hot microclimate, electromagnetic radiation are important physical parameters.
Main Symptoms of Lead Poisoning
- Lead color and encephalopathy.
- Lead border
Operating Room Ventilation
- Should have mechanical supply ventilation.
Factors Determining Population Health
- Socio-economic, genetic, environmental, and health care factors
Normal Nutritional Status Body Mass Index
- 18.5-25 indicates normal status
Effects of Noise on the Body
- Damage to the central nervous system occurs.
- Hearing loss and increased blood pressure result.
Optimal Room Temperature
- 20-22 °C is optimal for a person at rest, dressed in ordinary clothes, for rooms
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