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Questions and Answers

What are the 3 aspects of professional ethics discussed in this presentation?

Special aspects of professional ethics, Professional code of ethics, Methodology for analyzing ethical aspects

What are some actions not allowed when visiting the PM's home, according to the presentation?

  • Drinking in your hotel room (correct)
  • Having refreshments in a dignified manner
  • Carrying handbags or cameras (correct)
  • Taking pictures with official photographers

    • The engineer in the Morton Thiokol/NASA case was eventually fired, but the company was found guilty of violating the False Claims Act.

    True

    The Space Shuttle Challenger exploded due to a failure of the O-rings.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two kinds of tests that computer chips for weapons systems needed to pass?

    <p>Function correctly, Resistance to shocks, high temperature and moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue addressed in the "Overview of Whistleblowing" section?

    <p>The ethical dilemma of whistleblower punishment and their motives, as well as the legislation that protects them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main ethical concern raised in the Hughes Aircraft case?

    <p>The company's decision to retaliate against employees who reported safety issues, rather than addressing the problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The "False Claims Act" allows a whistleblower to sue on behalf of the government if a person or company is submitting falsified claims.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the question that needs to be asked to determine if someone has a moral duty to whistle blow, according to Richard DeGeorge?

    <p>Are you sure whistle-blowing will work?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main arguments against whistleblowing?

    <p>They generate bad publicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main arguments in favor of whistleblowing?

    <p>Whistleblowers serve a valuable purpose for public good.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a formal definition of a profession?

    <p>A vocation that requires a high level of education and practical experience in the field.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The "Paradigm of Professions" states that professionals have a special obligation to ensure their actions benefit those who depend on them.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jacobus Lentz was a professional who developed a special forged-proof identification card, but later allowed it to be used by the Nazis in their persecution of Jewish people.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 8 components of a mature professional infrastructure, as presented?

    <p>Skills Development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major ethical issue discussed in the "What is Professional Ethics?" section?

    <p>Professional ethics involves understanding responsibilities toward all stakeholders, including customers, clients, employees, and those affected by one's products and services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the major ethical concern raised in the "The Therac-25" case?

    <p>The safety and reliability of computer systems when human lives depend on them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ethical considerations that must be made when producing IT systems, according to the presentation? List at least 5 considerations.

    <p>Risk to privacy and security of data, Risk to safety and reliability, The use of another company's intellectual property, Designing for real users, Assuming existing software is safe and correct, Being open and honest, Requiring a convincing case for safety, Paying attention to defaults, Developing communication skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a professional code of ethics?

    <p>To provide guidance for new or young members of the profession.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice is available through the ACM/IEEE-CS website.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Software Engineering Code of Ethics includes 8 principles for guiding ethical behavior.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Software Engineering Code of Ethics is a manual that provides specific solutions to any ethical problem.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An action that is not specifically forbidden by the Software Engineering Code of Ethics is automatically considered morally acceptable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the presentation, what are some key questions to ask when faced with an ethical dilemma?

    <p>Who is affected?, Am I treating other human beings with respect?, Would my decision hold up to public scrutiny?, How will those who are least empowered be affected?, Are my acts worthy of an ideal professional?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the 9 fundamental principles of software engineering ethics, according to the presentation.

    <p>Be Impartial, Disclose information, Respect the rights of others, Treat others justly, Take responsibility for your actions, Take responsibility for the actions of those you supervise, Maintain Your Integrity, Continually improve your abilities, Share your knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a principle of software engineering ethics as outlined in the presentation?

    <p>Be reliable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a three-step process that was suggested for evaluating IT-related moral problems?

    <p>Consult the list of fundamental principles and identify those relevant to the problem., Search the list of clauses that accompany the relevant principles., Determine whether the contemplated action aligns with or contradicts the statements in those clauses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general principle for determining if an action is morally acceptable, according to the presentation?

    <p>If the contemplated action is in agreement with all the clauses, that provides strong evidence the action is moral. If the action is in disagreement with all the clauses, it is safe to say the action is immoral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the first scenario (Sam Shaw), Professor Smith's actions can be considered immoral, as she violated the principles of being impartial and disclosing important information.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Joe Green, the system administrator in the second scenario, discovered the existence of child pornography on Chuck Dennis's computer. Which of these is the suggested course of action, using the principle of "Promote no interest adverse to their employer or client"?

    <p>Joe should inform his manager and the relevant authorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Tim Smart do in the third scenario?

    <p>Created an antiworm that spreads through the same security hole to distribute a software patch to fix the vulnerability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major ethical concern raised in the third scenario (Tim Smart)?

    <p>Whether Tim's actions benefited the public good or created more harm by consuming bandwidth and potentially spreading his antiworm without consent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the third scenario, Tim Smart acted immorally, and his decision to release the antiworm violated multiple principles of Software Engineering Ethics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the fourth scenario, what position did Jean hold at Acme Corporation?

    <p>He provided phone support and occasionally taught on-site training classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jean's decision to accept an outside consulting job, without informing Acme, violated multiple clauses within the Software Engineering Code of Ethics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three clauses that Jean violated in the fourth scenario?

    <p>Accept no outside work detrimental to the work they perform for their primary employer., Disclose to all concerned parties those conflicts of interest that cannot reasonably be avoided or escaped., Not promote their own interest at the expense of the profession, client or employer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Topic 9: Professional Ethics

    • This topic covers professional ethics, including various scenarios and ethical dilemmas.
    • It includes the importance of professional codes of ethics and methodologies for analyzing ethical aspects.
    • The slides illustrate real-world examples from different professional contexts, such as NASA, Hughes Aircraft, and software engineering.

    Professional Ethics Scenarios

    • Morton Thiokol/NASA (1986):

      • The Challenger space shuttle exploded 73 seconds after takeoff due to faulty O-rings.
      • Engineers had evidence of previous O-ring failures but NASA management prioritized the launch despite concerns.

    • Hughes Aircraft (1980s):

      • This case involves the production of military-grade computer chips.
      • Defective seals in the chips were discovered by employees, but management suppressed concerns and cover-ups.
      • This led to a formal investigation and a settlement against the company for falsifying records.

    Overview of Whistleblowing

    • A whistleblower attempts to report harmful situations through authorized channels.
    • Rebuffed by organizations, some whistleblowers resort to unauthorized channels for disclosure.
    • Often, whistleblowers face consequences, such as losing their jobs or facing financial and emotional hardship.

    Whistle-blowing as Moral Duty

    • By referring to a set of ethical codes(SE Code of Ethics), individuals have a moral obligation to blow the whistle.
    • Individuals should consider ethical questions in cases of potential harm and apply proper evaluation processes before taking action.

    Professional Codes of Ethics for Software Engineering

    • Codes of ethics provide guidance for new or young members of professions that are uncertain with expected behaviors.
    • Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice, provided by organizations like ACM/IEEE-CS, offers specific standards and principles.
    • Separate code of ethics for software engineers are found in other sources(e.g. Malaysian National Computer Confederation).
    • Guidelines focus on ethical aspects like producing good systems(including user considerations, thorough project planning, etc.), safety(prioritising and documenting safety concerns), and dealing with defaults, communication, responsibilities, etc

    Analysis of the Code and Questions to Ask in Ethical Dilemmas

    • A mechanical process for determining correct actions is not feasible in moral problems.
    • Codes of ethics are guidelines, not absolute rules; conflicts may arise and require additional analysis.
    • When facing ethical dilemmas, crucial questions include:
      • Who is affected?
      • Am I respecting other human beings ethically?
      • Will the decision withstand scrutiny?
      • What are the consequences for the least empowered?
      • Is my action aligned with the ideal of the profession (e.g., honesty, impartiality, respect for others).

    Alternative List of Fundamental Principles

    • There are specific fundamental principles(e.g. be impartial, disclose information, respect other, etc), which have been grouped and listed as guidelines.
    • Several principles are listed, and each has supporting clauses from the cited codes of ethics document.
    • Consult the list of ethical principles and identify relevant ones
    • Examine corresponding clauses
    • Determine whether contemplated actions align with or contradict ethical standards; analyze whether an action is moral or immoral

    Scenarios

    • Multiple scenarios are presented (e.g., scenarios involving software engineering, computer systems, and other).
    • Each scenario is analyzed, determining potentially relevant ethical principles and clauses.

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