5-Fluorouracil Toxicosis Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is one potential direct cause of abortion in dogs as mentioned?

  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Heat stress
  • Congenital abnormality (correct)
  • Obesity

    • Which infectious agent is NOT listed as a cause of abortion in dogs?

  • Feline leukemia virus (correct)
  • Canine herpesvirus
  • Brucella canis
  • Parvovirus

    • What systemic condition can adversely affect pregnancy outcomes in dogs?

  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Hypoluteoidism (correct)
  • Cushing's disease
  • Atopic dermatitis

    • Which bacteria is associated with uterine infection that could lead to abortion?

    <p>Streptococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory test is important post-abortion to determine causes in dogs?

    <p>Serologic testing for infectious agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a CBC typically show in cases of abortion due to systemic disease in dogs?

    <p>Typically normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral infection is identified as a potential cause of abortions in dogs?

    <p>Canine parvovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding endometrial conditions and pregnancy loss is true?

    <p>Cystic endometrial hyperplasia can affect pregnancy outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of 5-Fluorouracil's action?

    <p>It blocks the methylation reaction of deoxyuridylic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of 5-Fluorouracil toxicity?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should CBC be monitored after exposure to 5-Fluorouracil?

    <p>Every 3-4 days for 21 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a probable consequence of administering 5-Fluorouracil?

    <p>Delayed clearance of certain metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agents can be used for metabolic protection in a case of 5-Fluorouracil exposure?

    <p>Proton pump inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of maropitant in the treatment protocol for 5-Fluorouracil toxicity?

    <p>Antiemetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does leukopenia typically develop after exposure to 5-Fluorouracil?

    <p>By day 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of agent is 5-Fluorouracil categorized as?

    <p>Antimetabolite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the low dose protocol for treating a pregnant bitch according to the guidelines?

    <p>10 μg/kg SC q6h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which stage of gestation is cloprostenol treatment appropriate in bitches?

    <p>After day 28 of gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended standard dose protocol for a pregnant queen during treatment?

    <p>0.5–1 mg/kg SC q12h every other day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the treatment procedures, how often should a standard dose be administered for a pregnant dog?

    <p>Every 8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference in dosage required for queens compared to bitches when reacting to luteolytic effects of PGF2α?

    <p>Queens are more resistant and often require higher doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common sign of pregnancy might necessitate further diagnostic procedures?

    <p>Vaginal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial dose of cloprostenol for a pregnant bitch under treatment?

    <p>2.5 μg/kg SC q8–12h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum dose of cloprostenol listed for use in queens after day 40 of gestation?

    <p>2 mg/cat SC q24h for 5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of untreated pyometra?

    <p>Septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dosage of cloprostenol is indicated for use?

    <p>1–5 μg/kg SC q8–24h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is most likely to recur up to 70% of the time during subsequent cycles?

    <p>Pyometra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is not approved for use in dogs?

    <p>Modified-live vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should progesterone be adjusted to maintain pregnancy?

    <p>Based on serum progesterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic type is recommended pending culture and sensitivity of the vaginal tissue or fetus?

    <p>Broad-spectrum agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome regarding recovery of fertility after CEH?

    <p>Recovery of fertility is unlikely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For what condition is the use of hormonal dysfunction considered manageable?

    <p>CEH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken when administering drugs that require extensive liver metabolism in dogs?

    <p>Their half-lives should be expected to be prolonged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what time frame may methemoglobinemia lead to death in cats after ingestion?

    <p>18–36 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment may potentially reverse methemoglobinemia in dogs and cats?

    <p>Methylene blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of liver necrosis in dogs after drug toxicity?

    <p>Death may occur within 48 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions may develop in small-breed dogs as a result of drug toxicity?

    <p>Keratoconjunctivitis sicca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances are controversially associated with added benefits in treating liver toxicity?

    <p>Ascorbic acid and methylene blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for dogs as an initial treatment?

    <p>40 mg/kg PO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious concern can arise 12–24 hours after ingestion of hepatotoxic substances in dogs?

    <p>Elevated serum liver enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of primary hypoluteoidism in queens during pregnancy?

    <p>Failure to deliver kittens at expected due date</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most significant when analyzing nutritional requirements for a pregnant queen?

    <p>Type of diet being fed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to the return to estrus sooner than expected in queens?

    <p>Trauma to the urogenital tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a CBC in the case of pregnancy complications in queens?

    <p>It provides insight into potential systemic illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would be considered a pathologic finding in a queen experiencing pregnancy loss?

    <p>Purulent vaginal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding might indicate dehydration in a pregnant queen?

    <p>Hydrostatic hemoconcentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health care approach is recommended for stable queens experiencing noninfectious issues?

    <p>Outpatient management with observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom may indicate a severe issue during pregnancy, particularly related to the uterus?

    <p>Cystitis or urinary issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of performing a biopsy in suspected cases of nodular panniculitis?

    <p>It is essential for confirming the diagnosis with histopathologic examination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for avoiding the use of estrogens in terminating an unwanted pregnancy?

    <p>They induce cystic endometrial hyperplasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complications may arise from delayed drainage of an abscess?

    <p>Decreased organ function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic method is recommended for confirming pregnancy in bitches after the luteinizing hormone surge?

    <p>Abdominal palpation after 31 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test is crucial for identifying specific mycobacterial infections?

    <p>Periodic acid-Schiff stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does impaired embryo transport through the oviduct have on pregnancy maintenance in dogs and cats?

    <p>It leads to embryonic degeneration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying health condition may predispose an animal to infections leading to abscess formation?

    <p>Acute renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate action can be taken to prevent further tissue damage in case of an abscess?

    <p>Early drainage of the abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to measure serum relaxin concentration in bitches during pregnancy diagnostics?

    <p>It helps confirm pregnancy status effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the implications of conducting culture and susceptibility testing on affected tissue?

    <p>It allows for targeted therapy based on identified organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best treatment option for a dog that does not desire any litters?

    <p>Ovariohysterectomy (OHE).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can affect the prognosis following an abscess-related intervention?

    <p>Whether the abscess was drained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common side effect should be discussed with clients when considering treatment options for unwanted pregnancies?

    <p>Potential for cystic endometrial hyperplasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of staining is suitable for detecting fungal organisms during diagnostics?

    <p>Periodic acid-Schiff stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate time frame for abdominal ultrasound in queens to confirm pregnancy?

    <p>16-25 days after breeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a differential diagnosis during the examination of abnormal pregnancy situations in dogs?

    <p>Neurometra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of glutathione depletion in the context of acetaminophen poisoning?

    <p>Induction of methemoglobinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is essential in the acute management of a patient who has ingested a toxic dose of acetaminophen?

    <p>Induction of emesis and gastric lavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of suspected methemoglobinemia, which symptom should be monitored closely?

    <p>Cyanosis of mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is known to cause oxidative damage to red blood cells in dogs?

    <p>Acetaminophen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of therapy may be required for a patient exhibiting methemoglobinemia?

    <p>Oxygen therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical condition may develop later in patients with acetaminophen poisoning?

    <p>Hepatotoxicosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is classified as having the potential for causing liver necrosis in dogs?

    <p>Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of poisoning with substances causing methemoglobinemia, which ingredient might be beneficial to warn clients about?

    <p>Sulfhydryl-containing compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for a bitch requiring cloprostenol and cabergoline combination therapy for pregnancy termination?

    <p>Cabergoline 5 μg/kg PO q24h for 10 days plus cloprostenol 2.5 μg/kg SC at day 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the expected interestrous interval in bitches treated with prostaglandins and PRL inhibitors?

    <p>It may be shortened by about one month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be confirmed before proceeding with the treatment protocol for pregnancy termination in dogs?

    <p>Ultrasound at 28–30 days to ensure treatment success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical consideration when using dopamine (D2) antagonists in conjunction with cabergoline?

    <p>They may reduce the effects of cabergoline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the effectiveness of cabergoline and bromocriptine measured in terms of pregnancy termination success?

    <p>By determining if pregnancy is terminated within a specified timeframe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dosage of aglepristone is recommended for treatment in queens?

    <p>10 mg/kg SC q24h for 2 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of administering cabergoline after 28 days post-LH surge?

    <p>It is ineffective at that stage of gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is commonly associated with the administration of cabergoline?

    <p>Vomit and nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following skin conditions is associated with the presence of Demodex injai?

    <p>Chalazia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible sign of ocular dysfunction linked to meibomian gland issues in dogs?

    <p>Blepharospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diagnostic tests would NOT typically be used for detecting dermatophyte infections?

    <p>Aerobic bacterial culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases with chronic meibomianitis, which bacterium may commonly be isolated?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skin condition is indicated by pruritus and excoriation in animals?

    <p>Sarcoptic mange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is most likely to reveal the presence of foreign materials in soft tissues?

    <p>Radiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is most indicative of purulent exudate in an affected area when performing an ultrasound?

    <p>Echogenic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant risk factor for anal sac issues in animals?

    <p>Dietary fiber deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organ is bacterial prostatitis most likely to occur?

    <p>Prostate gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is least likely to result from foreign object aspiration or migration in small animals?

    <p>Otitis interna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected nucleated cell count typically observed in cases involving fine-needle aspiration?

    <p>3,000–100,000 cells/µL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of imaging would be least effective for diagnosing issues in the mammary gland?

    <p>Echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for monitoring fluid density during imaging assessments?

    <p>To assess for abscess formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of using altrenogest during the last days of pregnancy in queens?

    <p>Failure of parturition and agalactia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infectious agent is a protozoan associated with abortion in cats?

    <p>Toxoplasma gondii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary precaution should be observed for queens during pregnancy?

    <p>Avoidance of raw meats and hunting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of administering bromocriptine and cloprostenol in a treatment combination for a bitch?

    <p>Increased likelihood of successful pregnancy termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which testing method is appropriate to confirm feline leukemia in queens?

    <p>ELISA or IFA tests for antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misinterpretation about the diets of pregnant queens?

    <p>Balanced nutrition is critical for fetal health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary contraindication for using PGF2α and its analogues in animal treatments?

    <p>Administering to dogs with respiratory disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific management approach is recommended for queens who are systemically ill during pregnancy?

    <p>Inpatient management for severe cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate timing for initiating treatment with bromocriptine and cloprostenol in a bitch?

    <p>At least 28 days post-LH surge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding is most indicative of dehydration in a pregnant queen?

    <p>High packed cell volume (PCV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect may occur as a side effect of using aglepristone and cloprostenol?

    <p>Mild transient vaginal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum time frame for completing abortion when using aglepristone and intravaginal misoprostol?

    <p>Within 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can infection during pregnancy influence the outcome of fetal viability?

    <p>Infection can result in abortive outcomes or congenital defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with hormonal treatments in bitches?

    <p>Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consideration should be made when using cabergoline and bromocriptine in treatments?

    <p>Use caution in animals with liver impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cloprostenol in managing pregnancy in bitches?

    <p>To facilitate pregnancy termination at prolonged gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which acetaminophen causes oxidative damage to red blood cells (RBCs)?

    <p>Binding to sulfhydryl groups on hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is least likely to cause methemoglobinemia?

    <p>Sodium bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended supportive treatment for a patient exhibiting symptoms of hepatotoxicity?

    <p>Providing continuous access to clean drinking water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of nursing care for a patient poisoned with as little as 50–60 mg/kg of a toxic substance?

    <p>Gentle handling of clinically affected patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory finding may indicate a need for whole blood transfusion in cases of acetaminophen poisoning?

    <p>Anemia, hematuria, or hemoglobinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by slower-developing hepatotoxicosis that may complicate acute poisoning?

    <p>Delayed hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the potential causes of liver injury mentioned?

    <p>Iron overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom might suggest the need for oxygen therapy in a patient with heavy metal toxicity?

    <p>Cyanosis of lips and extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common condition that may lead to the loss of one or two conceptuses within a litter in queens?

    <p>Prolonged stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most associated with an increased incidence of pregnancy complications in queens?

    <p>High coefficient of inbreeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic procedure is crucial for evaluating fetal abnormalities in queens?

    <p>Abdominal radiographs after 45 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary issue is mentioned as a risk factor for pregnancy complications in queens?

    <p>Consumption of raw diets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition could indicate fetal death or malformation in a pregnant queen?

    <p>Presence of gas pockets on ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is recommended for further analysis after an abortion has occurred in a queen?

    <p>Submit aborted fetuses and membranes for necropsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does karyotyping help evaluate after abortion in queens?

    <p>Chromosomal abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which underlying health condition could jeopardize pregnancy outcomes in queens?

    <p>Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a condition associated with sebaceous gland inflammation in dogs?

    <p>Demodicosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is most appropriate for diagnosing dermatophytosis?

    <p>Wood's light evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom seen in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction?

    <p>Mucopurulent ocular discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by yellow-white, painless swellings in the eyelid?

    <p>Chalazia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of culture would typically not be successful in recovering Staphylococcus in chronic eyelid conditions?

    <p>Bacterial culture and sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protocol for initiating treatment with bromocriptine and cloprostenol in bitches?

    <p>Initiate treatment at least 28 days post-LH surge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions poses a risk when using PGF2α and its analogues?

    <p>Respiratory disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential outcome of combining cloprostenol and aglepristone for abortion in bitches?

    <p>Abortion can be completed within 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with the use of aglepristone and misoprostol in the abortion process?

    <p>Vaginal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug should be avoided in animals hypersensitive to ergot alkaloids?

    <p>Bromocriptine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When might a veterinarian consider using caution when administering reproductive drugs to brachycephalic breeds?

    <p>To avoid respiratory complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which potential complication can arise from untreated pyometra during treatment for pregnancy termination?

    <p>Development of systemic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected time frame for an abortion to be complete when using aglepristone with intravaginal misoprostol?

    <p>2 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method to encourage drainage of an anal sac abscess?

    <p>Employ a Penrose drain that exits ventrally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory finding is most characteristic of acetaminophen toxicosis in cats?

    <p>Presence of Heinz bodies in RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is considered when dealing with recurrent prostatic abscesses?

    <p>Castration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective during the treatment of mastitis according to the guidelines?

    <p>Prevent lactation through spaying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sign typically develops within 1 to 4 hours after acetaminophen ingestion?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What situation should prompt the use of active drainage for an anal sac abscess?

    <p>Absence of ventral drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is indicative of severe liver toxicity in dogs following drug exposure?

    <p>Decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from the inhibition of normal biotransformation mechanisms during acetaminophen toxicosis?

    <p>Saturation of detoxification pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to the development of toxic cytochrome P450 metabolites?

    <p>Simultaneous administration of certain drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is caused by the oxidative damage to RBCs due to acetaminophen deacetylation?

    <p>Methemoglobinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is recommended to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance in poisoned patients?

    <p>Fluid therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs can lead to hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria due to glutathione depletion?

    <p>Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of slowly developing hepatotoxicosis?

    <p>Development of fatal methemoglobinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is identified as a common environmental toxin leading to liver necrosis?

    <p>Blue-green algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom may indicate the need for oxygen therapy in a patient poisoned by certain substances?

    <p>Difficulty breathing due to methemoglobinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agents are known to cause oxidative damage to hemoglobin, leading to methemoglobinemia?

    <p>Onions/garlic and chlorates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is specifically associated with chronic meibomian gland dysfunction in dogs?

    <p>Chalazia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is most appropriate for evaluating systemic fungal infections in cases of ocular discharge?

    <p>Wood's light evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary symptom is a common manifestation of conjunctivitis in affected animals?

    <p>Mucoid ocular discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of testing would be essential to identify demodicosis in dogs presenting with skin issues?

    <p>Parasitic examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by granulation tissue formation due to persistent inflammation in dogs?

    <p>Granulomatous blepharitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential consequence may arise from the administration of progesterone during pregnancy?

    <p>Masculinization of female fetuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely result of severe systemic disease during pregnancy in queens?

    <p>Increased risk of placental separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advised precaution for introducing new cats to a breeding facility?

    <p>Ensure new arrivals are vaccinated prior to introduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with a higher incidence of lower litter size and infertility in queens?

    <p>Age-related factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of not vaccinating queens prior to pregnancy?

    <p>Higher likelihood of systemic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is associated with the administration of dopamine agonists during pregnancy?

    <p>Excessive salivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should nutritional requirements for pregnant queens be assessed?

    <p>Consider genetic predisposition and age factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by poor maternal behavior in the first days postpartum?

    <p>Potential complications due to previous pregnancy loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the significant inflammatory response in the conjunctiva?

    <p>High density of mast cells and vascularization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical underlying cause of generalized bacterial blepharitis and meibomianitis in dogs?

    <p>Bacterial infections like Staphylococcus or Streptococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test is most important for assessing conjunctival issues resulting from systemic disorders?

    <p>CBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumor is most commonly associated with meibomian gland dysfunction?

    <p>Sebaceous adenomas and adenocarcinomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dosing schedule is recommended for S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) in dogs after the initial treatment?

    <p>20 mg/kg every 24 hours for 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is linked to chronic blepharoconjunctivitis in cats?

    <p>Bartonella henselae infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant risk associated with acetaminophen ingestion in dogs and cats?

    <p>Methemoglobinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is essential for diagnosing underlying mechanical factors affecting the eyelid?

    <p>Eye examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism does inflammation in the conjunctiva often utilize?

    <p>Multifactorial, including immune, infectious, and nutritional aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential consequence can occur in dogs within 72 hours of severe liver necrosis?

    <p>Death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which among the following conditions may develop as a result of drug toxicity in small-breed dogs?

    <p>Keratoconjunctivitis sicca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do altered lipases in the meibomian glands typically have?

    <p>Production of irritating fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication when administering drugs that contribute to methemoglobinemia?

    <p>Drugs that can metabolize in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long after ingestion can methemoglobinemia lead to fatal outcomes in cats?

    <p>18–36 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment option's benefits in reversing methemoglobinemia are considered controversial?

    <p>Methylene blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible clinical sign following the ingestion of hepatotoxic substances in dogs?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant factor associated with the increased incidence of pregnancy loss in queens?

    <p>Age of the queen, particularly over 6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic procedure is essential for evaluating fetal health and potential complications after 45 days of gestation?

    <p>Abdominal radiographs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is highly correlated with the heritability of susceptibility to reproductive issues in cats?

    <p>Increased coefficient of inbreeding (COI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common pathologic finding in cats that experience abortion or fetal loss?

    <p>Presence of cystic endometrial hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to secondary hypoluteoidism in queens?

    <p>Early fetal development stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sample is recommended to be submitted for analysis after an abortion event?

    <p>Aborted, stillborn, and mummified fetuses with membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the presence of gas pockets in the uterus during diagnostic imaging?

    <p>Fetal malformation or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended precaution in evaluating pregnancy complications in queens?

    <p>Encouraging increased exercise in pregnant queens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred method for surgical intervention in stable nonbreeding patients?

    <p>Ovariohysterectomy (OHE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic procedure is primarily used to identify the source of vulvar discharge?

    <p>Vaginoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common duration for administering Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) for treating conditions in dogs?

    <p>5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended action for monitoring Brucellosis in dogs?

    <p>Yearly serologic testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the increased mucoid content in discharge during diagnostic assessments?

    <p>Suggests potential uterine infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common condition may necessitate surveillance programs in breeding environments?

    <p>Brucellosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In regards to abortion treatment using Prostaglandin F2α, what effect might prolonged administration lead to?

    <p>Potential side effects including abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure is primarily used to establish an inflammatory process in the reproductive tract?

    <p>Histopathologic examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended dosage for Cabergoline to induce luteal regression in bitches?

    <p>1.65 μg/kg SC q24h for 5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may reduce the effectiveness of PGF2α and its analogues?

    <p>Concurrent administration of progestins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential side effect of Dexamethasone treatment?

    <p>Hyperpnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with prolonged use of Dexamethasone beyond two weeks?

    <p>Coat color changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is indicated for terminating pregnancy in dogs after day 40 of gestation?

    <p>Cabergoline at 5.0 μg/kg PO q24h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monitoring is recommended for how long after treatment for pregnancy termination?

    <p>30–60 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when dosing hormonal treatments for pregnancy termination?

    <p>The reproductive stage of the animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may lead to delayed liver function recovery post-toxicity?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is associated with a slight risk of developing pyometra in dogs?

    <p>A combination of bromocriptine and cloprostenol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effects can be observed after administering aglepristone and cloprostenol?

    <p>Vomiting and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which case should caution be exercised when using PGF2α and its analogues?

    <p>Animals with a history of respiratory disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of estrogen related to cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)?

    <p>It directly causes CEH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specified dosage of cloprostenol for initiating treatment in a pregnant bitch?

    <p>1 μg/kg SC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What combination of treatments is indicated for completing an abortion within a specified time frame?

    <p>Aglepristone with misoprostol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation would contraindicate the use of cabergoline and bromocriptine?

    <p>In dogs with allergies to ergot alkaloids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk associated with administering PGF2α analogues intravenously in animals?

    <p>Risk of bronchoconstriction in respiratory-compromised animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does progesterone play in the maintenance of pregnancy in dogs and cats?

    <p>Promotes the formation of the corpora lutea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method for confirming pregnancy in bitches after the LH surge?

    <p>Transabdominal ultrasound after 25 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with using estrogens to impede embryonic transport in the oviduct?

    <p>Cystic endometrial hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In assessing the possibility of pregnancy loss in bitches, which of the following conditions would be seen on differential diagnosis?

    <p>Hydrometra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic method is most effective for evaluating the health of a pregnant queen after breeding?

    <p>Serum relaxin concentration test after 35 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should special precautions be taken regarding diet prior to treatment for an unwanted pregnancy?

    <p>To decrease the risk of nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes a cause of pregnancy diagnosis failure in bitches?

    <p>Early diagnostics might overlook certain embryos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the drugs recommended for terminating established pregnancies?

    <p>They can lead to several complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of meibomian gland dysfunction in ocular health?

    <p>It enhances bacterial growth and disrupts the tear film.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skin condition is often associated with blepharoconjunctivitis in cats?

    <p>Pyogranulomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common causes of exaggerated inflammatory responses in the conjunctiva?

    <p>Endocrine disorders and metabolic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is likely to affect the meibomian glands?

    <p>Blepharoconjunctivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is crucial for assessing tear production?

    <p>Schirmer tear test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of lipase alterations in the meibomian lipids?

    <p>Bacterial growth enhancement and irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test is indicated for systemic disorders leading to eyelid inflammation?

    <p>CBC to assess immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential neoplastic condition originating from the meibomian gland?

    <p>Adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial dosage of Cabergoline for a bitch undergoing treatment to induce luteal regression?

    <p>1.65 μg/kg SC q24h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the side effects associated with prolonged use of Dexamethasone in patients?

    <p>Hypersalivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option might enhance the effects of oxytocin when used together?

    <p>PGF2α and analogues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of using Cabergoline in bitches after day 40 of gestation?

    <p>Increased pigmentation of the coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk associated with the use of PGF2α in conjunction with progestins?

    <p>Reduced efficacy of PGF2α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of Dexamethasone when given in high doses?

    <p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final dosing adjustment of Dexamethasone for a pregnant bitch at the end of the treatment course?

    <p>0.02 mg/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which gestational period might the ultrasound confirmation of pregnancy be impossible for a bitch?

    <p>4 weeks after breeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of using progestogenic therapy in pregnant cats?

    <p>Inhibition of uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may indicate that the prognosis for live kittens is poor?

    <p>Severe uterine pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication could arise from administering tocolytics indiscriminately?

    <p>Cardiac arrhythmias in the queen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of altrenogest in pregnant queens?

    <p>Systemic illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monitoring method is essential during progestogen treatment for pregnant queens?

    <p>Progesterone assays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable complication of untreated pyometra in pregnant cats?

    <p>Uterine ruptures leading to shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue may arise from a contaminated uterus in a pregnant cat?

    <p>Sepsis affecting pregnancy outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can increase the risk of fetal loss in a queen during pregnancy?

    <p>Exposure to teratogenic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is suggested for the management of pyometra in dogs, considering possible complications?

    <p>Cloprostenol administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of untreated brucellosis in dogs?

    <p>Septicemia and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a treatment plan for hormonal dysfunction in dogs, what factor is critical when adjusting progesterone dosage?

    <p>Serum progesterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected recovery rate of fertility in cases of CEH (cystic endometrial hyperplasia)?

    <p>Unlikely recovery of fertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be an indication for the use of altrenogest in canine therapy?

    <p>To maintain pregnancy during hypoluteoidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which condition is outpatient treatment indicated even after a medically stable patient's abortion?

    <p>Noninfectious pregnancy loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results in a high likelihood of recurrence during subsequent cycles if not managed appropriately?

    <p>Pyometra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a potential risk associated with the use of progesterone to maintain pregnancy?

    <p>Accidental prolongation of gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential result of the rupture of a chronic abscess?

    <p>Increased risk of sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding in a CBC may suggest severe infection?

    <p>Neutropenia with degenerative left shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is classified as a pyogenic organism associated with abscess formation?

    <p>Pseudomonas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may arise from the presence of foreign objects in the body?

    <p>Localized abscess formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT typically indicate cholestasis on a serum chemistry profile?

    <p>Elevated protein levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following systems is mycetoma most commonly found?

    <p>Skin/exocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathogens are usually responsible for pyogenic abscesses?

    <p>Pyogenic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of progesterone in maintaining pregnancy in dogs and cats?

    <p>It regulates the transport of the embryo through the oviduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which meeting criterion is not used for evaluating chronic abscesses through urinalysis?

    <p>Presence of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is least reliable for confirming pregnancy in bitches?

    <p>Abdominal palpation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with the use of estrogens in pregnancy termination treatments?

    <p>Development of cystic endometrial hyperplasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition could potentially occur due to impaired embryo transport in the oviduct?

    <p>Pyometra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome is expected if a bitch is diagnosed with pseudopregnancy?

    <p>No evidence of pregnancy will be found.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should abdominal radiographs be utilized to confirm pregnancy in bitches?

    <p>After 45 days post-luteinizing hormone surge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is not commonly recommended for terminating a pregnancy in dogs and cats?

    <p>Medications that impair embryonic transit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consideration in educating clients regarding reproductive health options after an unwanted pregnancy?

    <p>Discussing the potential side effects of termination treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal dysfunction is considered more common in dogs that can affect pregnancy outcomes?

    <p>Familial lymphocytic hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions may have a documented association with fetal loss in dogs due to environmental exposure?

    <p>Endocrine-disrupting contaminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum serum progesterone concentration required to maintain a pregnancy in dogs?

    <p>2 ng/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What breed is known for its predisposition to hypothyroidism which may impact reproductive outcomes?

    <p>Borzoi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age demographic is indicated as at risk for hormonal dysfunction affecting pregnancy?

    <p>Old age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with mid-gestation abortion in dogs?

    <p>Cystic endometrial hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory method differentiates true positives from false positives in agglutination tests?

    <p>Agar gel immunodiffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is stated to require monitoring weekly starting from the third week of pregnancy in dogs?

    <p>Progesterone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary action should be taken if a queen is identified to have an infectious disease during pregnancy?

    <p>Isolate the queen to prevent disease transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary caution is crucial for queens during pregnancy to avoid potential complications?

    <p>Feed commercially available diets designed for pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from using altrenogest in pregnant queens?

    <p>Agalactia and difficulty in parturition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory test is suggested for detecting feline leukemia in pregnant queens?

    <p>Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) or ELISA tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is associated with ascending infection that may lead to abortion in queens?

    <p>Staphylococcus spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for pregnancy loss due to nutritional deficiencies in queens?

    <p>Insufficient taurine levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition would most likely recur if a queen with a genetic abnormality is bred to a tom with a similar pedigree?

    <p>Genetic abnormalities resulting in fetal loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence does the failure to adjust progesterone levels during pregnancy in queens likely lead to?

    <p>Increased likelihood of premature labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential side effects associated with the use of PGF2α and its analogues in dogs and cats?

    <p>Vomiting, defecation, and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What long-term effect can result from administering dexamethasone to patients?

    <p>Signs of hyperadrenocorticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario should ultrasound examinations be utilized following the administration of progesterone receptor antagonist drugs?

    <p>To monitor complete evacuation of the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition should be closely monitored in animals treated with luteolytic drugs?

    <p>Decrease in serum progesterone concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition could exacerbate side effects when administering cabergoline and bromocriptine?

    <p>Preexisting cardiopulmonary diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate responses may occur due to side effects of PGF2α in treated animals?

    <p>Vomiting and dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a described potential consequence of prolonged dexamethasone therapy?

    <p>Hyperadrenocorticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a study recommended to monitor pregnancy termination in bitches treated with prostaglandins?

    <p>Progesterone assays and ultrasound examinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosing for a pregnant bitch treated with cabergoline and cloprostenol for pregnancy termination?

    <p>cabergoline 5 μg/kg PO q24h for 10 days plus cloprostenol 2.5 μg/kg SC at start of treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does bromocriptine have in the treatment of pregnancy termination?

    <p>Causes luteal regression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to monitor for hypotension when administering cabergoline?

    <p>It is a common side effect linked to the drug's action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does treatment with prostaglandins and PRL inhibitors affect the interestrous interval in bitches?

    <p>It shortens the interestrous interval by approximately one month.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effective treatment approach if pregnancy persists after the initial termination protocols?

    <p>Repeat the injection protocol as necessary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome for queens regarding estrous behavior after pregnancy termination?

    <p>They typically resume estrous behavior 7–10 days after termination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For what specific reason is abdominal ultrasound performed at 28–30 days after treatment initiation?

    <p>To confirm successful pregnancy termination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is used in bitches but is not readily available in the United States?

    <p>Aglepristone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended monitoring frequency for methemoglobinemia in animals after exposure to toxic substances?

    <p>Every 2–3 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk associated with single-dose acetaminophen administration in young and small dogs and cats?

    <p>Methemoglobinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serum liver enzyme must be monitored every 12 hours to assess liver damage?

    <p>ALP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of metabolic acidosis, what is the expected change in heart rate and cardiac output when the pH is slightly above 7.2?

    <p>Mild increase in heart rate and output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may result from significant elevation of serum liver enzyme activities in animals?

    <p>Liver damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of therapeutic response, what should be the approach when treating a patient with ulcers after drug administration?

    <p>Discontinue until ulcers resolve, then restart at half the previous dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential outcome can develop due to hepatotoxic substances in dogs within a critical timeframe?

    <p>Liver necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health risk is indicated when monitoring a patient experiencing metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Increased sympathetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is commonly associated with ascending infections leading to abortion in cats?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of using altrenogest in a pregnant queen?

    <p>Agalactia and failure of parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary choice should be avoided to reduce the risk of pathogenic bacterial ingestion in pregnant queens?

    <p>Raw meats and hunting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tests should be performed to diagnose feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in queens?

    <p>Antigen tests using ELISA or IFA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In case of systemic illness, which nursing care approach is recommended for pregnant queens?

    <p>Inpatient management if systemically ill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infectious protozoal agent is known to affect pregnancy outcomes in cats?

    <p>Toxoplasma gondii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What management strategy should be implemented for queens diagnosed with infectious diseases?

    <p>Isolation from other animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental condition should be minimized during pregnancy to ensure lower risks for the fetus?

    <p>Stressful noise levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antimicrobial therapy is appropriate for a dog with a suspected exudate-containing mass lesion?

    <p>Clindamycin 5–10 mg/kg PO q12h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action for prostatitis secondary to Brucella canis?

    <p>Initiate intravenous antimicrobial therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT influence the selection of an antimicrobial agent?

    <p>Presence of impurities in the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug should NOT be used in cats for infections involving Mycoplasma and L-forms?

    <p>Amoxicillin 22 mg/kg PO q12h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of administering progesterone during the second half of pregnancy?

    <p>Masculinization of female fetuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the management of systemic inflammation, which treatment option is NOT suitable for outpatient care?

    <p>Outpatient drainage of pyothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors increases the likelihood of pregnancy loss in queens?

    <p>Age over 6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with the need for aggressive intravenous antimicrobial therapy?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the possible side effects associated with the use of PGF2α?

    <p>Vomiting and hypersalivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria should a broad-spectrum antimicrobial target in cases of significant infection?

    <p>Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical nursing care consideration for managing an exudate in an abscess?

    <p>Ensure adequate drainage is established and maintained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with an increased risk of dystocia and poor maternal behavior?

    <p>Failure of placental separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for effective breeding management in queens?

    <p>Maintaining detailed records of performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored closely in queens with previous pregnancy loss?

    <p>Likelihood of subsequent pregnancy loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration when advising on nutrition for pregnant queens?

    <p>Feeding commercial cat food during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk of maternal illness during pregnancy?

    <p>Systemic illness affecting both mother and fetuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of Prostaglandin F2α in the management of pregnancy complications in queens?

    <p>To promote uterine contractions and facilitate cervical opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is contraindicated if live fetuses are still present in a pregnant queen?

    <p>Prostaglandin F2α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of monitoring health and attitude in a pregnant queen following pregnancy complications?

    <p>To gauge the success of uterine emptying and fetal viability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In treating pregnancy loss in a queen, what is the recommended action if the uterus is free of fluid?

    <p>Gradually stop medications and monitor for recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment may be indicated to prevent uterine contractions after an abortion in queens?

    <p>Tocolytics such as terbutaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can dictate the timing of treatment for pregnancy complications in a queen?

    <p>Presence of visible fetal distress on ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial recommended dosage of enrofloxacin for use in pregnant queens?

    <p>5 mg/kg/day PO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might indicate the need for a cesarean section in a pregnant queen post-pregnancy loss?

    <p>Prolonged lack of uterine contractions after treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of not properly isolating most bitches during diagnosis?

    <p>Increased risk of infectious disease transmission to other animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with a high risk of recurrence during subsequent cycles?

    <p>Pyometra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of progesterone in maintaining pregnancy when given at the appropriate dosage?

    <p>It suppresses luteolysis to prevent premature labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic treatment is indicated pending culture and sensitivity testing for bacterial infections in pregnant bitches?

    <p>Broad-spectrum agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk associated with the use of cloprostenol in pregnant bitches?

    <p>Prolongation of gestation if misused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of brucellosis complicates its management in dogs?

    <p>It poses a zoonotic risk to humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected fertility recovery outcome for dogs after experiencing chronic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)?

    <p>Highly unlikely recovery of fertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should treatment with progesterone be adjusted?

    <p>For documented cases of hypoluteoidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may be indicated by darkened mucous membranes after acetaminophen ingestion?

    <p>Methemoglobinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding typically increases due to acetaminophen toxicosis?

    <p>Bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended approach for managing a prostatic abscess?

    <p>Castration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign seen within 1–4 hours after acetaminophen exposure?

    <p>Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of abscess should not allow chewing on foreign objects to prevent further issues?

    <p>Periorbital abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic finding is prominent in red blood cells (RBCs) in cases of acetaminophen toxicosis in cats?

    <p>Heinz bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If anal sac abscesses recur frequently, which surgical option may be considered?

    <p>Anal saculectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What other condition is mastitis associated with, requiring prevention measures?

    <p>Lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of combining cabergoline with cloprostenol during treatment?

    <p>To achieve more effective pregnancy termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an expected course after administering cabergoline in bitches?

    <p>Estrous behavior resumes 7-10 days after treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dosage of cabergoline is recommended for cats (queens) during treatment?

    <p>5 μg/kg PO q24h for 10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of using concomitant dopamine (D2) antagonists with cabergoline?

    <p>Reduced effectiveness of pregnancy termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial step should be taken if pregnancy termination is not achieved after the first treatment protocol?

    <p>Change the treatment protocol or continue as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the administration of cabergoline in conjunction with meal times?

    <p>It can lead to decreased risk of side effects like vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern associated with S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) when administered to dogs?

    <p>Progressively rising serum liver enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cloprostenol function in the context of pregnancy termination protocols?

    <p>As a prostaglandin that induces luteal regression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of performing an abdominal ultrasound 28–30 days after treatment with cabergoline?

    <p>To check for the efficacy of the treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long after ingestion might cats potentially succumb to methemoglobinemia?

    <p>Within 18-36 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of liver necrosis in dogs as a result of drug toxicity?

    <p>Death due to hepatic failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential complication may arise from using substances that exacerbate methemoglobinemia?

    <p>Hepatotoxicity leading to liver failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is noted as controversial in its effectiveness for mitigating liver necrosis?

    <p>Methylene blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage for continued SAMe administration after the initial treatment in dogs?

    <p>20 mg/kg q24h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of small-breed dogs, which condition can develop as a sequela following toxicity?

    <p>Keratoconjunctivitis sicca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction may occur if drugs requiring extensive liver metabolism are administered to dogs?

    <p>Decreased metabolic clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a granuloma compared to an abscess?

    <p>It is typically slower growing and firmer without a fluctuating center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue change is commonly seen when an abscess forms and is not drained?

    <p>Formation of fibrous scar tissue encapsulating the abscess.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is not typically associated with an abscess formation?

    <p>Uniform firmness and non-painfulness of the lesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hematomas and abscesses differ in their pain characteristics?

    <p>Hematomas exhibit variable pain, while abscesses are consistently painful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the relationship between inflammation and abscess formation?

    <p>Abscess formation is a result of persistent infection leading to localized inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is least likely to be associated with abscess formation based on the content?

    <p>Viruses typically responsible for systemic infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesion might develop if an abscess ruptures to the external surface?

    <p>A drainage tract that may persist and be visible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathological finding best corresponds to neoplasia in the context of abscess differential diagnosis?

    <p>Non-painful, variable growth that is firm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal when addressing accumulated exudate in a surgical scenario?

    <p>Perform immediate surgical drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is essential during patient monitoring after treatment for abscesses?

    <p>Look for resolution of inflammation and clinical signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surgical consideration should be taken when dealing with percutaneous abscesses?

    <p>Prevent underlying aggressive behavior through castration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment approach for sepsis related to abscesses?

    <p>Antimicrobial therapy and restricted movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of corticosteroids in managing sterile nodular panniculitis?

    <p>They help reduce inflammation effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical preventative measure for abscess formation in pets?

    <p>Preventing fights and possibly considering castration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of wound management, what is the primary focus when using protective bandaging?

    <p>To maintain adequate drainage and protect the wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key responsibilities of client education regarding abscess treatment?

    <p>Maintaining adequate drainage and understanding antimicrobial use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of abortion in dogs?

    <p>Environmental pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Brucella canis in pregnancy loss among dogs?

    <p>It's an infectious agent leading to uterine complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is indicated by hypoluteoidism in dogs?

    <p>Abnormal luteal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of abortion, which laboratory findings may be expected?

    <p>Normal CBC and biochemistry values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections can lead to indirect causes of abortion in dogs?

    <p>Systemic viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is specifically indicated as a cause of uterine infection potentially leading to abortion?

    <p>E. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of systemic diseases on pregnancy outcomes in dogs?

    <p>Adverse changes in maternal health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about infectious agents in abortion cases is accurate?

    <p>Bacterial species can indirectly affect pregnancy through maternal conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with the anal sac?

    <p>Bacterial prostatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic imaging technique is particularly useful for assessing a pericardial abscess?

    <p>Echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential finding on ultrasonography for assessing an affected mass?

    <p>Fluid-filled mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ's disorders can manifest as echogenic fluid suggesting purulent exudate?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical cell count range associated with fine-needle aspiration in various conditions?

    <p>3,000–100,000 cells/µL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following conditions might you see a soft-tissue mass on radiography?

    <p>Omphalophlebitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is likely to be found in the lung due to aspiration?

    <p>Bacterial pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection could lead to mastitis in the mammary gland?

    <p>Bacterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of discharge is associated with ocular conditions as highlighted in the content?

    <p>Mucopurulent discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by painful, swollen eyelids due to meibomian gland dysfunction?

    <p>Chalazia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is least likely to be utilized for assessing fungal infections in the context described?

    <p>Intravenous fluid therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skin condition is specifically associated with parasites, including Demodex and Sarcoptes?

    <p>Sarcoptic mange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence may arise from chronic meibomianitis as indicated by the description?

    <p>Potential Staphylococcus infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method for confirming pregnancy in a bitch?

    <p>Transabdominal ultrasound after 25 days post LH surge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is not commonly recommended for terminating an established pregnancy due to potential side effects?

    <p>Estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a serum relaxin concentration in the bitch that is tested after 28 days post LH surge?

    <p>Presence of a pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best captures the concept of impaired embryo transport through the oviduct?

    <p>Embryonic degeneration and implantation abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of mismated bitches do not achieve pregnancy?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended nursing care after termination of an unwanted pregnancy?

    <p>No specific nursing care is needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is effectively resolved through ovariohysterectomy in cases of unwanted pregnancies?

    <p>Cystic endometrial hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary instruction should be given to a client before administering medications?

    <p>Avoid feeding prior to treatment and for 1-2 hours post-treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary cause of sterile abscesses?

    <p>Injection of medications or irritants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding is likely in a case of prostatic abscess in dogs?

    <p>Presence of pyuria in urinalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria is commonly associated with chronic draining abscesses?

    <p>Pyogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may lead to an increased cellularity in cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Brain abscess related to localized infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sign on a serum chemistry profile might indicate cholestasis due to obstruction?

    <p>Elevated liver enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of foreign objects relate to abscess formation?

    <p>They can initiate a localized inflammatory reaction resulting in abscesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bacteria are specifically noted for their role in eumycotic mycetoma?

    <p>Corynebacterium spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection might result in chronic or intermittent discharge from a draining tract?

    <p>Septic abscess formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be the expected duration of time before a queen returns to estrus after experiencing early pregnancy loss?

    <p>Approximately 45 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions could lead to the presence of a sanguineous vaginal discharge in pregnant queens?

    <p>Uterine prolapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory findings could suggest systemic illness in a queen during pregnancy?

    <p>Inflammatory leukogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutritional factor is particularly critical for queens fed homemade or raw diets during pregnancy?

    <p>Nutritional analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathologic finding is most likely associated with dystocia in queens?

    <p>Presence of a mass or tissue in the vaginal vault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical signs that may indicate severe complications during pregnancy in queens?

    <p>Dehydration, fever, and purulent discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is deemed appropriate for noninfectious, stable queens experiencing issues during pregnancy?

    <p>Outpatient management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test is primarily useful in evaluating dehydration levels in pregnant queens?

    <p>Urinalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a queen is systemically ill, which medication is typically used to lower progesterone levels?

    <p>Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosage range for Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) used in treating pregnant queens?

    <p>80–100 μg/kg IM q8–12h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What monitoring should be performed to assess the viability of remaining fetuses after abortion in queens?

    <p>Serial ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following could potentially delay parturition in the presence of live fetuses?

    <p>Progesterone supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Tocolytics like Terbutaline in the context of pregnancy complications?

    <p>Prevent uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a pregnant queen is exhibiting signs of fetal mummification, which action should be considered?

    <p>Perform a Cesarean section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Enrofloxacin in the treatment of pregnant queens?

    <p>Contravene uterine infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should ultrasound monitoring occur when tracking a queen's pregnancy loss?

    <p>Initially daily, then decreasing frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to chronic or intermittent discharge from a mycetoma?

    <p>Abscess rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding could suggest pancreatitis in a patient with an abscess?

    <p>Hyperglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely consequence of irritants leading to sterile abscesses?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique may show foreign objects in the lung due to aspiration?

    <p>CT or MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is commonly involved in pyogenic infections leading to abscess formation?

    <p>Staphylococcus spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of sepsis, what abnormality is most likely to be found in a CBC?

    <p>Neutrophilia with a left shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding indicates a high protein content associated with infection or inflammation?

    <p>Protein content &gt; 2.5–3.0 g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition associated with the prostate gland is characterized by bacterial infection?

    <p>Prostatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might indicate an increased risk of complications from a brain abscess?

    <p>Increased cellularity and protein levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species are associated with mycetoma infections?

    <p>Actinomyces spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique might reveal a soft-tissue density mass potentially indicating a neoplasia?

    <p>Radiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of an abscess within the liver parenchyma?

    <p>Signs of cholestasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a known complication of anal sac issues?

    <p>Dental disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of lung infection indicated by aspiration of a foreign object?

    <p>Bacterial pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic procedure is least likely to yield results in cases of anal sac conditions?

    <p>Echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one symptom that can indicate serious complications from abscesses if not treated timely?

    <p>Fluid accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum effectiveness rate of cabergoline in preventing pregnancy when combined with cloprostenol for treatment?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when treating with cabergoline and bromocriptine?

    <p>Use of dopamine (D2) antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage of aglepristone for effective management of pregnancy in bitches?

    <p>10 mg/kg SC q24h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How soon after treatment with cloprostenol can estrous behavior be expected to resume in queens?

    <p>7-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of administering cabergoline?

    <p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method to ensure the successful completion of pregnancy termination with the combination therapy?

    <p>Conducting abdominal ultrasound at 28–30 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of dosage, how do the treatment protocols for bitches and queens differ in response to progesterone inhibition?

    <p>Bitches require a higher dosage than queens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome is expected regarding fertility after the treatment protocols are carried out?

    <p>Subsequent fertility is unaffected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for avoiding the use of estrogens in terminating a pregnancy?

    <p>Risk of cystic endometrial hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is least effective in confirming pregnancy in bitches?

    <p>Abdominal palpation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies the importance of maintaining progesterone production after fertilization?

    <p>It prevents uterine contractility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of pregnancy maintenance, which condition is least likely to be diagnosed as a differential in a bitch?

    <p>Metritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is abdominal radiography typically not performed until over 45 days after the LH surge in bitches?

    <p>To confirm fetal size and viability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided in a patient's diet prior to treatment for pregnancy termination?

    <p>Feeding completely prior to treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the treatment planning conversation with the client is incorrect?

    <p>Place all responsibility on the veterinarian.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor contributing to embryonic degeneration in cases of impaired transport through the oviduct?

    <p>Delayed passage through the oviduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of performing a biopsy in cases of nodular panniculitis?

    <p>To confirm the presence of both normal and abnormal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What staining technique should be utilized to detect mycobacteria in tissue samples?

    <p>Acid-fast stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may lead to complications such as peritonitis or pleuritis if an abscess ruptures?

    <p>Intra-abdominal infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely outcome of delayed drainage of an abscess?

    <p>Formation of a fistulous tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for conducting culture and susceptibility testing on affected tissue?

    <p>To identify the precise type of infection causing illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor could affect the expected course and prognosis of tissue damage?

    <p>Underlying health status of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of 5-Fluorouracil's mechanism of action?

    <p>It disrupts normal methylation of DNA and RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune dysfunction could be associated with fewer neutrophils and increased risk of infection?

    <p>Acquired immune suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory finding typically develops first after exposure to 5-Fluorouracil?

    <p>Leukopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of inflammation that may accompany the primary symptoms of tissue infection?

    <p>Loss of appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is NOT typically indicated for managing 5-Fluorouracil toxicosis?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is associated with the metabolism of 5-Fluorouracil?

    <p>Cellular necrosis in bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should CBC monitoring occur after exposure to 5-Fluorouracil?

    <p>Every 3-4 days for 21 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent is recommended for gastrointestinal protection following 5-Fluorouracil exposure?

    <p>Sucralfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential complication may arise as a result of 5-Fluorouracil toxicity?

    <p>Delayed clearance of metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what moment can acute anemia occur in relation to 5-Fluorouracil exposure?

    <p>By day 9.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome for bitches treated with prostaglandins and PRL inhibitors regarding their interestrous interval?

    <p>It may be shortened by approximately one month.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consideration when using cabergoline in conjunction with dopamine antagonists?

    <p>It reduces the effectiveness of cabergoline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long after the LH surge should treatment with cabergoline be initiated in bitches?

    <p>More than 28 days post-LH surge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosing regimen for cabergoline when used in queens?

    <p>5 μg/kg PO q24h until abortion is complete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary procedure to ensure the success of the pregnancy termination with the chemical protocol?

    <p>Repeat the injection protocol if pregnancy is still present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when prescribing bromocriptine for the treatment of pregnancy termination?

    <p>Its effect on luteal regression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dosage of aglepristone is recommended for bitches to ensure effective pregnancy termination?

    <p>10 mg/kg SC q24h for 2 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant side effect of cabergoline treatment in bitches?

    <p>Vomiting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action if fluid therapy for sepsis is ineffective?

    <p>Initiate aggressive antimicrobial therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surgical approach is advised for percutaneous abscesses?

    <p>Leave the wound open and ensure drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary monitoring goal post-surgery for an abscess?

    <p>Observe for progressive decrease in drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it most appropriate to implement antimicrobial therapy following surgical drainage?

    <p>After ensuring adequate drainage has been established</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered to prevent future abscess formations?

    <p>Implementing effective castration to reduce roaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a major sign of improvement when monitoring a patient after abscess drainage?

    <p>Decrease in drainage and resolution of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During follow-up care, which of the following signs is critical to monitor for indicating potential complications?

    <p>Continued presence of excessive drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an appropriate precaution regarding the activity of a pet recovering from an abscess?

    <p>Restrict activity until adequate healing occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which potential complication can arise from metritis during pregnancy?

    <p>Systemic illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk is increased due to the administration of progesterone during pregnancy?

    <p>Dystocia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measure should be taken to ensure disease prevention in pregnant queens?

    <p>Thorough vaccination verification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of PGF2α administration?

    <p>Tachypnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with an increased risk in queens over 6 years old?

    <p>Early pregnancy loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication may arise from the administration of tocolytics during pregnancy?

    <p>Failure of placental separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary recommendation is generally advised for pregnant queens?

    <p>Commercial cat food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored closely in queens with a history of pregnancy loss?

    <p>Subsequent pregnancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histopathologic examination is necessary to confirm nodular panniculitis?

    <p>Biopsy of affected tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stain would be used to detect mycobacteria in a sample?

    <p>Acid-fast stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of delayed drainage of an abscess?

    <p>Chronic draining fistulous tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria must be cultured and tested for susceptibility in suspected abscess cases?

    <p>Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with fewer macrophages and neutrophils due to immunosuppression?

    <p>Feline leukemia virus infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be included in the biopsy sample for histopathologic examination?

    <p>Both normal and abnormal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication might arise from an intra-abdominal abscess if it were to rupture?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general effect does immunosuppressive therapy have on the immune system?

    <p>Decreases the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antimicrobial drug is recommended for cats with Mycoplasma and L-forms?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What broad-spectrum agent is treatment recommended for prostatitis secondary to Brucella canis?

    <p>Pradofloxacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prescribed dosage of clindamycin for dogs according to the guidelines?

    <p>5–10 mg/kg PO q12h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may carry zoonotic potential according to the provided information?

    <p>Systemic fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should aggressive IV antimicrobial therapy be considered?

    <p>When treating sepsis or systemic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential component of appropriate health care for managing abscess situations?

    <p>Surgical removal of foreign objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct dosage for amoxicillin administrated to dogs?

    <p>22 mg/kg PO q12h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory method can guide therapy in exudate-containing lesions?

    <p>Gram stain of exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily responsible for supporting the corpus luteum during the second half of gestation?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical change observed in hematocrit levels during the second half of pregnancy in certain species?

    <p>Decrease in hematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used to confirm pregnancy before initiating treatment protocols?

    <p>Transabdominal ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) play in pregnancy management?

    <p>Causes luteal regression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended screening test for patients with suspected underlying diseases prior to treatment?

    <p>CBC/Biochemistry/Urinalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a drug that antagonizes progesterone receptors have during pregnancy?

    <p>Terminates pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of pregnancy is it critical to monitor serum progesterone concentrations?

    <p>Diestrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decrease in progesterone levels during pregnancy indicate?

    <p>Potential for pregnancy loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary caution when administering PGF2α and its analogues?

    <p>Do not administer intravenously in animals with respiratory disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential side effects may arise from the use of aglepristone and cloprostenol combination?

    <p>Vaginal discharge and gastrointestinal upset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the timeframe for pregnancy termination using aglepristone and cloprostenol combination?

    <p>Within 6 days of starting the combined treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with the use of bromocriptine in treating pregnancy-related issues?

    <p>Respiratory distress and potential bronchoconstriction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation is the use of cloprostenol contraindicated?

    <p>In pregnant animals with respiratory disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes how administering cloprostenol affects pregnancy duration?

    <p>It induces abortion well before pregnancy completion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of using estrogens in pregnant dogs?

    <p>Development of cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action if gastrointestinal upset occurs after administration of bromocriptine?

    <p>Monitor the situation and consult a veterinarian if symptoms persist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with a propensity for sebaceous glands and can lead to ocular dysfunction in dogs?

    <p>Demodicosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of culture is often performed when examining chronic cases of meibomian gland dysfunction in dogs?

    <p>Aerobic bacterial culture and sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following signs is NOT typically associated with ocular issues in dogs and cats?

    <p>Weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of chalazia observed in dogs?

    <p>They are yellow-white and painless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence associated with chronic cases of meibomianitis in dogs?

    <p>Persistent bacterial colonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk factor for developing hypoluteoidism in pregnant queens?

    <p>Increased age over 6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic procedure is used to evaluate the condition of a queen's reproductive tract after abortion?

    <p>Submitting fetal samples for karyotyping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical assessment can be conducted through abdominal radiographs to evaluate fetal health?

    <p>Position and number of fetuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) observed in queens?

    <p>Increased risk of reproductive system diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most indicative of a potential early pregnancy complication in dogs?

    <p>Sanguineous discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of imaging to confirm pregnancy in dogs after 45 days of gestation?

    <p>Radiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor could contribute to a high coefficient of inbreeding (COI) in cats?

    <p>Limited genetic diversity in breeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings would be most concerning if observed during a physical examination of a pregnant dog?

    <p>Physical discomfort and straining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage of Dexamethasone for a bitch during treatment?

    <p>0.2 mg/kg PO q8–12h for 5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying condition may complicate pregnancy outcomes in queens, as indicated by concurrent systemic issues?

    <p>Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is a prolactin antagonist used to induce luteal regression?

    <p>Cabergoline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should fetuses be submitted for effective diagnosis after abortion in queens?

    <p>Refrigerated on ice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely implication of administering dexamethasone during the first trimester of a dog's pregnancy?

    <p>Higher risk of fetal death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following side effects is NOT associated with prolonged use of Dexamethasone?

    <p>Coat color changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication may arise due to prolonged stress in pregnant queens?

    <p>Secondary hypoluteoidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is specifically noted as being of immediate zoonotic concern during pregnancy loss in dogs?

    <p>Brucella canis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from the use of ketoconazole during pregnancy?

    <p>Fetal deformities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when administering PGF2α in conjunction with other treatments?

    <p>Its efficacy may be reduced by progestins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would an abrupt decrease in a pregnant dog's abdominal size typically indicate?

    <p>Potential abortion or resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of pregnancy status in bitches is uncertain during early diestrus?

    <p>Ultrasound confirmation of pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dosage for cabergoline in an unpregnant bitch?

    <p>1.65 μg/kg SC q24h for 5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is typically avoided in pregnant bitches due to its potential adverse effects on the fetus?

    <p>Griseofulvin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication that may arise from prolonged administration of medications for pregnancy termination?

    <p>Mismating during subsequent cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential effect does administering progestins have on the treatment with PGF2α?

    <p>It may decrease its effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary metabolic consequence of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) exposure?

    <p>Inhibition of bone marrow function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is not used for managing gastrointestinal issues caused by 5-Fluorouracil?

    <p>Lactulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory monitoring is crucial after exposure to 5-Fluorouracil?

    <p>Complete blood count (CBC) for leukopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential hematological effect observed within days after exposure to 5-Fluorouracil?

    <p>Leukopenia by day 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment class is indicated for managing acute pain in cases of 5-Fluorouracil toxicity?

    <p>Buprenorphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for 5-Fluorouracil in cellular metabolism?

    <p>Blocking thymine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the earliest manifestation of bone marrow suppression due to 5-Fluorouracil?

    <p>Leukopenia by day 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration frequency for filgrastim in treating bone marrow suppression post-5-Fluorouracil exposure?

    <p>Every 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common physical examination finding in queens experiencing pregnancy loss?

    <p>Normal findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recognized cause of early pregnancy loss in queens?

    <p>Failure to ovulate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory test result may indicate an existing systemic illness in pregnant queens?

    <p>Inflammatory leukogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is least likely to be associated with early pregnancy complications in queens?

    <p>Normal appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of early pregnancy loss, what does an increase in systemic hemorrhage typically indicate?

    <p>Uterine prolapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is primary hypoluteoidism typically managed in non-infectious, stable queens?

    <p>Outpatient management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following might cause a queen to return to estrus sooner than expected?

    <p>Chromosomal disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could the presence of mucoid or sanguineous vaginal discharge suggest in a queen?

    <p>Active infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of administering progesterone during pregnancy?

    <p>Masculinization of female fetuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored closely in queens with a history of pregnancy loss?

    <p>Litter size in subsequent pregnancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended practice for managing infectious diseases in pregnant queens?

    <p>Use quarantine facilities for new arrivals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect may be associated with the use of PGF2α in pregnant queens?

    <p>Severe vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is linked to an increased risk of dystocia in queens?

    <p>Use of tocolytics during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a significant factor in the lower fertility rates of queens over six years old?

    <p>Decreased ovarian reserves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which reason is it critical to discuss the coefficient of inbreeding (COI) with breeders?

    <p>To introduce new genetic lines effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary recommendation is suggested for queens during pregnancy?

    <p>Commercial cat food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary toxic metabolite produced from P450-mediated oxidation?

    <p>N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with acetaminophen toxicosis in dogs?

    <p>Insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is more limited in its capacity for acetaminophen biotransformation?

    <p>Cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of methemoglobinemia, which physical examination finding is typically observed?

    <p>Cyanosis or muddy mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to oxidative injury in red blood cells (RBCs) during acetaminophen toxicity?

    <p>Glutathione depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings might indicate renal tubular injury following acetaminophen exposure?

    <p>Methemoglobinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated dose of acetaminophen above which dogs are particularly susceptible to toxicity?

    <p>100 mg/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most influential in the risk for oxidative injury to RBCs during acetaminophen toxicity?

    <p>Nutritional status of glucose and/or sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended initiation period for treatment with bromocriptine and cloprostenol post-LH surge in bitches?

    <p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential side effect is associated with the combination of aglepristone and cloprostenol?

    <p>Persistent vaginal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk percentage reported for the development of pyometra in bitches when using bromocriptine and cloprostenol?

    <p>3.4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is contraindicated when using PGF2α and its analogues?

    <p>Animals with respiratory disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What combination treatment involves administering aglepristone with misoprostol for abortion completion?

    <p>10 mg/kg SC of aglepristone with 200-400 μg of misoprostol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted side effect when using bromocriptine for treatment?

    <p>Vomiting and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with caution regarding drug administration in brachycephalic breeds?

    <p>Use with caution due to respiratory risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may result from using estrogens in treatment protocols?

    <p>Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can produce oxidative damage to red blood cells leading to methemoglobinemia?

    <p>Binding to sulfhydryl groups on hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of glutathione depletion in the body?

    <p>Oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent is NOT associated with causing hepatotoxicity in dogs?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial nursing care protocol for a patient with potential acetaminophen toxicity?

    <p>Gentle handling and monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of methemoglobinemia, which treatment may be necessary to restore normal hemoglobin function?

    <p>Administration of hydroxocobalamin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common symptom might indicate the development of hepatotoxic effects?

    <p>Yellowing of the skin or eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy is critical in maintaining electrolyte balance in affected patients?

    <p>Fluid therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of animals is highlighted for having a genetic deficiency affecting detoxification pathways?

    <p>Cats, specifically those lacking glucuronide conjugation abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of hypoluteoidism in queens during pregnancy?

    <p>Higher risk of fetal malformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to evaluate fetal maturity in pregnant queens?

    <p>Abdominal radiographs after 45 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for pregnancy complications in queens?

    <p>Advanced age over 6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic procedure can assist in identifying reproductive tract infections in queens?

    <p>Culture of the reproductive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general condition in cats is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy loss?

    <p>Cystic endometrial hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does inbreeding impact feline reproductive health?

    <p>It increases susceptibility to reproductive complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be submitted for further analysis following an abortion in queens?

    <p>Aborted and stillborn fetuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial in evaluating the heritability of susceptibility to pregnancy complications in queens?

    <p>Coefficient of inbreeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical consideration when using PGF2α in cases of partial abortion in dogs?

    <p>Side effects can intensify with each injection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it recommended to discontinue progesterone supplementation 2–3 days before the due date in pregnant bitches?

    <p>To prevent masculinization of female fetuses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from administering isotonic crystalloid fluids to a dehydrated dog during a partial abortion?

    <p>Development of pulmonary edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key zoonotic concern associated with B.canis in pregnant bitches?

    <p>Immunosuppressed humans are particularly at risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age-related factor is more likely to cause cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) in female dogs?

    <p>Older bitches with repeated heat cycles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of abscesses if drainage is delayed?

    <p>Sepsis and peritonitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a general guideline for nursing care during a partial abortion procedure?

    <p>Strict cage rest should be maintained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory method is crucial for confirming the presence of nodular panniculitis?

    <p>Histopathologic examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What alternative treatment can be considered for uterine evacuation in cases where PGF2α is not indicated?

    <p>Oxytocin administered based on weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of progestogen supplementation during canine pregnancy?

    <p>Presence of endometrial or mammary gland disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of staining method would be used to identify mycobacteria in a tissue sample?

    <p>Acid-fast stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of infection, what is typically indicated if the causative agent is not readily identified?

    <p>Empiric antimicrobial therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expected to happen if an intra-abdominal abscess ruptures?

    <p>Development of pleuritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a complicating factor in tissue damage associated with abscesses?

    <p>Dehiscence of the wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the presence of both normal and abnormal tissue during biopsy?

    <p>Nodular panniculitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could potentially lead to chronic, draining fistulous tracts in affected tissues?

    <p>Delayed evacuation of abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of toxicity is primarily induced by P450-mediated oxidation in dogs?

    <p>Acetaminophen toxicosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical signs is commonly associated with methemoglobinemia in dogs?

    <p>Pallor of mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary organ affected by acetaminophen toxicity in dogs?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what dosage of acetaminophen may hepatic necrosis develop in dogs?

    <blockquote> <p>75-100 mg/kg</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathological finding may be observed at high doses of acetaminophen exposure in cats?

    <p>Renal tubular edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biochemical pathway is impaired in cats, making them more susceptible to acetaminophen toxicity?

    <p>Glucuronidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of urine change is notable in cases of methemoglobinemia in cats?

    <p>Hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment approach for methemoglobinemia in affected animals?

    <p>Administration of methylene blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant effect of 5-Fluorouracil on cellular processes?

    <p>It causes cell death by blocking methylation reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following frequently develops as a result of 5-Fluorouracil exposure?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate timing for monitoring a CBC after 5-Fluorouracil exposure?

    <p>Every three to four days for 21 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is indicated for metabolic protection post 5-Fluorouracil exposure?

    <p>Sucralfate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mast cell function does 5-Fluorouracil primarily interfere with?

    <p>Thymidine synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential indication for transfusion therapy after 5-Fluorouracil exposure?

    <p>Severe anemia due to bone marrow suppression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should an antiemetic such as maropitant be administered to manage 5-Fluorouracil toxicity?

    <p>Every 24 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What systemic condition can develop as a consequence of acute blood loss induced by 5-Fluorouracil?

    <p>Acute anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vaginoscopy in the diagnostic evaluation of abortion in dogs?

    <p>To examine the entire length of the vagina for discharge and lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is associated with prostaglandin treatment in canines?

    <p>Induction of abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is bacterial culture significant in cases of abortion in dogs?

    <p>It can reveal an inflammatory process indicating uterine infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment duration for administering Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) after most discharge ceases?

    <p>5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition requires annual serologic testing for monitoring after neutering in dogs?

    <p>Brucellosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical region is specifically examined during cytologic examinations to assess potential abortion causes?

    <p>Distal reproductive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surgical approach is preferred for stable nonbreeding dogs showing signs related to abortion?

    <p>Ovariohysterectomy (OHE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a pathological finding when assessing pregnancy loss in a queen?

    <p>Fetal tissue degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an abscess?

    <p>A focal collection of purulent exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a classic sign of inflammation associated with abscess formation?

    <p>Fluctuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesion is characterized by variable growth and pain, with potential fluctuation?

    <p>Hematoma/seroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What often precedes the formation of an abscess in most cases?

    <p>Presence of foreign objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a granuloma from an abscess?

    <p>Granulomas are less painful and slower-growing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pathological process, which type of tissue growth can potentially lead to an abscess?

    <p>Fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence if an abscess does not drain effectively?

    <p>Fibrous capsule formation may occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential observable sign if an abscess has developed a fistulous tract?

    <p>Inflammation and discharge from an external surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can cause impaction or infections in the anal sac?

    <p>Anal sacculitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic procedure is most suitable for assessing foreign object aspiration in the lung?

    <p>CT or MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique can help determine if a mass in the liver is fluid-filled?

    <p>Ultrasonography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign associated with bacterial prostatitis in the prostate gland?

    <p>Hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings is typical in the case of a periorbital abscess due to dental disease?

    <p>Echogenic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method provides information about the cellular composition of a mass using needle sampling?

    <p>Fine-Needle Aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of detecting protein content greater than 2.5–3.0 g/dL during diagnostic procedures?

    <p>Suggests potential infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these conditions is typically associated with bacterial pneumonia or abscesses in the lung?

    <p>Aspiration pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serum concentration is needed to maintain pregnancy in dogs during gestation?

    <p>At least 2 ng/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that could contribute to fetal defects in dogs?

    <p>Hyperadrenocorticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is specifically mentioned as having familial lymphocytic hypothyroidism?

    <p>Borzoi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cystic endometrial hyperplasia typically occur in?

    <p>Dogs older than 6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated after abortion to determine causes in dogs?

    <p>Serum progesterone concentration monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to predispose a brood bitch to pregnancy loss?

    <p>Young age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is described as an uncommon risk factor for dog abortions?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of prolonged interestrus intervals in dogs?

    <p>Poor conception rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of exaggerated inflammatory response in the conjunctiva?

    <p>Increased vascularization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT associated with meibomian gland dysfunction?

    <p>External trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is commonly indicated for chronic blephoconjunctivitis in cats?

    <p>Cytology of eyelid discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is associated with chronic blephoconjunctivitis specifically in cats?

    <p>Bartonella henselae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neoplastic condition can arise from the meibomian glands?

    <p>Adenocarcinomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is primarily responsible for destabilizing the tear film in cases of meibomian gland dysfunction?

    <p>Altered meibomian lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic procedure is essential for identifying the cause of palpebral conjunctival inflammation?

    <p>Thorough history and dermatologic exam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mast cells in ocular inflammation?

    <p>Producing inflammatory mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication is indicated for luteal regression in bitches?

    <p>Cabergoline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible side effect of prolonged use of Dexamethasone?

    <p>Vomiting and anorexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following should be monitored after administering treatment for pregnancy termination?

    <p>Fetal expulsion side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential interaction that can reduce the effectiveness of PGF2α?

    <p>Administration of progestins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosing regimen for Cabergoline in bitches after day 40?

    <p>1.65 μg/kg SC q24h for 5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done for bitches that are not intended for breeding?

    <p>Preventive ovariohysterectomy (OHE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final dosage adjustment for Dexamethasone treatment in bitches?

    <p>0.16 to 0.02 mg/kg over 5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication may enhance the effects of oxytocin in treatment protocols?

    <p>Progestins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of performing a biopsy in cases of suspected nodular panniculitis?

    <p>To confirm the presence of abnormal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which staining technique is specifically used to detect mycobacteria or Nocardia?

    <p>Acid-fast stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant complication of delayed drainage of an abscess?

    <p>Formation of a draining fistulous tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are notably fewer in cases of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly associated with an acquired immunosuppressive state due to infectious agents?

    <p>Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of tissue examination, what does culture and susceptibility testing primarily identify?

    <p>Aerobic and anaerobic organism activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anticipated outcome if tissue and exudate destruction is extensive?

    <p>Increased healing time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors may increase the risk of peritonitis following an abscess rupture?

    <p>Intra-abdominal abscess location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration frequency for cabergoline in the treatment of pregnant bitches?

    <p>Every 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do dopamine antagonists play in the context of cabergoline treatment for pregnancy termination?

    <p>They reduce the efficacy of cabergoline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adjunctive treatment can be used with cabergoline to improve efficacy in bitches after day 28 post-LH surge?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a common side effect of cabergoline when administered to bitches?

    <p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Following the administration of cloprostenol in queens, how long until they typically resume estrous behavior post-abortion?

    <p>7-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for the abdominal ultrasound after administering treatment for pregnancy termination?

    <p>To ensure treatment success by checking for remaining pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic side effect associated with the use of cabergoline for pregnancy termination in bitches?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for adjusting treatment protocols after pregnancy termination?

    <p>One treatment protocol may not achieve pregnancy termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended intervention for managing surgical drainage in the case of accumulated exudate?

    <p>Debridement of necrotic tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is advised for a pet showing signs of inflammation and drainage?

    <p>Monitor for improvement in clinical signs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What preventative measure may help reduce the risk of percutaneous abscesses in pets?

    <p>Preventing fighting among animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) play in managing pregnancy in queens?

    <p>It promotes uterine contractions and facilitates uterine emptying.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial aspect of follow-up care after treating a pet for an abscess?

    <p>Monitoring for a decrease in drainage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is contraindicated if live fetuses are present during a veterinary procedure in queens?

    <p>Prostaglandin F2α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an appropriate surgical consideration for dealing with percutaneous abscesses?

    <p>Ensure proper drainage and debridement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for sterile nodular panniculitis?

    <p>Corticosteroids administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of pregnancy loss, how should patient monitoring be adjusted based on ultrasound findings in queens?

    <p>Ultrasound frequency should initially be every day, then decrease as conditions stabilize.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should client education address the management of an abscess?

    <p>Maintaining adequate drainage and therapy duration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Terbutaline have in the context of pregnancy management in queens?

    <p>It prevents uterine contractions and facilitates premature delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible consequence of inadequate treatment for pyothorax?

    <p>Increased risk of systemic infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can occur if the uterus is not monitored properly during pregnancy?

    <p>Uterine infection leading to abortion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical dosage range for Prostaglandin F2α in queens to manage uterine contractions?

    <p>80–100 μg/kg IM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which possible outcome can result from delayed parturition in queens treated with terbutaline?

    <p>Increased risk of uterine infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key reason for monitoring the health and attitude of the queen during pregnancy management?

    <p>To identify potential complications and the risk of pregnancy loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may lead to resorption of the fetus in early pregnancy?

    <p>Hypoluteoidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could indicate an infection leading to pregnancy loss in dogs?

    <p>Bacteremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral infection is associated with congenital abnormalities in dogs?

    <p>Canine herpesvirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of abnormality may cause indirect pregnancy loss in dogs?

    <p>Neoplastic growth in the uterine wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which testing method is recommended for assessing potential infectious agents related to abortion?

    <p>Serologic testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is most likely to be implicated in uterine infections causing pregnancy loss?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine disorder can adversely affect pregnancy outcomes in canines?

    <p>Hypoluteoidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant impact of systemic disease on pregnancy in dogs?

    <p>Risk of abortion increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may recur in subsequent estrous cycles despite treatment?

    <p>Cystic endometrial hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monitoring procedure is crucial for evaluating pregnancy viability after abortion?

    <p>Ultrasonography of the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment timeframe may yield reduced efficacy for pregnancy termination compared to mid-gestation?

    <p>Days 6–10 of diestrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom should be closely monitored in a dam to assess health during pregnancy following an abortion?

    <p>Vulvar discharge characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of pedigree analysis in highly linebred animals experiencing pregnancy loss?

    <p>Identifying genetic predispositions to issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least associated with the management of nonbreeding patients with primary uterine disease?

    <p>Routine nutritional adjustments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential impact of inbreeding depression on pregnancy outcomes in animals?

    <p>Greater likelihood of complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is commonly observed in dogs experiencing untreated pyometra?

    <p>Systemic infection risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial recommended dosage of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for dogs experiencing liver toxicity?

    <p>40 mg/kg PO × 1 dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary absolute contraindication to therapy associated with the diagnosis of blastomycosis?

    <p>Anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Within what time frame can methemoglobinemia lead to the death of cats after exposure to hepatotoxic substances?

    <p>18–36 hours after ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a significant elevation in serum creatinine concentration indicate during therapy?

    <p>Cumulative nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should serum chemistry be monitored to avoid hepatic toxicity?

    <p>Monthly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk associated with drugs that require extensive liver metabolism when administered to dogs?

    <p>Reduced effectiveness of the drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions may occur in small-breed dogs as a sequela of drug toxicity?

    <p>Keratoconjunctivitis sicca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a primary measure to prevent zoonotic transmission of blastomycosis?

    <p>Avoid cuts during necropsy of infected dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a controversial benefit of using methylene blue and ascorbic acid in treating liver toxicity?

    <p>They reverse methemoglobinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity is associated with blepharitis due to flea bites?

    <p>Type IV (cell-mediated)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious condition is potentially linked to liver necrosis in dogs following hepatotoxic exposure?

    <p>Methemoglobinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely cause of a hordeolum in the eyelid?

    <p>Bacterial abscess, usually staphylococcal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to monitor dogs receiving therapy for blastomycosis effectively?

    <p>Monitor serum creatinine and hepatic function regularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After ingestion of hepatotoxic substances, how long might clinical signs last in dogs before improvement is expected?

    <p>12–24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential timing for the development of methemoglobinemia in dogs after ingestion of toxins?

    <p>18–36 hours after ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is suggested to be diagnosed primarily through clinical signs rather than lab tests?

    <p>Hordeolum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may arise if an abscess ruptures and a collection of pus is formed?

    <p>Chronic discharge from a draining tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria are most commonly associated with the formation of purulent exudate?

    <p>Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding is commonly associated with severe infections in CBC results?

    <p>Neutrophilia with a left shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to sterile abscesses?

    <p>Foreign object placement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates possible cholestasis in patients with pancreatic abscesses?

    <p>Elevated liver enzymes in serum chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific organism may be a causative agent of mycetoma?

    <p>Nocardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which anatomical site can pyogenic bacteria cause significant exudate formation?

    <p>Pulmonary parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings might indicate a need for assessing prostatic health?

    <p>Pyuria in urinalysis results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible sign of early pregnancy loss in queens?

    <p>Vaginal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What systemic condition may contribute to anemia during pregnancy in queens?

    <p>Hypoluteoidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could an inflammatory leukogram indicate during a physical examination?

    <p>Systemic infection or disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory examination is evidenced to be relevant when assessing dehydration in pregnant queens?

    <p>CBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nutritional analysis aspect is crucial when feeding pregnant queens homemade diets?

    <p>Balanced vitamin intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically observed in the physical examination of a queen experiencing a reproductive issue?

    <p>Normal except in severe cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication might arise from a mass or tissue in the vaginal vault of a queen?

    <p>Dystocia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is outpatient management primarily recommended for queens experiencing health issues during pregnancy?

    <p>For noninfectious and stable situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended waiting period before initiating treatment with cabergoline after ovulation in bitches?

    <p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with bromocriptine treatment in bitches?

    <p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is cabergoline commonly administered to a bitch during treatment?

    <p>Orally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the alternative drugs recommended for use in bitches for pregnancy termination?

    <p>Aglepristone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of combining cloprostenol with cabergoline when treating bitches?

    <p>Enhances the efficacy of treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosing schedule for administration of cloprostenol in treating pregnant queens?

    <p>SC q48h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum estimated success rate for preventing pregnancy when using cabergoline as prescribed?

    <p>95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dogs, what is a possible reason for pregnancy termination not being achieved after treatment?

    <p>Concomitant use of other medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential maternal behavior change may indicate a problem during pregnancy?

    <p>Anorexia, vomiting, or diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic imaging technique is best for determining fetal structures after 45 days of gestation?

    <p>Radiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infectious agent is associated with both immediate and zoonotic concern during pregnancy?

    <p>Brucella canis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical examination finding may be indicative of complications during a dog's pregnancy?

    <p>Sanguineous or purulent vulvar discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of pregnancy loss that typically occurs during the seventh week of gestation?

    <p>Premature labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition might be difficult to differentiate from abortion based on examination alone?

    <p>Fetal resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor to assess when distinguishing between infectious and noninfectious causes of abortion in dogs?

    <p>History of drug use during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can make diagnosing abortion challenging when evaluating vaginal cultures?

    <p>Normal flora may mask disease-causing agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications can occur due to the use of altrenogest in queens?

    <p>Loss of entire litter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant contraindication for administering terbutaline in pregnant queens?

    <p>Pyometra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential result of untreated chronic endometritis in queens?

    <p>Recurrent pregnancy loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which circumstance would the use of tocolytics be most successful for maintaining a pregnancy in queens?

    <p>Accurate tracking of breeding dates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected prognosis for a current litter in cases of severe uterine pathology in queens?

    <p>Very poor for live kittens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment consideration is critical when using altrenogest for pregnant queens?

    <p>Monitoring trimester-specific responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one possible consequence of administering tocolytics without accurate breeding dates during pregnancy in queens?

    <p>Increased risk of intervention later</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a potential outcome of not avoiding exposure to abortifacient drugs during pregnancy in queens?

    <p>Teratogenic effects on developing fetuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily dosage of cloprostenol for a pregnant bitch starting treatment after 28 days post-LH surge?

    <p>1 μg/kg SC at the start and 1 μg/kg SC at day 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential side effect is common with the use of aglepristone in dogs?

    <p>Vaginal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is specifically contraindicated when administering PGF2α and analogues?

    <p>Respiratory disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame in which abortion is generally completed after administering intravaginal misoprostol?

    <p>Within 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of bromocriptine when used in treatment for a pregnant bitch?

    <p>Inhibits lactation and decreases prolactin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concurrent condition requires caution when administering cabergoline or bromocriptine?

    <p>Impaired liver function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In treating a pregnant pet with cloprostenol, what is the maximum recommended dosage after day 25 of pregnancy?

    <p>1 μg/kg SC q24h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the risk of pyometra development in treated bitches?

    <p>There is a 3.4% risk as reported in field studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication related to progestogen supplementation in dogs?

    <p>Cystic endometrial hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age-related factor increases the likelihood of cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) in bitches?

    <p>Older age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is commonly associated with the administration of PGF2α?

    <p>Panting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should partial abortion be managed in terms of activity of the dog?

    <p>Cage rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration schedule for oxytocin in uterine evacuation?

    <p>1 U/5 kg SC q6–24h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation is euthanasia recommended for a dog confirmed with B.canis?

    <p>In case of confirmed infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary consideration is associated with abortions in dogs?

    <p>Raw diets have been linked to abortions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken when handling a bitch and expelled tissues related to B.canis?

    <p>Wear protective clothing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily dosage of progesterone via oral administration for maintaining pregnancy in cases of hypoluteoidism?

    <p>0.088 mg/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with untreated pyometra in dogs?

    <p>Septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what dosage is cloprostenol administered subcutaneously for the treatment of abortion in dogs?

    <p>1–5 μg/kg SC every 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical prognosis for recovery of fertility after diagnosis of CEH in dogs?

    <p>Recovery of fertility unlikely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in diagnosing bacterial agents associated with abortion in dogs?

    <p>Bacterial agents like Mycoplasma are normal flora, complicating diagnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is listed as a possible consequence of prolonged gestation due to inadvertent treatment?

    <p>Increased fetal death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does pregnancy loss typically occur during gestation?

    <p>Seventh week of gestation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What history may indicate a higher risk of pregnancy complications in bitches?

    <p>Use of certain drugs during early pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible complication of Brucellosis in dogs, which could lead to additional health issues?

    <p>Discospondylitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique is used to identify fetal structures after a specific duration of gestation?

    <p>Radiography after 45 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate management approach for dogs with confirmed B.canis infection during pregnancy?

    <p>Isolation pending diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should progesterone dosage be adjusted for documented cases of hypoluteoidism in pregnant bitches?

    <p>Increase dosage based on serum progesterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of discharge may appear during diestrus and require evaluation?

    <p>Sanguineous or purulent vulvar discharge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can abdominal size changes during pregnancy be interpreted?

    <p>Decrease in abdominal size can indicate pregnancy loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systemic illness is identified as particularly concerning in relation to pregnancy outcomes?

    <p>Salmonella-associated illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key finding during physical examination may suggest further investigation into pregnancy complications?

    <p>Abdominal straining or discomfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended diagnostic method to confirm pregnancy in bitches after the LH surge?

    <p>Transabdominal ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is typically avoided due to potential side effects when managing pregnancy termination?

    <p>Estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point after the LH surge can relaxin levels in bitches be used as a reliable indicator of pregnancy?

    <p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is considered a differential diagnosis for abnormal pregnancy maintenance in dogs?

    <p>Mucometra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of progesterone in pregnancy maintenance in dogs and cats?

    <p>Maintain the corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be avoided in dietary management of a pregnant animal prior to treatment?

    <p>Food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which diagnostic method can abdominal radiographs confirm pregnancy in bitches?

    <p>After 45 days after LH surge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is considered best when treating certain reproductive complications in the absence of desired litters?

    <p>Ovariohysterectomy (OHE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of mast cell presence in the conjunctiva?

    <p>Prominent swelling and irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is typically associated with meibomian gland dysfunction?

    <p>Bacterial keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test is likely indicated for a cat with chronic blepharoconjunctivitis?

    <p>Cytology of conjunctival scrape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common bacterium found in cases of infectious bacterial blepharitis?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lipases in the context of meibomian gland function?

    <p>Altering meibomian lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor often complicates the inflammatory response of the conjunctiva?

    <p>Presence of mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which breed is squamous cell carcinoma most commonly observed?

    <p>White cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically indicates the need for ancillary ocular tests such as Schirmer tear test?

    <p>Indications of meibomian gland dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial organism is least likely to be involved in causing abortion through ascending infection?

    <p>Listeria monocytogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary laboratory method to diagnose feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in queens?

    <p>Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of using drugs that contribute to methemoglobinemia in dogs?

    <p>Death due to liver necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome for cats experiencing methemoglobinemia after ingestion of liver toxic substances?

    <p>Death occurring up to 48 hours after exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of administering altrenogest improperly during pregnancy?

    <p>Agalactia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dietary choices is NOT recommended for pregnant queens?

    <p>Food rich in vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial dosage of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) recommended for dogs?

    <p>40 mg/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency for monitoring liver enzyme activities (ALT, ALP) in dogs post-drug exposure?

    <p>Every 12 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agents are controversially debated for their added benefits in treating liver toxicity?

    <p>Methylene blue and ascorbic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach for activity levels in queens showing signs of infectious disease?

    <p>Isolation to prevent disease spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what condition do metabolic effects predominately result in an increase in heart rate and cardiac output?

    <p>Mild acidemia (pH &gt;7.2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can significantly enhance the prognosis for successful pregnancy in queens?

    <p>Corrective treatment for primary hypoluteoidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may develop in small-breed dogs as a follow-up condition related to drug toxicity?

    <p>Keratoconjunctivitis sicca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key precaution when administering drugs requiring extensive liver metabolism to dogs?

    <p>Expect their half-lives to be extended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is associated with systemic diseases affecting pregnancy outcomes in queens?

    <p>Hypertension leading to hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action if ulcers are observed after medication administration?

    <p>Discontinue the drug until ulcers resolve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agents is specifically mentioned in the context of treating methemoglobinemia?

    <p>Methylene blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome is most likely for dogs receiving prompt treatment for liver necrosis?

    <p>Full recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expected consequence of allowing queens to hunt during pregnancy?

    <p>Higher risk of T. gondii ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame after which clinical signs in dogs may persist after exposure to hepatotoxic substances?

    <p>12–24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is associated with toxicity concerns specifically mentioned for liver metabolism in dogs?

    <p>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is most effective for revealing soft-tissue density masses?

    <p>Radiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What time frame after ingestion of hepatotoxic substances may significantly increase the risk of severe complications in dogs?

    <p>12–24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is commonly associated with anal sacculitis?

    <p>Impaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory finding might suggest dehydration in a pregnant queen?

    <p>Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication that may arise from delayed drainage of an abscess?

    <p>Systemic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Echogenic fluid in ultrasonography suggests which type of fluid?

    <p>Purulent exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition might lead to a soft-tissue density mass in the lung?

    <p>Foreign object aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common predisposition for bacterial prostatitis in dogs?

    <p>Prior urinary tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fine-needle aspiration shows what characteristic cell count for potential diagnostic purposes?

    <p>3,000–100,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is least likely to be indicated by echocardiography?

    <p>Mastitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic procedure can help determine if a mass is fluid-filled?

    <p>Ultrasonography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for early drainage of an abscess?

    <p>To prevent further tissue damage and abscess wall formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which staining method is specifically used to detect mycobacteria or Nocardia?

    <p>Acid-fast stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications is NOT associated with delayed drainage of an abscess?

    <p>Risk of foreign body reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of severe infection, what role does culture and susceptibility testing play?

    <p>To classify bacteria for empirical therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue sample is required to confirm the diagnosis of nodular panniculitis?

    <p>Both normal and abnormal tissue samples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common signs associated with inflammation?

    <p>Pain, swelling, redness, heat, and loss of function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of progressive tissue damage in high-motion areas?

    <p>Delayed healing times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which underlying predisposing condition could exacerbate immune dysfunction?

    <p>Hyperadrenocorticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major contraindication for using terbutaline in pregnant queens?

    <p>Cardiac disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is related to the use of altrenogest in queens?

    <p>Contaminated uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected prognosis for kittens in cases of severe pregnancy complications?

    <p>Poor prognosis for live kittens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an expected course of action when using tocolytics in queens?

    <p>Monitoring progesterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario may lead to the loss of an entire litter in queens?

    <p>Uterine rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk associated with using oral progestogens in queens that may affect fetal development?

    <p>Masculinization of female fetuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What monitoring is advisable during pregnancy when using altrenogest for maintaining pregnancies in queens?

    <p>Serial progesterone assays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is accurate breeding date crucial when using tocolytics in queens?

    <p>To know when to discontinue treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of vaginoscopy in the assessment of pregnancy loss in dogs?

    <p>To identify the source of vulvar discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding brucellosis management in dogs is accurate?

    <p>Surveillance programs are essential to prevent its spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is critical for determining the timing of prostaglandin treatment in dogs experiencing abortion?

    <p>The stage of gestation and the presence of discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern associated with prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) treatment in nonbreeding bitches?

    <p>Potential for severe side effects including abortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is least effective for revealing uterine infections in dogs?

    <p>Hematology panels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When assessing fetal viability, at what heart rate is a dog considered to be experiencing distress?

    <p>Above 200 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a pathologic finding in the analysis of a queen experiencing pregnancy loss?

    <p>Increased mucoid content in secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the use of antibiotic therapy for canine reproductive disorders?

    <p>Regular monitoring and serologic testing are crucial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of Dexamethasone that may impact fluid balance?

    <p>Polydipsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions necessitates the cautious use of cabergoline and bromocriptine?

    <p>Cardiopulmonary disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients treated with luteolytic drugs, what is the purpose of performing transabdominal ultrasound examinations?

    <p>To monitor the decrease of serum progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential long-term effect of administration of Dexamethasone?

    <p>Signs of hyperadrenocorticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key monitoring aspect when using progesterone receptor antagonist drugs?

    <p>Complete evacuation of the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of PGF2α and its analogues?

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When assessing patient monitoring after administering luteolytic drugs, which assay is particularly important?

    <p>Progesterone assay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of using luteolytic drugs in patients with preexisting health issues?

    <p>Exacerbation of existing conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate management step for surgical drainage of necrotic tissue in the case of accumulated exudate?

    <p>Utilize antimicrobial therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential precaution to take when treating percutaneous abscesses?

    <p>Prevent fighting among animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates the need for follow-up in a patient with an abscess?

    <p>Progressive decrease in clinical signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for sterile nodular panniculitis?

    <p>Administration of corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the irreversible condition affecting the endometrium that may lead to infertility in nonbreeding patients?

    <p>Cystic endometrial hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During patient monitoring post-abscess treatment, which aspect should primarily be observed?

    <p>Progressive decrease in drainage and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monitoring pregnancy health, what aspect should not be overlooked in the event of vulvar discharges?

    <p>The color and volume of the discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What preventive strategy may be necessary to reduce the risk of abscess formation?

    <p>Implement castration for male animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor to consider when ensuring adequate drainage of an abscess?

    <p>Placement of adequate drainage systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor may enhance the understanding of genetic influences in pregnancy loss in highly linebred animals?

    <p>Pedigree analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom suggests that an abscess may have become infected and requires immediate attention?

    <p>An increase in localized swelling and redness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended follow-up method to assess the viability of remaining fetuses in cases of partial abortion?

    <p>Ultrasonography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment approach for pregnancy termination is noted to potentially have reduced efficacy if administered too early in diestrus?

    <p>Prostaglandin injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when a dam experiences decreasing amounts of vulvar discharge during pregnancy monitoring?

    <p>Potential for pregnancy loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does prostaglandin F2α play during the management of reproductive health in dogs and cats, particularly in regards to pregnancy termination?

    <p>Induces luteolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication may arise despite successful immediate treatment of infertility or pregnancy loss?

    <p>Reoccurrence in subsequent cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible complication associated with the use of progestogens like altrenogest in pregnant queens?

    <p>Loss of entire litter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition poses a contraindication for the use of terbutaline in pregnant queens?

    <p>Endometritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In managing pregnancy complications in queens, what is the importance of accurate breeding dates?

    <p>Knowing when to stop tocolytic treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected prognosis for live kittens when a queen is experiencing severe pregnancy complications?

    <p>Poor prognosis for live kittens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential risk is associated with progesterone therapy in pregnant queens that can lead to abnormal fetal development?

    <p>Masculinization of female fetuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical complication that could arise from a contaminated uterus in pregnant queens?

    <p>Systemic illness in the queen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is mentioned as monitoring options for a queen during pregnancy?

    <p>Fetal ultrasound and hormone assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential future risk for pregnant queens if current pregnancy complications are not properly treated?

    <p>Recurrence of complications in future pregnancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of estrogens in pregnancy termination?

    <p>They impair embryonic transit through the oviduct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is least likely to confirm pregnancy in a bitch?

    <p>Abdominal radiographs taken at 35 days post LH surge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential side effect should be discussed with clients when considering treatment for unwanted pregnancy?

    <p>Risk of cystic endometrial hyperplasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What time after fertilization is significant for subsequent imaging diagnostics in determining pregnancy status in a queen?

    <p>16 days after breeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily directs maintenance of pregnancy in dogs and cats post-fertilization?

    <p>Sustained production of progesterone from the corpora lutea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a differential diagnosis for reproductive abnormalities?

    <p>Cystitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment option for unwanted pregnancy in animals?

    <p>Surgical ovariectomy or hysterectomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration interval for bromocriptine in the treatment protocol?

    <p>q8h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk is associated with the use of cloprostenol during pregnancy according to the guidelines?

    <p>Development of pyometra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal timing for administering abdominal radiographs to confirm pregnancy in dogs?

    <p>At least 45 days post LH surge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended initial treatment for acetaminophen toxicosis in dogs?

    <p>Activated charcoal with a cathartic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when administering cabergoline and bromocriptine to certain animals?

    <p>Ergot alkaloids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications is associated with acetaminophen overdose in cats?

    <p>Progressive liver fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what time frame is abortion expected to be completed following the administration of aglepristone and cloprostenol?

    <p>Within 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of toxicity in acetaminophen cases?

    <p>Methemoglobinemia leading to reduced oxygen transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effects have been reported following the use of cloprostenol treatment?

    <p>Vomiting and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant outcome that may occur after severe acetaminophen toxicity in cats?

    <p>Rapidly progressive methemoglobinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetaminophen can lead to liver injury in affected animals. What is a likely long-term consequence?

    <p>Chronic liver disease and dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is noted as a potential complication arising from hormonal treatment in dogs?

    <p>Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding may indicate acetaminophen toxicosis?

    <p>Elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific caution is advised when administering PGF2α and analogues?

    <p>Animals with respiratory disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a precaution when using misoprostol in conjunction with aglepristone for abortion?

    <p>Adjust for body size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken when administering drugs that undergo extensive liver metabolism in dogs?

    <p>Monitor liver enzyme levels closely during treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic clinical sign of methemoglobinemia in affected animals?

    <p>Cyanosis or bluish discoloration of the gums</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors can lead to an exaggerated inflammatory response in the conjunctiva?

    <p>Infection and endocrine abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common infectious cause of chronic blepharoconjunctivitis in cats?

    <p>Bartonella henselae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer is associated with meibomian gland dysfunction in dogs?

    <p>Sebaceous adenomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test is used to evaluate the presence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)?

    <p>Schirmer tear test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesion may be indicative of severe sebaceous gland dysfunction?

    <p>Pyogranulomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inflammatory condition in dogs is most commonly linked to bacterial involvement?

    <p>Blepharitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure is primarily involved in meibomian gland dysfunction?

    <p>Palpebral border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tumors are likely to occur in older dogs along the margins of the eyelids?

    <p>Sebaceous adenocarcinomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for requiring more extended treatment with higher doses for queens compared to bitches?

    <p>Queens are more resistant to luteolytic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dosage of cloprostenol should be administered to a pregnant bitch every 8-12 hours?

    <p>2.5 μg/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended dosage for a pregnant queen under standard treatment after day 40 of gestation?

    <p>0.5–1 mg/kg SC q12h every other day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic procedure is suggested as an essential step before initiating treatment in pregnant dogs or cats?

    <p>Physical Examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what time frame is it typical for dosage adjustments of cloprostenol to be deemed necessary after initiating treatment in queens?

    <p>After day 40 of gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is associated with the administration of tocolytics during pregnancy?

    <p>Failure of placental separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of PGF2α administration?

    <p>Hypersalivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended initial low dose protocol for a clam pregnant queen?

    <p>25 μg/kg SC q6h for 1–2 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition in queens is associated with a higher risk of subsequent pregnancy loss?

    <p>Previous pregnancy loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration for adjusting dosages of cloprostenol in both bitches and queens during treatment?

    <p>Stage of gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor associated with administering progesterone during the first half of pregnancy?

    <p>Masculinization of female fetuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of pregnancy that may lead to further diagnostic procedures if presented?

    <p>Vaginal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health issue may arise from malnutrition during pregnancy in queens?

    <p>Lower milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an important measure for disease surveillance in pregnant queens?

    <p>Routine ultrasound exams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential outcome is associated with severe systemic disease in queens during pregnancy?

    <p>Higher risk of infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does chronic malnutrition have on the reproductive performance of queens over 6 years old?

    <p>Lower litter sizes and infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended time frame to initiate treatment using bromocriptine and cloprostenol in bitches?

    <p>After 28 days post-LH surge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication is indicated for use in combination with cloprostenol for terminating a pregnancy in dogs?

    <p>Aglepristone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential side effect after administering cloprostenol?

    <p>Vaginal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contraindication should be considered when administering PGF2α and analogues?

    <p>Animals with respiratory disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from treatment with estrogens in pregnant animals?

    <p>Cystic endometrial hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk associated with the use of cabergoline and bromocriptine in veterinary medicine?

    <p>Hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) in the management of pregnancy complications?

    <p>To promote uterine contractions and facilitate cervical opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is contraindicated if live fetuses are present during pregnancy management?

    <p>Prostaglandin F2α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the consequences of misoprostol treatment in dogs?

    <p>Abortion can be expected within 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason to adjust the dosage of progesterone in pregnancy management?

    <p>To maintain pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of glutathione depletion in patients exposed to toxic substances?

    <p>Increased methemoglobinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method for monitoring remaining fetuses and uterine health after a pregnancy loss?

    <p>Serial ultrasound examinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment may be required for animals showing signs of hepatotoxicity?

    <p>Oxygen therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation might a Cesarean section be necessary for managing pregnancy complications?

    <p>If parturition is delayed and progesterone levels remain elevated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential outcome of administering glutathione-depressing drugs to dogs?

    <p>Elevated liver enzyme levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred dosage of Enrofloxacin in the treatment regime for a pregnant queen?

    <p>5 mg/kg per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is NOT typically associated with methemoglobinemia?

    <p>Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using tocolytics like terbutaline in the management of a pregnant queen?

    <p>To prevent uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign would most likely indicate the onset of hemolytic anemia due to toxic exposure?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it critical to monitor the queen's health and attitude during treatment for pregnancy complications?

    <p>To gauge the success of the treatment regimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions may develop as a result of ingesting hepatotoxic agents?

    <p>Methemoglobinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of using excessive doses of PGF2α during pregnancy management?

    <p>Mummification of fetuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom may indicate fluid imbalance following acute liver injury?

    <p>Weak pulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following supportive measures is crucial for patients with severe toxicity-related liver injury?

    <p>Fluid therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    5-Fluorouracil Toxicosis

    • Antimetabolite, antineoplastic agent
    • Blocks methylation of deoxyuridylic and thymidylic acids
    • Results in thymine deficiency and DNA synthesis interruption
    • Targets rapidly growing cells like bone marrow and intestinal crypts

    Clinical Signs

    • Anemia, Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia
    • Echinocytes on CBC

    Causes of exposure

    • Accidental ingestion of medications
    • Ingestion of toxins: iron, metaldehyde, mushrooms, sodium fluoroacetate, strychnine

    Diagnosis

    • CBC, biochemistry, urinalysis

    Treatment

    • Antiemetics: maropitant, ondansetron, metoclopramide
    • GI Protection: proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers, sucralfate
    • Analgesia: buprenorphine, butorphanol
    • Antibiotics: broad-spectrum antibiotics
    • Bone marrow stimulation: filgrastim
    • Transfusion therapy

    Complications

    • Death due to methemoglobinemia
    • Liver necrosis
    • Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

    Prognosis

    • Prompt treatment may lead to full recovery
    • Death may occur within 72 hours in dogs, 18-36 hours in cats

    Miscellaneous

    • Dogs may have progressively rising serum liver enzymes
    • Cats may develop methemoglobinemia
    • Use of methylene blue, cimetidine, or ascorbic acid to reverse methemoglobinemia

    Early Pregnancy Loss

    • Early pregnancy loss can be caused by failure to ovulate, failure to conceive, chromosomal disorders, or disorders of sexual development.
    • Signs of early pregnancy loss can include lack of pregnancy or reduced litter size, return to estrus sooner than expected, discovery of fetal tissues or placenta, and behavior change.

    Vaginal Discharge

    • Vaginal discharge in a pregnant animal can be caused by pyometra, uterine stump pyometra, mucometra, vaginitis, neoplasia, cystitis, active labor or impending abortion, trauma to the urogenital tract, and dystocia.
    • A mass or tissue from the vaginal vault may indicate dystocia, neoplasia, hemorrhage/blood clot, or uterine prolapse.

    Pregnancy Termination

    • Pregnancy termination can be accomplished by drugs that alter embryo transport in the oviduct and/or cause luteal regression, terminating an established pregnancy.
    • Drugs that impair embryonic transit through the oviduct are not commonly used or recommended due to possible side effects.

    Bromocriptine

    • Bromocriptine is a prolactin antagonist that causes luteal regression.
    • It is effective in bitches at 50-100 μg/kg IM/PO q12h for 4-7 days.
    • It is effective in queens at 5 μg/kg PO q24h with additional cloprostenol.

    Cloprostenol and Cabergoline

    • Cloprostenol and cabergoline combination is recommended for pregnancy termination in bitches.
    • Dosage: 5 μg/kg PO q24h for 10 days plus cloprostenol 2.5 μg/kg SC at the start of treatment or 1 μg/kg SC at start of treatment and at day 5.
    • Treatment should be initiated more than 28 days post luteinizing hormone (LH) surge.
    • Cloprostenol and cabergoline combination is recommended for pregnancy termination in queens.
    • Dosage: 5 μg/kg PO q24h plus cloprostenol 5 μg/kg SC q48h until abortion is complete (approximately 9 days).

    Pregnancy Diagnosis

    • Abdominal palpation can confirm pregnancy in a bitch at 31-33 days after LH surge and a queen at 21-25 days after breeding.
    • Transabdominal ultrasound can confirm pregnancy in a bitch at more than 25 days after LH surge and a queen at more than 16 days after breeding.
    • Abdominal radiographs can confirm pregnancy in a bitch at more than 45 days after LH surge and a queen at more than 38 days after breeding.
    • Serum relaxin concentration can confirm pregnancy in a bitch at more than 28 days after LH surge.

    Acetaminophen Toxicity

    • Cats are particularly sensitive to acetaminophen, developing toxic cytochrome P450 metabolite at much lower doses than dogs.
    • A toxic dose can be as low as 50-60 mg/kg.
    • Acetaminophen toxicity causes oxidative damage to red blood cells (RBCs), rapidly producing methemoglobinemia by binding to sulfhydryl groups on hemoglobin.

    Treatment of Acetaminophen Toxicity

    • Induced emesis and gastric lavage are recommended within 4-6 hours of ingestion.
    • Fluid therapy is necessary to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance.
    • Oxygen therapy may be needed.
    • Food should be offered 24 hours after initiation of treatment.

    Abscessation

    • Abscessation can be caused by a variety of bacteria, fungi, and other organisms.
    • Treatment for abscessation includes early drainage, removal of foreign objects and necrotic tissue, and administration of antibiotics or antifungals.

    Possible Complications of Abscessation

    • Potential complications of abscessation include sepsis, peritonitis/pleuritis, compromise of organ function, and delayed evacuation.
    • Delayed evacuation can lead to chronic, draining fistulous tracts.

    Spontaneous Abortion (Early Pregnancy Loss)—Cats

    • Infectious Causes
      • Bacterial
        • E.coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Chlamydia spp., Pasteurella spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma spp., and Ureaplasma spp.
      • Protozoal
        • Toxoplasma gondii
      • Viral
        • Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
        • Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1)
    • Management
      • Inpatient
        • Recommended for cats who are systemically ill, debilitated, severely dehydrated, or for medical management of ongoing fetal loss or pyometra.
      • Activity
        • Isolation for queens with infectious disease.
        • No activity restrictions for most cats, restrict activity as indicated if due to trauma.

    Diet

    • Feed commercially available diet labeled for use in pregnancy.
    • Correct diets with inappropriate taurine or vitamin A concentrations.
    • Avoid feeding raw meats or allowing queens to hunt during pregnancy to reduce the risk for ingestion of pathogenic bacteria and T. gondii.

    Causes of Spontaneous Abortion

    • Infectious
      • Ascending infection through the vaginal vault and cervix.
    • Hormonal
      • Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH).
    • Environmental
      • Trauma, hypertension leading to hemorrhage from placental sites during parturition or at the time of Cesarean section.
    • Medications
      • Altrenogest may cause agalactia and failure of parturition leading to the death of the litter.
    • Genetic Abnormalities
      • Likely to recur if the queen is bred to a tom with a similar pedigree.

    Prognosis

    • Fair for successful pregnancy with treatment for primary hypoluteoidism.
    • Significant monitoring is required for a good outcome.

    Signalment

    • Species
      • Cats and dogs.
    • No Breed Predilections
    • Mean Age and Range
      • Not specified.

    Risk Factors

    • Age-related Factors
      • Not specified.
    • Geographic Distribution
      • Not specified.
    • Genetics N/A

    Diagnostic Procedures

    • Cytology and bacterial culture
      • Of vaginal discharge, fetus, fetal membranes, or uterine contents.
    • FeLV
      • Test for antigens in queens using ELISA or indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA).
    • FHV-1
      • IFA or PCR from corneal or conjunctival swabs, viral isolation from conjunctival, nasal, or pharyngeal swabs.

    Nursing Care

    • Gentle Handling
      • Imperative for clinically affected patients.
    • Induced Emesis and Gastric Lavage
      • Useful within 4-6 hours of ingestion.
    • Anemia, hematuria, or hemoglobinuria
      • May require whole blood transfusion.
    • Fluid Therapy
      • Maintain hydration and electrolyte balance.
    • Oxygen Therapy
      • May be needed.
    • Activity
      • Restricted.
    • Diet
      • N/A

    Client Education

    • Warn client that treatment in clinically affected patients may be complicated by other health conditions.

    Systems Affected

    • Hemic/lymph/immune
      • RBCs damaged by glutathione depletion, allowing oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.
    • Hepatobiliary
      • Liver necrosis, more common in dogs.
    • Cardiovascular
      • Primarily cats.
      • Edema of the face, paws, and (to a lesser degree) forelimbs through an undefined mechanism.

    Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

    • Difficult to accurately assess incidence because early pregnancy may go undiagnosed.
    • Resorption of one or two fetuses within a litter is common.
    • Increased prevalence in queens over 5 years old, particularly purebred cats with high inbreeding coefficients.

    Risk Factors for FIP

    • High coefficient of inbreeding (COI)
    • Prior pregnancy loss
    • History of small litter size
    • Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) on ultrasound
    • Concurrent systemic disease or recent trauma
    • Older queens (over 6 years old)
    • Malnourishment
    • Unsanitary housing conditions
    • Raw food diets

    Diagnosis of FIP

    • Submit aborted, stillborn, or mummified fetuses and fetal membranes (fresh or refrigerated on ice) for necropsy, histopathology, and virology.
    • Collect reproductive tract samples (uterus, ovaries,oviducts) for culture.
    • Submit aborted and stillborn fetus samples for karyotyping.
    • Conduct pedigree analysis to assess COI.

    Treatment for FIP

    • There is no effective treatment for FIP

    Acetaminophen (APAP) Toxicosis

    • Cats are more susceptible than dogs because of differences in metabolism.
    • Acetaminophen toxicity can occur after accidental ingestion, veterinary administration, or owner administration of over-the-counter medications.
    • A dose as low as 50-60 mg/kg (1/2 tablet) can be toxic.
    • Toxic effects on red blood cells and liver, leading to potentially rapid development of methemoglobinemia.

    Symptoms of Acetaminophen Toxicity

    • General depression
    • Darkened mucous membranes
    • Signs may develop within 1-4 hours of dosing
    • Heinz bodies may be prominent in red blood cells
    • Hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria
    • Icterus
    • Hyperventilation

    Other Causes of Liver Injury

    • Hepatotoxic mushrooms
    • Blue-green algae
    • Aflatoxins
    • Iron, copper, zinc
    • Xylitol
    • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
    • Cycad palms

    Other Causes of Methemoglobinemia

    • Onions/garlic
    • Naphthalene
    • Chlorates
    • Nitrites

    Treatment for Acetaminophen Toxicity

    • Gentle handling
    • Induced emesis or gastric lavage if within 4-6 hours of ingestion
    • Whole blood transfusion if needed
    • Fluid therapy for hydration and electrolyte balance
    • Oxygen therapy as needed
    • Restricted activity
    • Withhold food for 24 hours following treatment initiation

    Ophthalmic Conditions

    • Serous, mucoid, or mucopurulent ocular discharge
    • Blepharospasm
    • Eyelid hyperemia, edema, and thickening
    • Pruritus
    • Excoriation
    • Depigmentation of skin and hair, especially in Siamese-type cats with color-point patterns

    Ophthalmic Infections

    • Dermatophytosis
    • Demodicosis
    • Sarcoptic mange
    • Notoedres cati
    • Cuterebra
    • Chalazia
    • Granulomatous blepharitis
    • Meibomian gland dysfunction

    Treatment for Ophthalmic Conditions

    • Wood's light evaluation
    • Dermatophyte culture
    • KOH preparation
    • Referral to a dermatologist for refractory cases
    • Aerobic bacterial culture and sensitivity testing
    • Consider oral medications for chronic meibomianitis and suspected Staphylococcus to stop infection

    Other Conditions

    • Anal sac abscesses
    • Prostatic abscesses
    • Mastitis
    • Periorbital abscesses

    Pregnancy Loss in Cats

    • Causes: Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), prostaglandin exposure, prolonged stress, and vaccines.
    • Incidence/Prevalence: Difficult to determine as pregnancy may not be diagnosed early. Loss or resorption of one or two conceptus within a litter is not uncommon.
    • Risk Factors: High coefficient of inbreeding (COI), previous pregnancy loss, previous history of reduced litter size, cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH), concurrent systemic disease or recent trauma, older queens (over 6 years), malnutrition, unsanitary housing conditions, raw diets.
    • Signs: May be subtle. Clients may report decreased appetite, reduced activity, or changes in behavior.
    • Diagnosis: Abdominal radiographs, ultrasound examination, and laboratory tests are used to diagnose pregnancy loss.
    • Treatment: There is no specific treatment for pregnancy loss. Supportive care may be provided.
    • Prognosis: The prognosis for pregnancy loss is dependent on the underlying cause and the overall health of the queen.
    • Prevention: Vaccination against FIPV is recommended for all cats. Proper nutrition, stress reduction, and breeding management are also important.

    Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

    • Definition: A condition involving the meibomian glands (oil-producing glands in the eyelids) which influences tear film stability and ocular surface health.
    • Pathophysiology: Inflammation, infectious agents, endocrine causes, trauma, and parasites can be factors. Meibomian gland dysfunction is usually caused by a combination of factors.
    • Signs: Ocular discharge, blepharospasm, eyelid hyperemia, edema, and thickening, pruritus, excoriation, and depigmentation.
    • Diagnosis: Detailed history, ophthalmic exam, fluorescein stain, Schirmer tear test, cytology, and culture of the exudate.
    • Treatment: Topical antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and meibomian gland expression.
    • Prognosis: The prognosis for individuals with meibomian gland dysfunction is variable and depends on the underlying cause and the severity of disease.
    • Prevention: Maintain good hygiene, use proper eye care products, and address any underlying medical conditions.

    Abortion, Termination of Pregnancy

    • Pregnancy status in early diestrus is unknown.
    • Ultrasound confirmation of pregnancy not possible until ~4 weeks after breeding.
    • Dexamethasone – mode of action Progesterone receptor antagonism.
    • Impaired oviductal transport.
    • Luteal regression.
    • Possible side effects of Dexamethasone include vomiting, defecation, hypersalivation, hyperpnea, micturition and tachycardia.
    • Bitch – 0.2 mg/kg PO q8–12h for 5 days, then decreasing incrementally from 0.16 to 0.02 mg/kg over last 5 days; treatment failures not uncommon.
    • Cabergoline (PRL antagonist) – causes luteal regression.
    • Bitch – 1.65 μg/kg SC q24h for 5 days or 5 μg/kg PO q24h for 5 days (>day 40).
    • Queen – 1.65 μg/kg SC for 5 days (>day 30) or 5 μg/kg PO q24h for 5 days (>day 35).
    • Cloprostenol and bromocriptine combination.
    • Bitch – bromocriptine 30 μg/kg PO q8h for 10 days plus cloprostenol 2.5 μg/kg SC or 1 μg/kg SC at start of treatment and at day 5 of treatment; treatment should be initiated >28 days post-LH surge.
    • Aglepristone and cloprostenol combination:
      • Aglepristone (10 mg/kg SC) combined with cloprostenol (1 μg/kg SC) q24h for 2 days >25 days’ pregnancy; pregnancy terminated within 6 days.
      • Side effects after treatment include vomiting and diarrhea; vaginal discharge may be observed.
    • Aglepristone (10 mg/kg SC q24h for 2 days) with intravaginal misoprostol (200–400 μg depending on body size) daily until abortion complete; abortion complete within 7 days.
      • Vomiting, diarrhea, polydipsia, anorexia not observed with this regimen.

    Abortion, Spontaneous (Early Pregnancy Loss) – Dogs

    • Diagnostic procedures.
      • Vaginoscopy – identify source of vulvar discharge and vaginal lesions; use scope of sufficient length (16–20 cm) to examine entire length of vagina.
      • Cytologic examination, bacterial culture – may reveal inflammatory process (e.g., uterine infection): use guarded swab to ensure anterior sample (distal reproductive tract is heavily contaminated with bacteria), or collect secretions by transcervical catheterization.
    • Pathologic findings.
      • Histopathologic examination and culture of contents; assess fluid and its consistency; assess fetal viability (heartbeats: normal, >200 bpm; stress, 280 bpm).
    • Prostaglandin treatment – discuss side effects (e.g., abortion).
    • Infectious disease – establish surveillance and control measures.
      • B.canis – monitor after neutering and antibiotic therapy; yearly serologic testing (identify recrudescence).
    • Surgical considerations.
      • OHE preferred for stable nonbreeding patients.
    • Medications.
      • Drug(s) of choice: Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α; Lutalyse®, dinoprost).
    • Prevention/avoidance.
      • Brucellosis, other infectious agents – surveillance programs to prevent spread to kennel.
      • OHE – for nonbreeding bitches. ### Termination of an Unwanted Pregnancy
    • Confirm pregnancy first, ~60% of mismated bitches do not become pregnant.
      • Abdominal palpation – bitch: 31–33 days after luteinizing hormone (LH) surge; queen: 21–25 days after breeding.
      • Transabdominal ultrasound – bitch: >25 days after LH surge; queen: >16 days after breeding.
      • Abdominal radiographs – bitch: >45 days after LH surge; queen: >38 days after breeding.
      • Serum relaxin concentration in the bitch (>28 days after LH surge; Witness® Relaxin, Synbiotics/Zoetis).
    • Differential diagnosis: Hydrometra, Mucometra, Hematometra, Pyometra, Pseudopregnancy.
    • Multimodal treatment improves efficacy of drugs given alone.
    • Nursing care: N/A
    • Activity: Normal
    • Diet: Avoid feeding prior to each treatment and for 1–2 hours after treatments (reduces nausea and vomiting).
    • Client education: Discuss patient’s reproductive future with owner. If no litters are desired, then ovariohysterectomy (OHE) is the best option. Discuss with client potential side effects of treatment options; reach mutual agreement on treatment plan. ### Blepharitis
    • Definition: Inflammation of the eyelid margins.
    • Types of blepharitis:
      • External: Inflammation located on the skin surface of the eyelid margins (e.g., sty in young dogs, glands of Zeis) or internal portions of eyelid, usually with secondary inflammation of palpebral conjunctiva.
      • Generalized: Bacterial blepharitis and meibomianitis – usually Staphylococcus or Streptococcus.
      • Bartonella henselae: Chronic blepharoconjunctivitis in cats.
      • Pyogranulomas.
      • Neoplastic:
        • Sebaceous adenomas and adenocarcinomas – from meibomian gland.
        • Squamous cell carcinoma – white cats.
        • Mast cell – may appear as swollen, hyperemic lesion.
      • External trauma: Eyelid lacerations.
    • Pathphysiology:
      • Inflammation – immune mediated, infectious, endocrine mediated, self- and external trauma, parasitic, radiation, nutritional.
      • Inflammatory response is often exaggerated because conjunctiva is rich in mast cells and densely vascularized.
      • Lipases alter meibomian lipids and plug gland; produce irritating fatty acids, enhance bacterial growth, and destabilize tear film.
    • Meibomian gland dysfunction:
      • Bacterial lipases alter meibomian lipids and plug gland; produce irritating fatty acids, enhance bacterial growth, and destabilize tear film. ### Diagnostic Procedures
    • Eye examination: Inciting cause, corneal ulcer, foreign body, distichia, ectopic cilia, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS).
    • Ancillary ocular tests: Fluorescein, Schirmer tear test.
    • Thorough history and dermatologic exam: Cytology – deep skin scrape, conjunctival scrape, or exudate from glands and pustules. ### Other Laboratory Tests
    • CBC/Biochemistry/Urinalysis: Usually normal unless metabolic cause (e.g., diabetic dermatosis).
    • Indicated for systemic disorders, including hypothyroidism.

    Abortion, Termination of Pregnancy

    • Pregnancy status in early diestrus is unknown
    • Ultrasound confirmation of pregnancy is not possible until approximately 4 weeks after breeding
    • Causes for pregnancy termination:
      • Impaired oviductal transport
      • Luteal regression

    Medications for Pregnancy Termination in Bitches

    • Dexamethasone:

      • Mode of action: Progesterone receptor antagonism
      • Dosage: 0.2 mg/kg PO q8–12h for 5 days, then decreasing incrementally from 0.16 to 0.02 mg/kg over the last 5 days.
      • Potential side effects: Vomiting, defecation, hypersalivation, hyperpnea, micturition, tachycardia
      • Treatment failures are not uncommon

    • Cabergoline:

      • Mode of action: Prolactin (PRL) antagonist
      • Dosage: 1.65 μg/kg SC q24h for 5 days or 5 μg/kg PO q24h for 5 days (>day 40)
      • Prolonged use (>2 weeks) may cause coat color changes

    Medications for Pregnancy Termination in Queens

    • Cabergoline:

      • Dosage: 1.65 μg/kg SC for 5 days (>day 30) or 5 μg/kg PO q24h for 5 days (>day 35)

    • Altrenogest:

      • Dosage: 0.088 mg/kg PO q24h to maintain pregnancy
      • Will not interfere with progesterone assay
      • Can monitor queen’s progesterone levels

    Considerations for Pregnancy Termination

    • Possible complications:
      • Loss of entire litter
      • Metritis, chronic endometritis, uterine rupture, sepsis, shock
      • Masculinization of female fetuses with progesterone therapy
    • Expected course and prognosis:
      • Poor prognosis for live kittens for the current litter, even with aggressive monitoring and treatment.
      • May recur in future pregnancies depending on the cause and treatment.
      • Poor prognosis for a normal pregnancy with severe fetal and placental tissue damage.
      • Recovery of fertility is unlikely; pyometra is a common complication.
    • Prevention/avoidance:
      • Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) for bitches and queens not intended for breeding.
      • Estrus suppression or confinement of bitches and queens intended for breeding during a later cycle to avoid mismating.
      • Avoid exposure to abortifacient, teratogenic, or fetotoxic drugs.

    Other Medications Used for Pregnancy Termination

    • Pentoxifylline (tromethamine):

      • Dose: 0.05–0.1 mg/kg SC q8–24h
      • Use after abortion for uterine evacuation.

    • Cloprostenol (Estrumate®, cloprostenol):

      • Dose: 1–5 μg/kg SC q24h
      • Not approved for use in dogs, but adequate documentation for use exists.
      • Use only if all living fetuses are expelled.

    • Progesterone:

      • For documented hypoluteoidism only to maintain pregnancy.
      • Dose: 0.088 mg/kg (1 mL/25 kg PO q24h) or 2 mg/kg IM q48–72h.
      • Requires accurate due date to know when to discontinue therapy.
      • Inadvertently prolonging gestation results in fetal death.

    Diagnosis of Pregnancy Termination

    • Confirmation of pregnancy first:
      • Abdominal palpation:
        • Bitch: 31–33 days after luteinizing hormone (LH) surge
        • Queen: 21–25 days after breeding
      • Transabdominal ultrasound:
        • Bitch: >25 days after LH surge
        • Queen: >16 days after breeding
      • Abdominal radiographs:
        • Bitch: >45 days after LH surge
        • Queen: >38 days after breeding
      • Serum relaxin concentration in the bitch (>28 days after LH surge)

    Differential Diagnosis For Pregnancy Termination:

    - Hydrometra
- Mucometra
- Hematometra
- Pyometra
- Pseudopregnancy

    Causes of Pregnancy Termination:

    - **Infectious**: 
    - Canine Brucellosis (Brucella canis)
- **Non-infectious**: 
    - Viral
    - Hormonal
    - Uterine pathology
    - Unknown

    Client Education for Pregnancy Termination:

    - Discuss the patient’s reproductive future with the owner. 
- If no litters are desired, then ovariohysterectomy (OHE) is the best option.
- Discuss with the client potential side effects of treatment options. 
- Reach a mutual agreement on the treatment plan.

    Nursing Care:

    - Medically stable patients with noninfectious pregnancy loss can be treated outpatient.
- Hospitalization is required for infectious patients. 
- Multimodal treatment improves the efficacy of drugs given alone.

    Activity and Diet for Pregnancy Termination:

    - Activity should be normal.
- Avoid feeding prior to each treatment and for 1–2 hours after treatments to reduce nausea and vomiting.

    Spontaneous Abortion in Cats

    • Infectious causes:
      • Bacterial: E.coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Chlamydia spp., Pasteurella spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma spp., and Ureaplasma spp.
      • Protozoal: Toxoplasma gondii
      • Viral: Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV), Feline Herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1)
    • Risk factors:
      • Exposure to carrier animals
      • Old age
      • Hereditary factors
    • Diagnosis:
      • Cytology and bacterial culture of vaginal discharge, fetus, fetal membranes, or uterine contents
      • FeLV: ELISA or indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test for antigens in queens
      • FHV-1: IFA or PCR from corneal or conjunctival swabs
    • Nursing care:
      • Inpatient management if systemically ill, debilitated, severely dehydrated, or for medical management of ongoing fetal loss or pyometra
      • Isolation for queens with infectious disease.
      • No activity restrictions for most; restrict activity as indicated if due to trauma.

    Hormonal Dysfunction in Dogs

    • Endocrine causes:
      • Hyperadrenocorticism
      • Hypothyroidism (less common, role in pregnancy loss unclear)
    • Diagnosis:
      • Serum progesterone concentration (hypoluteoidism)
      • Baseline T4 serum concentration (hypothyroidism)
      • Agar gel immunodiffusion differentiates between false positives and true positives in agglutination tests
    • Prognosis:
      • Fair prognosis for successful pregnancy with treatment for primary hypoluteoidism; significant monitoring required for good outcome.
      • Pregnancy loss due to genetic abnormalities likely to recur if the queen is bred to a tom with a similar pedigree.

    Treatment for Spontaneous Abortion

    • Pharmacological agents:
      • Altrenogest: can cause agalactia and failure of parturition, leading to death of litter; discontinue use 2 days before due date.
      • Bromocriptine (PRL antagonist): causes luteal regression, common side effect is vomiting, reduce dose and give with meal
      • Cabergoline and bromocriptine (PRL antagonist): effects may be reduced with concomitant treatment with dopamine (D2) antagonists; avoid concomitant treatment with drugs causing hypotension.
      • Cloprostenol and cabergoline combination: highly effective in preventing pregnancy (>95% treatment efficacy); abdominal ultrasound at 28–30 days essential to insure treatment success.
      • Aglepristone (progestin and glucocorticoid receptors antagonist): highly effective in preventing pregnancy (>95% treatment efficacy)

    Miscellaneous

    • Associated conditions:
      • Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (usually >6 years old)
      • Hypothyroidism (familial lymphocytic hypothyroidism)

    Client Education

    • Feeding: Feed commercially available diet labeled for use in pregnancy. Correct diets with inappropriate taurine or vitamin A concentrations. Avoid feeding raw meats or allowing queens to hunt during pregnancy to reduce risk for ingestion of pathogenic bacteria and T. gondii.
    • Activity: No activity restrictions for most; restrict activity as indicated if due to trauma.

    Abortion in Cats

    • Infectious Abortion in Cats: Caused by various organisms including bacteria, protozoa and viruses.
    • Bacterial Agents: Examples include Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Chlamydia spp., Pasteurella spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma spp., and Ureaplasma spp..
    • Protozoal Agent: Toxoplasma gondii is a common cause of abortion in cats.
    • Viral Agents: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) can cause abortion in cats
    • Nursing Care for Infectious Abortion: Inpatient management is required if the cat is systemically ill, debilitated, severely dehydrated, or if there is ongoing fetal loss or pyometra.
    • Diagnostic Tests: Cytology and bacterial culture of vaginal discharge, fetus, fetal membranes, or uterine contents are helpful for diagnosing the cause of abortion.

    Abortion in Dogs

    • Infectious Abortion in Dogs: Caused by various organisms including bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and fungi.
    • Bacterial Agents: Examples include Brucella canis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Leptospira spp..
    • Protozoal Agents: Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum can cause abortion in dogs.
    • Viral Agents: Canine adenovirus and Canine parvovirus can cause abortion in dogs.
    • Nursing Care for Infectious Abortion: Inpatient management is preferred if the dog is systemically ill or if the abortion is accompanied by sepsis.

    Dietary Considerations for Pregnant Cats

    • Feed commercially available diets labeled for pregnant cats.
    • Ensure diets are providing adequate taurine and vitamin A.
    • Avoid feeding raw meats or allowing cats to hunt during pregnancy to prevent exposure to pathogenic bacteria and T. gondii.

    Breeding Management for Cats

    • Verify vaccination status for all pregnant cats and ensure proper quarantine facilities are available for pregnant queens and new arrivals.
    • Keep detailed records of reproductive performance, pedigree analysis, and social behavior of queens.

    Genetic Considerations in Cats

    • Discuss the risks of genetic diseases and the potential for coefficient of inbreeding (COI).

    Zoonotic Potential

    • Be aware of the possibility of zoonotic infections, particularly from T. gondii.

    Progesterone Administration in Cats

    • Progesterone administration during pregnancy can cause masculinization of female fetuses and should be avoided in the first half of pregnancy.
    • Use only with informed consent, and discontinue 2 days before the due date.

    Tocolytics

    • Tocolytics can be used to prevent uterine contractions and may be associated with increased risk of dystocia, failure of placental separation, lack of milk production, and poor maternal behavior in the first days postpartum.

    Alternative Treatment Options for Abortion in Cats

    • Dopamine agonists (e.g., cabergoline) can be used to lower progesterone and facilitate uterine emptying.
    • Use in conjunction with a low dose of PGF2α.

    Medications for Abortion in Cats

    • Drugs of Choice:
      • Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (13.75 mg/kg PO q12h): Safe for pregnancy.
      • Enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg/day PO): Excellent penetration to the uterus, contraindicated if live fetuses are present.
      • Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α; dinoprost/Lutalyse®), 80–100 μg/kg IM q8–12h: Promotes uterine contractions, loss of corpus luteum, and cervical opening to expel aborted materials.
      • Tocolytics: Terbutaline 0.03–1.0 mg PO as needed based on tocodynamometry; 0.03 mg/kg PO q8h if tocodynamometry is not available.

    Patient Monitoring for Cats

    • Serial ultrasounds should be performed to follow pregnancy loss, uterine emptying, or viability of remaining fetuses.
    • Monitor the queen's health and attitude.
    • Delayed parturition may occur with progesterone or terbutaline treatment.

    Pregnancy Loss and Subsequent Pregnancy in Cats

    • Queens with previous pregnancy loss are at higher risk of subsequent pregnancy loss or infertility.
    • Close monitoring is recommended.

    Abortion in Dogs

    • Infectious Agents: Brucella canis, E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Leptospira spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Canine adenovirus, and Canine parvovirus.
    • Nursing Care: Isolation of dogs infected with B. canis to prevent spread of infection.
    • Diagnostic Procedures: Perform blood and urine tests if systemic disease is suspected.
    • Pathologic Findings: Exudate-containing mass lesions accompanied by inflammation.

    Medications for Abortion in Dogs

    • Drugs of Choice:
      • Amoxicillin (22 mg/kg PO q12h), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (22 mg/kg PO q12h), clindamycin (5–10 mg/kg PO q12h), trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (15 mg/kg PO q12h), or pradofloxacin (7.5 mg/kg PO q24h).
      • Doxycycline (5 mg/kg PO q12h) is used for Mycoplasma and L-forms infections in dogs.

    Nursing Care for Abscesses in Dogs and Cats

    • Establish and maintain adequate drainage.
    • Surgical removal of the nidus of infection or foreign objects may be necessary.
    • Initiate appropriate antimicrobial therapy depending on the culture and sensitivity results.

    Treatment for Abscesses in Dogs and Cats

    • Outpatient management is preferred for minor abscesses, localized infections, and nodular panniculitis.
    • Inpatient management is preferred for sepsis, peritonitis, pyothorax, or extensive surgical procedures requiring hospitalization.
    • Aggressively treat systemic inflammation with IV antimicrobial therapy.

    Zoonotic Potential in Dogs

    • Some mycobacteria and systemic fungal infections carry a zoonotic potential.

    Subsequent Pregnancy in Dogs

    • Recurrent pyometra is likely during subsequent cycles unless the female is pregnant (up to 70%).
    • Recovery of fertility is unlikely following cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH), and pyometra is a common complication.
    • Hormonal dysfunction is manageable, but heritability should be considered.
    • Brucellosis is guarded, and infection can be extremely difficult to eliminate, even with neutering.

    Cabergoline and Bromocriptine

    • Pregnancy Termination: May not be achieved after one treatment protocol. May require continuation or change in treatment protocol.
    • Bitch:
      • 50 - 100 µg/kg IM/PO q12h for 4 - 7 days
      • Effective after day 35 (50% effective)
      • Side Effect: Vomiting. Reduce dose and give with meal
    • Cloprostenol and Cabergoline Combination:
      • Bitch:
        • Cabergoline 5 µg/kg PO q24h for 10 days + Cloprostenol 2.5 µg/kg SC at start of treatment or 1 µg/kg SC at start of treatment and at day 5.
        • Treatment should be initiated >28 days post-LH surge.
      • Queen:
        • Cabergoline 5 µg/kg PO q24h + Cloprostenol 5 µg/kg SC q48h (>30 days after breeding) until abortion complete (~9 days)
    • Alternative Drugs:
      • Aglepristone:
        • 10 mg/kg SC q24h for 2 days >14 days post-LH surge
        • Highly effective in preventing pregnancy (>95% treatment efficacy)
        • Abdominal ultrasound at 28-30 days essential to ensure treatment success.
        • If pregnancy still present, repeat injection protocol.

    Abscess

    • Definition: Focal collection of purulent exudate within a confined tissue space or cavity
    • Pathophysiology:
      • Bacteria enter tissue by:
        • Penetrating trauma
        • Spread from another source of infection (hematogenous or adjacent infected tissues)
        • Migration of a contaminated object (e.g., plant awn)
      • Most often, bacteria are inoculated under the skin via puncture or bite wounds.
      • When bacteria or foreign objects persist in tissue, purulent exudate accumulates.
      • If exudate not quickly resorbed or drained, fibrous capsule forms to "wall off" infection.
      • Abscess may eventually rupture.
    • Clinical Signs:
      • Classic signs of inflammation (heat, pain, swelling, and loss of function) associated with specific anatomic location of abscess.
      • May be nonspecific (e.g., lethargy, anorexia)
    • Treatment:
      • Apply hot packs to inflamed area as needed.
      • Use protective bandaging, Elizabethan collar as needed.
      • Drain abscess surgically:
        • Debridement of necrotic tissue
      • Administer fluid therapy, antimicrobial therapy, intensive care for sepsis, peritonitis, pyothorax.
      • Administer corticosteroids for sterile nodular panniculitis.
    • Prevention:
      • Prevent fighting in animals with percutaneous abscesses.
      • Consider castration to reduce roaming or aggressive behavior.
      • Prevent anal sac impaction, consider anal saculectomy for recurrent cases.
      • Consider castration for prostatic abscesses.
      • Prevent lactation (spay) for mastitis.
      • Do not allow chewing on foreign objects for periorbital abscesses.

    Acetaminophen Toxicosis

    • Definition: Results from accidental animal ingestion/owner administration of over-the-counter acetaminophen-containing analgesic and antipyretic medications.
    • Pathophysiology:
      • When normal detoxification mechanisms (glucuronidation and sulfation) are saturated, cytochrome P450 enzymes convert acetaminophen to a toxic metabolite (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine).
    • Signs:
      • General Comments: Relatively common owing to widespread human use.
      • Historical Findings:
        • May develop 1 - 4 hours after dosing.
        • Darkened mucous membranes
        • Depression
      • Clinical Signs:
        • Anemia, hemoglobinemia, and hemoglobinuria or hematuria within 72 hours.
        • Hyperventilation.
        • Progressively rising serum liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST]) – characteristic.
        • Decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cholesterol, and albumin.
        • Increased serum bilirubin.
        • Heinz bodies (cats) - prominent in RBCs within 72 hours.
    • Laboratory Findings:
      • Acetaminophen plasma, serum, or urine concentrations.
    • Treatment:
      • S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) as a glutathione donor:
        • 40 mg/kg PO × 1 dose, then 20 mg/kg q24h PO × 7 days.
      • Methylene blue, cimetidine, and/or ascorbic acid may be used, but usefulness is controversial.
    • Prognosis:
      • Dogs: Death from liver necrosis may occur within 72 hours.
      • Cats: Death from methemoglobinemia occurs 18 - 36 hours after ingestion.
      • Animals receiving prompt treatment that reverses methemoglobinemia and prevents excessive liver necrosis may recover fully.

    Miscellaneous

    • Cabergoline/Bromocriptine:
      • Interestrous interval in bitches treated with prostaglandins and PRL inhibitors may be shortened (~1 month)
      • Queens may resume estrous behavior 7-10 days after pregnancy termination.
      • Subsequent estrus fertility is not affected.
    • Abscess:
      • Associated Conditions:
        • Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
        • Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
    • Acetaminophen Toxicosis:
      • Associated Conditions:
        • Keratoconjunctivitis sicca may develop in small-breed dogs as a sequela.
    • Acetaminophen Toxicosis (Treatment):
      • Expect clinical signs to persist for 12 - 48 hours
      • Death owing to methemoglobinemia is possible at any time.
    • Acetaminophen Toxicosis (General):
      • Drugs requiring extensive liver metabolism or biotransformation: use with caution.
      • Expect their half-lives to be extended.
    • Cabergoline/Bromocriptine (Treatment):
      • Avoid concomitant treatment with drugs causing hypotension.
    • Cabergoline/Bromocriptine:
      • Side effects may be reduced with concomitant treatment with dopamine (D2) antagonists.

    Spontaneous Abortion (Early Pregnancy Loss) in Dogs

    • Causes:
      • Infectious agents: Brucella canis, canine herpesvirus, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, Campylobacter, Salmonella, distemper, parvovirus, adenovirus
      • Other causes: Systemic disease, uterine infection, viral infection, endocrine abnormalities, congenital abnormality, trauma, infectious placentitis, abnormal ovarian function, abnormal uterine environment, neoplasia
    • Pathophysiology:
      • Direct causes: congenital abnormality, infectious disease, trauma
      • Indirect causes: infectious placentitis, abnormal ovarian function, abnormal uterine environment
    • Systems Affected:
      • Reproductive system
      • Any major body system dysfunction can adversely affect pregnancy
    • Diagnosis:
      • Confirm pregnancy first: ~60% of mismated bitches do not become pregnant
      • Abdominal palpation: bitch: 31–33 days after luteinizing hormone (LH) surge; queen: 21–25 days after breeding
      • Transabdominal ultrasound: bitch: >25 days after LH surge; queen: >16 days after breeding
      • Abdominal radiographs: bitch: >45 days after LH surge; queen: >38 days after breeding
      • Serum relaxin concentration in the bitch: >28 days after LH surge (Witness® Relaxin, Synbiotics/Zoetis)
    • Differential Diagnosis:
      • Hydrometra, Mucometra, Hematometra, Pyometra, Pseudopregnancy
    • Treatment:
      • Multimodal treatment improves efficacy of drugs given alone
    • Nursing Care:
      • General care: N/A
      • Activity: Normal
      • Diet: Avoid feeding prior to and for 1–2 hours after treatments (reduces nausea and vomiting)
    • Client Education:
      • Discuss patient’s reproductive future with owner
      • If no litters are desired, then ovariohysterectomy (OHE) is the best option
      • Discuss with client potential side effects of treatment options and reach mutual agreement on treatment plan

    Abscesses

    • Definition:
      • Localized collection of purulent exudate
    • Causes:
      • Infectious: Pyogenic bacteria, obligate anaerobes, mycotic agents, parasitic infections, infectious agents (e.g., FeLV, FIV)
      • Noninfectious: Pancreatitis, suture reaction, vaccination, other injectable drug administration, stinging insects, snake envenomation, immune-mediated panniculitis, dermatitis, neoplasia
    • Systems Affected:
      • Skin/exocrine (cats > dogs); anal sac (dogs > cats)
      • Ophthalmic: periorbital tissues
      • Hepatobiliary: liver parenchyma
      • Respiratory: pulmonary parenchyma
      • Reproductive: prostate gland (dogs > cats); mammary gland
      • Gastrointestinal: pancreas (dogs > cats)
    • Incidence/Prevalence:
      • N/A
    • Geographic Distribution:
      • N/A
    • Signalment:
      • Species: Cat and dog
      • Breed Predilections: N/A
      • Mean Age and Range: N/A
      • Predominant Sex: N/A
    • Signs:
      • Fever, but may be absent if abscess has ruptured
      • May lead to chronic or intermittent discharge of exudate from a draining tract
      • Sepsis or infection of body cavity (e.g., pyothorax) may be seen if abscess ruptures internally
    • Diagnosis:
      • CBC/Biochemistry/Urinalysis: CBC - normal, neutrophilia with or without left shift, neutropenia and degenerative left shift (severe infection); Serum chemistry profile - depends on severity, system affected; Urinalysis - pyuria (prostatic abscess)
      • Other Laboratory Tests: Serologic testing (FeLV, FIV), cerebrospinal fluid evaluation (increased cellularity and protein with brain abscess)
      • Imaging: Radiography, ultrasonography, CT or MRI
      • Diagnostic Procedures: Fine-needle aspiration, aerobic bacterial culture and sensitivity, mycotic culture, KOH preparation, intradermal skin testing, Wood’s light evaluation
    • Genetics:
      • N/A
    • Risk Factors:
      • Anal sac: impaction, anal sacculitis
      • Brain: otitis interna, sinusitis, oral infection
      • Liver: omphalophlebitis, sepsis
      • Lung: foreign object aspiration or migration, bacterial pneumonia
      • Mammary gland: mastitis
      • Periorbital: dental disease, chewing of wood or other plant material
      • Prostate gland: bacterial prostatitis
      • Fighting, trauma, or surgery
      • Thermal or chemical burns
    • Treatment:
      • N/A
      • May be treated with antibiotics, drainage, and surgery
    • Prognosis:
      • Depends on the location, size, and cause of the abscess
      • The prognosis is generally good if the abscess is treated appropriately

    Chalazia (Meibomian Gland Dysfunction)

    • Definition:
      • Sterile, yellow-white, painless meibomian gland swellings caused by granulomatous inflammation
    • Causes:
      • Demodex injai
      • N/A
    • Systems Affected:
      • Ophthalmic
    • Signalment:
      • See causes (most commonly seen in dogs)
    • Signs:
      • Serous, mucoid, or mucopurulent ocular discharge
      • Blepharospasm (eyelid spasms)
      • Eyelid hyperemia (redness), edema (swelling), and thickening
      • Pruritus (itching)
      • Excoriation (scratching)
      • Depigmentation (loss of color) of skin, hair (in Siamese-type cats with color)
    • Diagnosis:
      • N/A
      • May be diagnosed based on clinical signs and examination findings, but may need further diagnostic testing to confirm.
    • Treatment:
      • N/A
      • Treatment options include warm compresses, topical antibiotics, and surgical removal.

    Early Pregnancy Loss

    • Can occur for many reasons including failure to ovulate, failure to conceive, chromosomal disorders, disorders of sexual development, and vaginal discharge.
    • May present clinically as lack of pregnancy or reduced litter size.
    • Historically, this can be seen as a return to estrus sooner than expected (approximately 45 days after breeding), discovery of fetal tissues or the placenta, behavior change, or systemic illness.
    • Physically, signs range from normal to dehydration, fever, abdominal straining, and discomfort to the presence of purulent, mucoid, watery, or sanguineous vaginal discharge.

    Treatment

    • For noninfectious, stable queens, no treatment is necessary.
    • For valuable breeding animals, a Cesarean section can be performed to remove deceased fetuses.
    • Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α; dinoprost/Lutalyse®) 80–100 μg/kg IM q8–12h can be used to lower progesterone and facilitate uterine emptying.
    • Use PGF2α in conjunction with a low dose of terbutaline (0.03–1.0 mg PO as needed based on tocodynamometry).

    Monitoring and Follow-Up

    • Serial ultrasounds are recommended to follow pregnancy loss, uterine emptying and the viability of remaining fetuses.
    • Monitor the queen's health and attitude.
    • Delayed parturition may occur following treatment with progesterone or terbutaline in cases where live fetuses are present, Cesarean section may be necessary.
    • Subsequent estrus fertility is not affected by early pregnancy loss.

    Prevention

    • Institute infectious disease prevention, control, and surveillance in order to prevent early pregnancy loss.
    • Replace subfertile animals with infertile ones.

    5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) Toxicosis

    • Antimetabolite and antineoplastic agent
    • Metabolized to thymidine, which blocks methylation of deoxyuridylic and thymidylic acids.
    • This results in thymine deficiency, crucial for DNA and RNA replication, leading to cell death.
    • Targets rapidly growing cells like bone marrow and intestinal crypts.
    • CBC/BIOCHEMISTRY/URINALYSIS
      • CBC: monitor for echinocytes, leukopenia (day 7 to 13), thrombocytopenia (day 7 to 21), acute anemia due to blood loss (day 9 to 21).
    • Clinical Signs
      • Determined by organ system or tissue affected.
      • Associated with inflammation (pain, swelling, redness, heat, loss of function).

    Abscessation

    • General Comments
      • Signs: pain, swelling, redness, heat, loss of function
      • Associated with infection (inflammation)
      • Causes: Foreign objects, necrotic tissue, bacteria, fungi, parasites
      • Diagnosis:
        • CBC: elevated white blood cell count (WBC)
        • Cytology: primarily degenerate neutrophils, fewer macrophages, lymphocytes, and bacteria
        • Culture & Susceptibility Testing: aerobic and anaerobic bacterial and fungal
        • Biopsy: necessary to confirm nodular panniculitis
    • Treatment Goals:
      • Drainage
      • Debridement
      • Antimicrobial therapy
      • Support care
    • Treatment:
      • Early drainage: prevents further tissue damage and abscess wall formation
      • Removal of foreign objects, necrotic tissue, and nidus of infection.
      • Surgical Drainage & Debridement: may need to leave wound open or place a drain
      • Fluid Therapy, Antimicrobial therapy, Intensive care: for sepsis, peritonitis, or pyothorax
      • Sterile Nodular Panniculitis: corticosteroids
    • Complications:
      • Sepsis
      • Peritonitis/pleuritis: if intra-abdominal or intrathoracic abscess ruptures
      • Compromise of organ function
      • Delayed evacuation: may lead to chronic, draining fistulous tracts.
    • Client education:
      • Maintain adequate drainage
      • Continue antimicrobial therapy
      • Correct or prevent risk factors
    • Prevention/Avoidance:
      • Prevent fighting
      • Consider castration to reduce roaming and aggressive behavior.

    Feline Reproductive Management

    • Infectious Diseases: Vaccinate cats before pregnancy and implement disease surveillance measures. Quarantine pregnant cats and new arrivals.
    • Breeding Management: Maintain detailed records of reproductive performance, pedigree analysis, and social behavior.
    • Nutrition: Feed pregnant queens commercial cat food.
    • Genetics: Discuss the risk of zoonotic disease from Toxoplasma gondii.
    • Progesterone Administration: Avoid administering progesterone during the first half of pregnancy due to masculinization of female fetuses.
    • Tocolytics: Tocolytics may increase the risk of dystocia, failure of placental separation, lack of milk production, and poor maternal behavior for the first days postpartum.
    • Previous Pregnancy Loss: Queens with previous pregnancy loss have a higher risk of subsequent pregnancy loss or infertility and require intensive monitoring.

    Feline Ovariohysterectomy (OHE)

    • OHE is recommended for cats with no reproductive value or when owners do not desire future litters.

    Feline Abortion

    • Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α): Causes luteal regression, decreasing progesterone concentrations and inducing uterine contractions.
      • Side Effects: Vomiting, hypersalivation, defecation, urination, and tachypnea.
    • Aglepristone: Terminates pregnancy within 6 days.
      • Combined with cloprostenol for more effective termination.
      • Side Effects: Vomiting and diarrhea.
    • Aglepristone with Intravaginal Misoprostol: Completes abortion within 7 days.
      • Side Effects: Vomiting, diarrhea, polydipsia, and anorexia.
    • Bromocriptine and Cloprostenol: Treatment initiated >28 days post-LH surge.
      • Side Effects: Mild reactions at the injection site and mild vaginal discharge.

    Feline Abscessation

    • Abscesses are associated with inflammation, pain, swelling, redness, heat, and loss of function.
    • Causative Agents: Bacteria, mycobacteria, Nocardia, and fungi..
    • Diagnosis:
      • Cytology: Evaluate the presence of inflammatory cells.
      • Culture and Susceptibility Testing: Identify the infectious agent to guide antimicrobial therapy.
    • Treatment:
      • Drainage: Early drainage is critical to prevent further tissue damage and abscess wall formation.
      • Antimicrobial Therapy: Initiate appropriate antimicrobial therapy based on culture and sensitivity results.
      • Surgical Removal: If necessary, surgically remove the nidus of infection or foreign objects.
    • Complications:
      • Sepsis: Develops if the abscess ruptures into the abdomen or thorax.
      • Organ Function Compromise: Damage to surrounding organs.
      • Fistulous Tracts: Delayed evacuation can lead to chronic drainage.

    Canine and Feline Abortion

    • Abortion in pregnant dogs and cats can occur due to various factors, including impaired oviductal transport, luteal regression, and progesterone receptor antagonism.
    • Prostaglandins (PGF2α) and their analogs are commonly used to induce abortion in dogs and cats, but their effectiveness may be reduced by concurrent progestin administration.
    • Dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, can cause abortion in dogs and cats due to its ability to suppress the immune system and interfere with fetal development.
    • Cabergoline, a dopamine agonist, acts as a prolactin antagonist and can induce luteal regression, leading to abortion in animals.
    • Prolonged use of dexamethasone (>2 weeks) in dogs and cats can cause coat color changes, while cabergoline can cause side effects such as vomiting and anorexia.

    5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) Toxicosis

    • 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antimetabolite drug that inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis by interfering with the methylation reaction of deoxyuridylic and thymidylic acids, leading to thymine deficiency.
    • 5-FU is used as an antineoplastic agent and is toxic to rapidly growing cells like bone marrow and intestinal crypts.
    • Toxicosis can result in various clinical signs, including hematological abnormalities, gastrointestinal distress, hepatotoxicity, and neurological dysfunction.
    • Monitoring of complete blood count (CBC), biochemistry, and urine analysis is crucial to assess the severity and progression of toxicosis.

    Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIPV)

    • Feline infectious peritonitis (FIPV) is a fatal viral disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV).
    • The virus can cause a wide range of clinical signs depending on the immune response, including serous or mucoid ocular discharge, blepharospasm, eyelid hyperemia, edema, and thickening, pruritus, excoriation, and depigmentation.
    • The incidence and prevalence of FIPV are difficult to determine due to the variable nature of the disease and the possibility of subclinical infection.
    • FIPV is thought to be highly heritable, with cats with high coefficients of inbreeding at increased risk.
    • Clinical diagnosis of FIPV often involves serological testing, cytological examination, and post-mortem histopathology.
    • Differentiating FIPV from other infectious and non-infectious conditions is crucial due to the potential zoonotic nature of the virus.

    Early Pregnancy Loss

    • Can be caused by failure to ovulate, failure to conceive, chromosomal disorders, or disorders of sexual development
    • Can also be caused by vaginal discharge, such as pyometra, uterine stump pyometra, mucometra, vaginitis, neoplasia, cystitis, active labor or impending abortion, or trauma to the urogenital tract.
    • A mass or tissue from the vaginal vault can indicate dystocia, neoplasia, hemorrhage/blood clot, or uterine prolapse

    Pathologic Findings

    • Variable depending on the cause of early pregnancy loss
    • Inflammatory leukogram with infection or systemic disease
    • Anemia of pregnancy, hemoconcentration and azotemia may be seen with dehydration or hypovolemia

    Treatment

    • None is necessary for noninfectious, stable queens
    • Primary hypoluteoidism is managed on an outpatient basis
    • Uterus may keep infection within it, causing metritis and systemic illnesses. Monitor pregnancy using ultrasound.
    • PGF2α is administered in a dose that is dependent and self-limiting. Side effects include vomiting, hypersalivation, defecation, urination, and tachypnea

    Miscellaneous

    • Associated conditions include severe systemic disease of any kind and malnutrition
    • Possible interactions include progesterone administration during pregnancy, and tocolytics - both may affect fetus development
    • Age-related factors include a higher incidence of lower litter size and infertility in queens over the age of six years old
    • Zoonotic potential: Toxoplasmosis gondii infection can be passed to humans

    Surgical considerations

    • Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) may be necessary in some cases

    Acetaminophen Toxicity

    • Progressive depression, salivation, vomiting, abdominal pain, tachypnea and cyanosis or muddy mucous membranes are signs of acetaminophen toxicity
    • Methemoglobinemia may develop at doses above 200 mg/kg
    • Treatment includes fluid therapy to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance, and oxygen therapy if needed
    • Restricted activity and food offered 24 hours after the initiation of treatment
    • Cats are more susceptible to acetaminophen toxicity than dogs, due to their limited capacity for acetaminophen elimination
    • Cats may be poisoned by as little as 50-60 mg/kg, and as little as half a tablet
    • Acetaminophen toxicity can be fatal.

    5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) Toxicosis

    • Antimetabolite, antineoplastic agent that blocks methylation of deoxyuridylic and thymidylic acids, resulting in thymine deficiency
    • Thymine is critical for DNA and RNA replication, leading to cell death due to interruption of normal DNA and RNA synthesis
    • Primarily targets rapidly growing cells like bone marrow and intestinal crypts
    • Various active metabolites delay clearance

    Pathophysiology

    • Metabolism to thymidine blocks methylation reaction of deoxyuridylic and thymidylic acids, leading to thymine deficiency
    • Liver is most susceptible to toxicity in dogs
    • Cats have limited capacity for acetaminophen elimination, relying on glucuronidation and sulfation biotransformation

    Clinical Signs

    • Determined by organ system and/or tissue affected
    • Common signs include progressive depression, salivation, vomiting, abdominal pain, tachypnea, cyanosis, muddy mucous membranes, methemoglobinemia, icterus, hypothermia, and shock.

    Risk Factors

    • Nutritional deficiencies of glucose and/or sulfate

    Diagnosis

    • Monitor for echinocytes, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia

    Treatment

    • Antiemetics: maropitant, ondansetron, metoclopramide
    • GI protection: proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers, sucralfate
    • Analgesia: buprenorphine, butorphanol
    • Broad-spectrum antibiotics
    • Bone marrow stimulation : filgrastim (Neupogen®)
    • Transfusion therapy may be indicated for low PCV
    • Metabolic support

    Acetaminophen Toxicosis

    • Dogs can effectively glucuronidate acetaminophen, while cats have a limited capacity.
    • Red blood cells (RBCs) are most susceptible to oxidative injury following glutathione depletion.

    Causes

    • Methemoglobinemia may develop at doses >200 mg/kg in both cats and dogs.

    Treatment

    • Prompt evaluation when methemoglobinemia is suspected.

    Abortion, Spontaneous (Early Pregnancy Loss)—Dogs

    • Diagnostic Procedures:
      • Vaginoscopy: Identify source of vulvar discharge and vaginal lesions.
      • Cytologic examination, bacterial culture: May reveal inflammatory process (e.g., uterine infection).
    • Pathologic Findings:
      • Signalment:
        • Species: Dog
        • Breed Predilections: Borzoi (prolonged interestrus interval, poor conception rate, mid-gestation abortion, stillbirths). Many breeds at risk for hypothyroidism, although evidence of role in abortion unclear.
        • Mean Age and Range: All ages for infectious causes, pharmacologic agents causing abortion, fetal defects. Usually >6 years old for cystic endometrial hyperplasia.
      • Historical Findings: Often nonspecific signs (e.g., lethargy, anorexia). History of trauma or prior infection.
      • Physical Examination Findings: Determined by organ system or tissue affected. Classic signs of inflammation (heat, pain, swelling, and loss of function) associated with specific anatomic location of abscess.
    • Risk Factors:
      • Exposure of brood bitch to carrier animals.
      • Old age.
      • Hereditary factors.
      • Infectious causes, pharmacologic agents causing abortion, fetal defects.
      • Cystic endometrial hyperplasia.
    • Basics:
      • Definition: An abscess is a focal collection of purulent exudate within a confined tissue space or cavity.
      • Pathophysiology: Bacteria may enter tissue by penetrating trauma, spread from another source of infection (hematogenous or adjacent infected tissues), or migration of a contaminated object (e.g., plant awn). Most often, bacteria are inoculated under the skin via puncture or bite wounds.
    • Diagnosis:
      • Differential Diagnosis:
        • Mass Lesions
          • Cyst: Transiently painful, slower growing, no overt signs of inflammation.
          • Fibrous scar tissue: Firm, nonpainful.
          • Granuloma: Less painful, slower growing, firmer without fluctuant center.
          • Hematoma/seroma: Variable pain, nonencapsulated, rapid initial growth but slows once full size attained, fluctuant initially, may become more firm over time.
          • Neoplasia: Variable growth, variable pain.
        • Draining Tracts
          • Fungal infection: Blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis.
          • Mycobacterial disease.
        • Genetics: N/A
        • Adrenal function: Hyperadrenocorticism.
    • Imaging:
      • Radiography: Soft-tissue density mass in affected area, may reveal foreign material.
      • Ultrasonography: Determine if mass is fluid filled; may reveal foreign object; echogenic fluid suggests purulent exudate.
      • Echocardiography: Pericardial abscess, endocarditis.
      • CT or MRI: Pulmonary or brain abscess.
    • Diagnostic Procedures:
      • Fine-Needle Aspiration: Red, white, yellow, or greenish liquid.
      • Percutaneous: Fighting, trauma, or surgery.
      • CBC/BIOCHEMISTRY/URINALYSIS: Usually normal unless metabolic cause (e.g., diabetic dermatosis).
      • OTHER LABORATORY TESTS: Indicated for systemic disorders, including hypothyroidism.
    • Pathophysiology:
      • Inflammation: Immune mediated, infectious, endocrine mediated, self- and external trauma, parasitic, radiation, nutritional. Inflammatory response often exaggerated because conjunctiva is rich in mast cells and densely vascularized.
      • Lipases alter meibomian lipids and plug gland; produce irritating fatty acids, enhance bacterial growth, and destabilize tear film.

    Medications

    • Drug of Choice: Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α; Lutalyse®, dinoprost)
    • Hormonal Dysfunction:
      • Hyperadrenocorticism.
      • Endocrine-disrupting contaminants documented in human and wildlife fetal loss.
    • Fetal Defects:
      • Lethal chromosomal abnormality or organ defects.

    Surgical Considerations

    • OHE preferred for stable nonbreeding patients.
    • **Neutering:**Monitor after neutering and antibiotic therapy, yearly serologic testing (identify recrudescence).

    Prevention/Avoidance

    • Brucellosis, other infectious agents: Surveillance programs to prevent spread to kennel.
    • OHE for nonbreeding bitches.
    • Hypothyroidism: See Hypothyroidism.

    Other Information

    • PGF2α Continued for 5 days or until most of discharge ceases (range 3–15 days).
    • B. canis: Monitor after neutering and antibiotic therapy; yearly serologic testing (identify recrudescence).
    • Baseline T4 serum concentration: Hypothyroidism possible cause for fetal wastage; role in pregnancy loss unclear.
    • Serum progesterone concentration: Dogs depend on ovarian progesterone production throughout gestation (minimum of 2 ng/mL required to maintain pregnancy); determine as soon as possible after abortion; in subsequent pregnancies, start weekly monitoring at week 3 (may be before administration).
    • Agar gel immunodiffusion: Differentiates between false positives and true positives in agglutination tests; detects cytoplasmic and cell surface antigens.

    Pregnancy Termination

    • Termination of pregnancy in dogs and cats is most commonly performed in early pregnancy (between 25 and 40 days)
    • Termination of pregnancy is often performed due to mismating, unexpected pregnancy, or other complications.
    • Monitor for signs of side effects (vomiting, diarrhea, hypersalivation, hyperpnea, micturition, tachycardia) after treatment.

    Pregnancy Termination in Dogs

    • Dogs are often treated with cabergoline (PRL antagonist) or cloprostenol (prostaglandin analogue).
    • Common side effects of treatment include vomiting, anorexia, and coat color changes.

    Pregnancy Termination in Cats

    • Cats are often treated with cabergoline (PRL antagonist) and cloprostenol (prostaglandin analogue).
    • Treatment should begin after day 30 in cats.

    Abscessation

    • Abscessation is a localized collection of pus in a cavity - Caused by infection and inflammation.
    • Abscessation can occur in any tissue or organ, but common locations include skin, mammary glands, prostate, and subcutaneous tissues.
    • Treatment involves draining the abscess, debridement of necrotic tissue, and antimicrobial therapy.
    • May require hot packs, protective bandages, and an Elizabethan collar.

    Abscessation in Cats

    • Abscessation in cats can be caused by bacterial, fungal, or protozoal infections.
    • Common causes include bite wounds, abscesses from mammary glands, and abscesses from the skin, lymph nodes, and liver.
    • If the abscess is large or deep-seated, surgery may be required.

    Abscessation in Dogs

    • Abscessation in dogs is often caused by bacterial and fungal infections.
    • The cause of abscessation should be identified through bacterial culture and sensitivity testing.
    • Often treated with antibiotics and possibly surgery to drain the abscess.

    Abortion (Early Pregnancy Loss) in Dogs

    • Spontaneous abortion can occur due to infectious, systemic, or endocrine diseases.
    • Infectious causes include Brucella canis, canine herpesvirus, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and some bacteria like Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, Campylobacter, and Salmonella.
    • Systemic diseases include distemper, parvovirus, and adenovirus.
    • Endocrine abnormalities can also lead to abortion.
    • Other causes include congenital abnormalities, trauma, uterine infection, and abnormal ovarian function.
    • Diagnosis requires a necropsy of aborted fetuses, stillborn puppies, and placentas.
    • Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, and supportive care.

    Termination of Pregnancy in Dogs

    • Definition: Termination of pregnancy involves ending the pregnancy before term, either intentionally or due to complications.
    • Causes: Termination of pregnancy is usually performed by the veterinarian using prostaglandins or other medications.

    Abscesses in Dogs

    • Definition: An abscess is a localized collection of pus surrounded by a capsule of inflamed tissue.
    • Causes: Abscesses can be caused by bacteria, fungi, foreign objects, or inflammation.
    • Types: Abscesses can occur in different locations, including the skin, anal sacs, prostate gland, mammary gland, liver, lungs, and brain.
    • Common bacteria: Staphylococcus spp. , Eschericha coli, β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas, Mycoplasma and Mycoplasma-like organisms (l-forms), Pasteurella multocida, Corynebacterium, Actinomyces spp., Nocardia, Bartonella, Bacteroides spp., Clostridium spp., Peptostreptococcus, and Fusobacterium.
    • Diagnosis: Physical examination, cytology of the abscess, and bacterial culture can help diagnose the condition.
    • Treatment: Abscesses are usually treated with antibiotics and surgical drainage.

    Blepharitis in Dogs

    • Definition: Blepharitis is inflammation of the eyelid margins.
    • Causes: It can be caused by bacteria, allergies, mites, or other inflammatory conditions.
    • Treatment: Blepharitis is usually treated topically with antibiotics and corticosteroids.

    Early Pregnancy Loss In Cats

    • Cause: Failure to ovulate, failure to conceive, chromosomal disorder, disorder of sexual development, vaginal discharge (pyometra, uterine stump pyometra, mucometra, vaginitis, neoplasia, cystitis), active labor or impending abortion, trauma to urogenital tract, mass or tissue from vaginal vault (dystocia, neoplasia, hemorrhage/blood clot, uterine prolapse).
    • Clinical Symptoms: Frequently none other than lack of pregnancy or reduced litter size, return to estrus sooner than expected, discovery of fetal tissues or placenta, behavior change, systemic illness.
    • Pathologic Findings: Variable based on the cause.
    • CBC/BIOCHEMISTRY/URINALYSIS: Generally normal. Inflammatory leukogram with infection or systemic disease. Anemia of pregnancy, hemoconcentration and azotemia may be seen with dehydration or hypovolemia.
    • Treatment: No treatment needed for noninfectious, stable queens. Queens with primary hypoluteoidism can be managed on an outpatient basis.

    Treatment for Early Pregnancy Loss In Cats

    • Altenogest: Oral progestogene (0.088 mg/kg PO q24h) to maintain pregnancy. Can monitor queen’s progesterone, as altrenogest will not interfere with progesterone assay.
    • Terbutaline: Contraindicated in queens with cardiac disease, pyometra, infectious disease, hypertension, uterine pathology.
    • Altrenogest: Contraindicated in queens with contaminated uterus, systemically ill queens, and cats with previously diagnosed respiratory disease.

    Pregnancy Loss In Bitches

    • Causes: Noninfectious, infectious (e.g., Brucella canis, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Salmonella).
    • Signs: Failure to whelp on time, expulsion of fetuses or placental tissues, decrease in abdominal size, weight loss, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, behavioral changes, bloody or purulent vulvar discharge, disappearance of previously documented vesicles or fetuses, depression.
    • Diagnosis: Differentiate infectious from noninfectious causes, vaginal culture, serologic test for B. canis, radiography, ultrasonography.
    • Treatment:
      • Bromocriptine (PRL antagonist) : 50-100 μg/kg IM/PO q12h for 4-7 days >day 35
      • Cabergoline and cloprostenol: Cabergoline 5 μg/kg PO q24h for 10 days + cloprostenol 2.5 μg/kg SC, or 1 μg/kg SC at start of treatment and day 5
      • Cabergoline and bromocriptine: Bromocriptine 30 μg/kg PO q8h for 10 days + cloprostenol 2.5 μg/kg SC or 1 μg/kg SC at start of treatment and day 5.
      • Aglepristone (progestin and glucocorticoid receptors antagonist): 10 mg/kg SC q24h for 2 days >14 days post-LH surge.
      • Aglepristone and cloprostenol: Aglepristone 10 mg/kg SC + cloprostenol 1 μg/kg SC q24h for 2 days >25 days’ pregnancy
      • Aglepristone and misoprostol: Aglepristone 10 mg/kg SC q24h for 2 days + misoprostol 200-400 μg intravaginally daily until abortion is complete.
    • Contraindications:
      • Prostaglandins and analogues: Respiratory disease, brachycephalic breeds.
      • Cabergoline and Bromocriptine: Hypersensitivity to ergot alkaloids, impaired liver function.
    • Expected Course and Prognosis: Poor prognosis for live kittens for current litter. May recur in future pregnancies depending on cause and treatment. Poor prognosis for normal pregnancy with severe pregnancy documented with ultrasound.
    • Subsequent Fertility: Subsequent estrus fertility not affected.
    • Client Education Handout: Available online.

    Miscellaneous Information

    • Associated Conditions: N/A
    • Age-Related Factors: N/A
    • Zoonotic Potential: N/A
    • Pregnancy/Fertility/Breeding: N/A
    • Synonyms: Induced abortion
    • Abbreviations:
      • CEH = cystic endometrial hyperplasia
      • LH = luteinizing hormone
      • OHE = ovariohysterectomy
      • PGF2α = prostaglandin F2α
      • PRL = prolactin

    Pregnancy Loss

    • Pregnancy loss in dogs typically occurs during the seventh week of gestation.
    • Causes can be infectious or non-infectious.
    • Infectious causes include Brucella canis, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Salmonella, and other bacteria.
    • Recognizing signs of pregnancy loss:
      • Failure to whelp on time
      • Expulsion of recognizable fetuses or placental tissues
      • Decrease in abdominal size and weight loss
      • Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea
      • Behavioral changes
      • Sanguineous or purulent vulvar discharge
      • Disappearance of previously documented vesicles or fetuses
      • Depression
      • Abdominal straining and discomfort
    • Non-infectious causes can include drug use during pregnancy and hormonal dysfunction.
    • Early diagnosis is crucial to differentiate resorption from infertility.
    • Progesterone supplementation (Prometrium) can be used with careful monitoring to maintain pregnancy in cases of documented hypoluteoidism.
    • Treat Brucella canis with appropriate antibiotics.
    • Consider ovariohysterectomy (OHE) in bitches with history of pregnancy loss to prevent future infection.
    • Zoonotic Potential: Brucella canis and B. canis can be transmitted to humans; take precautions when handling affected dogs.
    • Alternative Drug(S): Oxytocin for uterine evacuation in cases of partial abortion.

    Termination of Pregnancy

    • Termination of unwanted pregnancies can be achieved with drugs that alter embryo transport or cause luteal regression.
    • Common methods include:
      • Drugs that impede establishment of pregnancy by altering embryo transport in the oviduct.
      • Drugs that cause luteal regression, terminating established pregnancy.
    • Estrogens are not commonly used or recommended due to potential side effects.

    Blepharoconjunctivitis

    • Blepharoconjunctivitis is inflammation of the eyelid margins and conjunctiva.
    • Causes:
      • Inflammatory response (immune mediated, infectious, endocrine mediated, self- and external trauma, parasitic, radiation, nutritional).
      • Neoplastic (sebaceous adenomas, adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinoma, mast cell tumors)
      • Meibomian gland dysfunction (bacterial lipase alters meibomian lipids, leading to gland blockage and irritating fatty acids).
    • Common in young and old dogs.
    • Diagnosis: Thorough history, dermatologic exam, cytology.
    • Treatment often involves addressing underlying causes.

    Notes:

    • The text discusses the potential consequences of various drugs used to terminate pregnancy, both in the dog and the cat.
    • The text highlights the importance of identifying and differentiating between various causes of blepharoconjunctivitis to implement appropriate treatment plans.

    Metabolic Acidosis

    •  Metabolic acidosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in blood pH, due to increased levels of acids in the blood or decreased levels of bicarbonate.

    Causes

    • The most common causes of metabolic acidosis in dogs and cats are :
      • Renal disease: Inability to filter waste products, leading to buildup of acid in the blood.
      • Diabetes mellitus: Excess glucose in the blood is broken down into ketones, which are acidic.
      • Gastrointestinal (GI) disease: Loss of bicarbonate through vomiting or diarrhea.
      • Ingestion of toxins: Chemicals that alter the body's ability to maintain acid-base balance, such as ethylene glycol, salicylate, paraldehyde, methanol.

    Signs

    • The signs of metabolic acidosis can vary depending on the severity of the condition, including :
      • Respiratory: Increased respiratory rate and depth.
      • Cardiovascular: Increased heart rate, weakened pulse, decreased blood pressure (in severe cases).
      • Gastrointestinal: Loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea.
      • Neurological: Lethargy, weakness, coma (in severe cases).

    Treatment

    • Treatment for metabolic acidosis involves addressing the underlying cause, such as :
      • Fluid therapy: To help flush out excess acid and correct electrolyte imbalances.
      • Sodium bicarbonate: To neutralize the acid in the blood.
      • Antibiotics: To treat underlying infections, if present.

    Prognosis

    • The prognosis for metabolic acidosis depends on the severity of the condition and the underlying cause.
    •  Prompt treatment is essential for a favorable outcome.

    Abortion, Spontaneous (Early Pregnancy Loss)—Dogs

    • Vaginoscopy: Used to identify the source of vulvar discharge and vaginal lesions.
      • A scope of sufficient length (16–20 cm) is required to examine the entire length of the vagina.
    • Cytologic examination, bacterial culture: May reveal inflammatory processes, such as uterine infection.
      • Use a guarded swab to ensure an anterior sample, as the distal reproductive tract is heavily contaminated with bacteria.
      • Alternatively, collect secretions by transcervical catheterization.
    • Pathologic findings:
      • Hypoluteoidism: Oral progestogen (altrenogest) can be used to maintain pregnancy.
      • Monitor the queen’s progesterone levels, as altrenogest does not interfere with progesterone assays.
    • Contraindications:  
      • Terbutaline: Cardiac disease, pyometra, infectious disease, hypertension, and uterine pathology.
      • Altrenogest: Contaminated uterus, systemically ill queen, and cats with previously diagnosed respiratory disease.
    • Precautions:
      • Use of tocolytics requires accurate breeding dates to know when to stop treatment.
      • Tocolytics are most successful in combination with tocodynamometry.
    • Surgical considerations :
      • OHE (Ovariohysterectomy) is preferred for stable nonbreeding patients
    • Medications:
      • Drug of choice: Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α; Lutalyse®, dinoprost) 0.088 mg/kg PO q24h to maintain pregnancy.
    • Prevention/avoidance:
      • Brucellosis and other infectious agents: Surveillance programs to prevent spread to the kennel.
      • OHE: For nonbreeding bitches and queens with more reproductively fit individuals.
      • Avoid exposure to abortifacient, teratogenic, or fetotoxic drugs.
      • Use serial progesterone assays and fetal ultrasound during the next pregnancy.

    Abortion, Termination of Pregnancy

    • Basics: N/A
    • Medications:
      • Drug of choice: Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α; Lutalyse®, dinoprost)
    • Precautions:
      • PGF2α and analogues: Side effects are dose-dependent and include vomiting, defecation, dyspnea, tachycardia, salivation, restlessness, and anxiety.
      • Side effects subside within 60 minutes.
      • Use extreme caution in dogs and cats with preexisting cardiopulmonary, liver, and renal diseases.
      • Dexamethasone: Polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia are reported side effects.
      • Long-term administration can result in signs of hyperadrenocorticism.
      • Cabergoline and bromocriptine: Should be administered with caution in patients with marrow suppression leading to pancytopenia.
    • Follow-up:
      • Patient monitoring: In animals treated with luteolytic drugs (prostaglandins and PRL antagonists), progesterone assays and transabdominal ultrasound examinations should be performed to monitor the decrease of serum progesterone concentration and complete evacuation of uterine contents.
      • Transabdominal ultrasound examinations are recommended to monitor complete evacuation of the uterus in patients treated with progesterone receptor antagonist drugs.

    Abscessation

    • Basics:
      • Definition: A localized collection of pus (exudate) caused by inflammation or infection.
      • Abscesses can be caused by bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections.
    • Risk factors: N/A.
    • Treatment:
      • Apply hot packs to the inflamed area as needed.
      • Use protective bandaging or Elizabethan collars as needed.
      • Accumulated exudate: Surgical drainage and debridement of necrotic tissue.
      • Sepsis, peritonitis, pyothorax: Fluid therapy, antimicrobial therapy, and intensive care.
    • Activity: Restrict until the abscess has resolved and adequate healing occurs.
    • Diet: N/A.
    • Client education:
      • Maintain adequate drainage and continue antimicrobial therapy for an adequate period of time.
    • Surgical considerations:
      • Appropriate debridement and drainage: May need to leave the wound open to the external surface or place drains.
    • Prevention/avoidance :
      • Percutaneous abscesses: Prevent fighting and consider castration to reduce roaming or aggressive behavior.

    Pregnancy Loss in Cats and Dogs

    • Possible Complications: Loss of entire litter, Metritis, Chronic Endometritis, Uterine Rupture, Sepsis, Shock.
    • Contraindications: Terbutaline—Cardiac disease, Pyometra, Infectious disease, Hypertension, Uterine pathology. Altrenogest—Contaminated uterus with systemically ill queen. Prostaglandin—Cats with previously diagnosed respiratory disease.
    • Precautions: Use of tocolytics requires accurate breeding dates. Termination of an unwanted pregnancy can be accomplished by drugs that alter embryo transport in the oviduct.
    • Pathophysiology: Impaired embryo transport through the oviduct leads to embryonic degeneration and implantation abnormalities. Pregnancy maintenance depends on progesterone production from the corpora lutea.
    • Cloprostenol and bromocriptine (Bitch): Bromocriptine 30 μg/kg PO q8h for 10 days plus Cloprostenol 2.5 μg/kg SC or 1 μg/kg SC at the start of treatment and at day 5 of treatment.
    • Cloprostenol and bromocriptine (Contraindications): PGF2α and analogues—Animals with respiratory disease. Cabergoline and bromocriptine—Avoid administration in animals hypersensitive to ergot alkaloids.
    • Aglepristone and Cloprostenol: Aglepristone (10 mg/kg SC) combined with Cloprostenol (1 μg/kg SC) q24h for 2 days after 25 days of pregnancy.
    • Aglepristone and Cloprostenol (Side Effects): Vomiting and diarrhea, vaginal discharge may be observed.
    • Aglepristone and Misoprostol: Aglepristone (10 mg/kg SC q24h for 2 days) with intravaginal Misoprostol (200–400 μg depending on body size) daily until abortion complete.
    • Alaglpristone and Misoprostol (Side Effects): Abortion complete within 7 days. Vomiting, diarrhea, polydipsia, anorexia not observed with this regimen.

    Blepharoconjunctivitis

    • Inflammation: Immune-mediated, Infectious, Endocrine-mediated, Self- and external trauma, Parasitic, Radiation, Nutritional.
    • Pathophysiology: Inflammatory response often exaggerated because conjunctiva is rich in mast cells and densely vascularized. Lipases alter meibomian lipids and plug glands.
    • Causes: Bacterial blepharitis and meibomianitis — Usually Staphylococcus or Streptococcus. Bartonella henselae — Chronic blepharoconjunctivitis in cats. Pyogranulomas — Young and old dogs. Sebaceous adenomas and adenocarcinomas — From meibomian gland. Squamous cell carcinoma — White cats. Mast cell — May appear as swollen, hyperemic lesion.
    • Diagnostic Procedures: Eye examination — Inciting cause, corneal ulcer, foreign body, distichia, ectopic cilia, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Ancillary ocular tests — Fluorescein, Schirmer tear test. Thorough history and dermatologic exam.
    • Cytology: Deep skin scrape, conjunctival scrape, or exudate from glands and pustules.

    Acetaminophen Toxicity

    • Synonyms: Paracetamol, Tylenol®.
    • Possible Complications: Liver necrosis and resulting fibrosis — May compromise long-term liver function in recovered patients. Rapidly progressive methemoglobinemia — Serious sign.
    • Prevention/Avoidance: Never give acetaminophen to cats. Give careful attention to acetaminophen dose in dogs.
    • Treatment: Activated charcoal 1–2 g/kg PO with a cathartic; immediately after completion of emesis or gastric lavage. N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst®) 140 mg/kg diluted in 5% dextrose injection (D5W) as loading dose PO/IV; then 70 mg/kg diluted in D5W PO/IV q6h for 7 additional treatments.
    • Expected Course and Prognosis: Methemoglobin concentrations ≥50% - Grave prognosis.

    Pregnancy Loss

    • Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) is the drug of choice for pregnancy termination
    • Bitch low dose protocol - 10 μg/kg SC q6h for 7–10 days
    • Bitch standard dose protocol - 100 μg/kg SC q8h for 2 days, then 200 μg/kg SC q8h until termination
    • Queen low dose protocol - 25 μg/kg SC q6h for 1–2 days, then 50 μg/kg SC q6h for 3–4 days
    • Queen standard dose protocol - 0.5–1 mg/kg SC q12h every other day (after day 40), or 2 mg/kg SC q24h for 5 days (after day 33)
    • Cloprostenol (prostaglandin analogue) can be used: 2.5 μg/kg SC q8–12h every 48 hours
    • Side effects: vomiting, hypersalivation, defecation, urination, and tachypnea
    • Alternative drug(s): dopamine agonists (e.g., cabergoline 5 μg/kg PO q24h) can be used to lower progesterone and facilitate uterine emptying

    Acetaminophen Toxicity

    • Acetaminophen is toxic to cats
    • Cats may exhibit acute toxicity with as little as 50-60 mg/kg
    • Acetaminophen toxicity causes RBC damage leading to methemoglobinemia
    • Damage occurs through glutathione depletion, leading to hemoglobin oxidation to methemoglobin
    • Hepatotoxicosis can occur with slower onset, but methemoglobinemia can be fatal before hepatotoxicity develops
    • Symptoms: Anemia, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, cardiovascular edema (primarily in cats),
    • Treatment: Induced emesis, gastric lavage, oxygen therapy, fluids, and supportive care

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