Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a symptom of hypertension?
Which of the following is a symptom of hypertension?
- High stress
- Obesity
- Smoking
- All of the above (correct)
What is the equation for blood pressure?
What is the equation for blood pressure?
- Blood Pressure = Cardiac output (CO) + arterioles resistance (TPR)
- Blood Pressure = Cardiac output (CO) - arterioles resistance (TPR)
- Blood Pressure = Cardiac output (CO) x arterioles resistance (TPR) (correct)
- Blood Pressure = Cardiac output (CO) / arterioles resistance (TPR)
What is the main function of the baroreflex?
What is the main function of the baroreflex?
- To regulate heart rate
- To regulate minute to minute blood pressure (correct)
- To regulate blood volume
- To regulate sodium intake
Which type of hypertension is of unknown origin?
Which type of hypertension is of unknown origin?
What is the fourth site where volume of intravascular fluid is regulated?
What is the fourth site where volume of intravascular fluid is regulated?
What is the role of local agents like eNOS in regulating blood pressure?
What is the role of local agents like eNOS in regulating blood pressure?
Which system regulates the blood pressure?
Which system regulates the blood pressure?
What happens to baroreceptor activity when there is a reduction in vessel wall stretch?
What happens to baroreceptor activity when there is a reduction in vessel wall stretch?
What is the effect of baroreceptor stimulation on sympathetic discharge when there is a stretch in the vessel walls?
What is the effect of baroreceptor stimulation on sympathetic discharge when there is a stretch in the vessel walls?
How do antihypertensive medications act?
How do antihypertensive medications act?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs acts on the kidneys to increase excretion of sodium and water, leading to a decrease in blood volume and blood pressure?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs acts on the kidneys to increase excretion of sodium and water, leading to a decrease in blood volume and blood pressure?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs inhibits the synthesis of Angiotensin II, resulting in a decrease in peripheral resistance and blood volume?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs inhibits the synthesis of Angiotensin II, resulting in a decrease in peripheral resistance and blood volume?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs blocks the binding of Angiotensin II to its receptors?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs blocks the binding of Angiotensin II to its receptors?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs acts on central α2A receptors to decrease sympathetic outflow, resulting in a fall in blood pressure?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs acts on central α2A receptors to decrease sympathetic outflow, resulting in a fall in blood pressure?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs bind to beta adrenergic receptors and block the activity of both beta and alpha adrenergic receptors?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs bind to beta adrenergic receptors and block the activity of both beta and alpha adrenergic receptors?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs block the influx of Ca++ in smooth muscle cells, leading to relaxation of smooth muscle cells and a decrease in blood pressure?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs block the influx of Ca++ in smooth muscle cells, leading to relaxation of smooth muscle cells and a decrease in blood pressure?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs leak K+ due to opening, resulting in hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cells and relaxation of smooth muscle cells?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs leak K+ due to opening, resulting in hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cells and relaxation of smooth muscle cells?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs acts as arteriolar vasodilators?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs acts as arteriolar vasodilators?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs acts as arterio-venular vasodilators?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs acts as arterio-venular vasodilators?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs causes direct constriction of renal arterioles and stimulation of aldosterone synthesis, leading to sodium absorption and an increase in intravascular blood volume?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs causes direct constriction of renal arterioles and stimulation of aldosterone synthesis, leading to sodium absorption and an increase in intravascular blood volume?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs causes a net loss of Na+ and water in urine?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs causes a net loss of Na+ and water in urine?
What is the mechanism of antihypertensive action for diuretics?
What is the mechanism of antihypertensive action for diuretics?
What is the main adverse effect of thiazide diuretics?
What is the main adverse effect of thiazide diuretics?
What is the average fall in blood pressure observed with low doses of thiazide diuretics?
What is the average fall in blood pressure observed with low doses of thiazide diuretics?
Which class of diuretics is commonly combined with potassium-sparing diuretics?
Which class of diuretics is commonly combined with potassium-sparing diuretics?
What is the lipid profile effect of indapamide (a modified thiazide diuretic)?
What is the lipid profile effect of indapamide (a modified thiazide diuretic)?
In which cases are loop diuretics used?
In which cases are loop diuretics used?
What is the temporary nature of the Na+ deficient state caused by loop diuretics?
What is the temporary nature of the Na+ deficient state caused by loop diuretics?
Which enzyme does captopril inhibit in the renin-angiotensin system?
Which enzyme does captopril inhibit in the renin-angiotensin system?
What is the route of administration for captopril?
What is the route of administration for captopril?
What is the half-life of captopril?
What is the half-life of captopril?
What is the main pharmacological action of captopril in hypertensive individuals?
What is the main pharmacological action of captopril in hypertensive individuals?
What are the common adverse effect of captopril?
What are the common adverse effect of captopril?
Which condition is a contraindication for the use of captopril?
Which condition is a contraindication for the use of captopril?
What is the effect of captopril on renal blood flow?
What is the effect of captopril on renal blood flow?
What is the adverse effect of captopril on taste?
What is the adverse effect of captopril on taste?
What is the potential effect of captopril on fetal development?
What is the potential effect of captopril on fetal development?
What is one advantage of Enalapril over captopril?
What is one advantage of Enalapril over captopril?
Which drug is a prodrug that is converted to enalaprilate?
Which drug is a prodrug that is converted to enalaprilate?
Which drug has a longer onset of action compared to captopril?
Which drug has a longer onset of action compared to captopril?
Which of the following is NOT a use for Ramipril?
Which of the following is NOT a use for Ramipril?
Which statement about Ramipril is correct?
Which statement about Ramipril is correct?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Lisinopril?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Lisinopril?
Which of the following is true about the absorption of Lisinopril?
Which of the following is true about the absorption of Lisinopril?
Which class of drugs is considered the first-line treatment for hypertension?
Which class of drugs is considered the first-line treatment for hypertension?
Which of the following is NOT a use for ACE inhibitors?
Which of the following is NOT a use for ACE inhibitors?
Which of the following is a benefit of ACE inhibitors in hypertension?
Which of the following is a benefit of ACE inhibitors in hypertension?
Which group of patients can safely take ACE inhibitors?
Which group of patients can safely take ACE inhibitors?
What is the effect of ACE inhibitors on the plasma lipid profile?
What is the effect of ACE inhibitors on the plasma lipid profile?
Which angiotensin receptor is responsible for mediating most of the physiological actions of angiotensin?
Which angiotensin receptor is responsible for mediating most of the physiological actions of angiotensin?
What is the specific angiotensin receptor targeted by Losartan?
What is the specific angiotensin receptor targeted by Losartan?
Which receptor mediates long term effects of angiotensin in myocardium and vascular smooth muscles?
Which receptor mediates long term effects of angiotensin in myocardium and vascular smooth muscles?
Which transducer mechanism is responsible for vascular and visceral smooth muscle contraction?
Which transducer mechanism is responsible for vascular and visceral smooth muscle contraction?
Which receptor does Losartan primarily target?
Which receptor does Losartan primarily target?
What is the main advantage of ARBs over ACEIs in terms of adverse effects?
What is the main advantage of ARBs over ACEIs in terms of adverse effects?
What is the pharmacokinetic characteristic of Losartan?
What is the pharmacokinetic characteristic of Losartan?
What is not adverse effect associated with ARBs?
What is not adverse effect associated with ARBs?
What is the clinical benefit of ARBs over ACEIs?
What is the clinical benefit of ARBs over ACEIs?
What is the effect of losartan on blood pressure in hypertensive patients?
What is the effect of losartan on blood pressure in hypertensive patients?
What is the main action of ARBs on the actions of angiotensin I?
What is the main action of ARBs on the actions of angiotensin I?
What is the bioavailability of losartan compared to ACEIs?
What is the bioavailability of losartan compared to ACEIs?
What is the main advantage of losartan over ACEIs in terms of cough?
What is the main advantage of losartan over ACEIs in terms of cough?
Which of the following is a cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker?
Which of the following is a cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of beta-adrenergic blockers?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of beta-adrenergic blockers?
Which of the following is a side effect of beta-adrenergic blockers?
Which of the following is a side effect of beta-adrenergic blockers?
Which of the following is a preferred patient population for beta-adrenergic blockers?
Which of the following is a preferred patient population for beta-adrenergic blockers?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action of beta-adrenergic blockers?
Which of the following is a mechanism of action of beta-adrenergic blockers?
Which of the following is an advantage of cardioselective beta-adrenergic blockers over non-selective ones?
Which of the following is an advantage of cardioselective beta-adrenergic blockers over non-selective ones?
Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with prazosin?
Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with prazosin?
What is the recommended starting dose of prazosin?
What is the recommended starting dose of prazosin?
Which of the following is an advantage of alpha-adrenergic blockers?
Which of the following is an advantage of alpha-adrenergic blockers?
In which condition is prazosin not used as a first-line agent?
In which condition is prazosin not used as a first-line agent?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs are non-selective alpha blockers?
Which class of antihypertensive drugs are non-selective alpha blockers?
Which receptors are not inhibited by alpha-adrenergic blockers, leading to the preservation of autoregulation of noradrenaline (NA) release?
Which receptors are not inhibited by alpha-adrenergic blockers, leading to the preservation of autoregulation of noradrenaline (NA) release?
What is the main adverse effect of prazosin?
What is the main adverse effect of prazosin?
Which conventional drugs can prazosin be used in addition to, if they are failing?
Which conventional drugs can prazosin be used in addition to, if they are failing?
What is the current status of prazosin in the treatment of hypertension?
What is the current status of prazosin in the treatment of hypertension?
Which type of calcium channels are present in smooth muscles?
Which type of calcium channels are present in smooth muscles?
What is the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers (CCBs)?
What is the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers (CCBs)?
Which type of calcium channels do CCBs primarily block?
Which type of calcium channels do CCBs primarily block?
What is the main effect of CCBs on the heart?
What is the main effect of CCBs on the heart?
Which type of calcium channel blockers have the highest smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilator action?
Which type of calcium channel blockers have the highest smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilator action?
What is the main advantage of calcium channel blockers over diuretics?
What is the main advantage of calcium channel blockers over diuretics?
Which condition is a contraindication for the use of calcium channel blockers?
Which condition is a contraindication for the use of calcium channel blockers?
What is the preparation and dosage of amlodipine?
What is the preparation and dosage of amlodipine?
Which calcium channel blocker has diuretic action?
Which calcium channel blocker has diuretic action?
Which calcium channel blocker can be given in pregnancy without adverse fetal effects?
Which calcium channel blocker can be given in pregnancy without adverse fetal effects?
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of hydralazine?
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of hydralazine?
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of hydralazine?
Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of hydralazine?
Which of the following is a use for hydralazine?
Which of the following is a use for hydralazine?
Which of the following can counter the effects of hydralazine?
Which of the following can counter the effects of hydralazine?
Which of the following is a major use of Minoxidil?
Which of the following is a major use of Minoxidil?
What is the route of administration for Minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia?
What is the route of administration for Minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia?
What is the mechanism of action of Minoxidil in promoting hair growth?
What is the mechanism of action of Minoxidil in promoting hair growth?
When is Minoxidil rarely indicated in hypertension?
When is Minoxidil rarely indicated in hypertension?
Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of Sodium Nitroprusside?
Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of Sodium Nitroprusside?
What is the main difference between Sodium Nitroprusside and hydralazine in terms of cardiac work and reflex tachycardia?
What is the main difference between Sodium Nitroprusside and hydralazine in terms of cardiac work and reflex tachycardia?
What is the primary use of Sodium Nitroprusside?
What is the primary use of Sodium Nitroprusside?
What is the main reason for adverse effect of Sodium Nitroprusside?
What is the main reason for adverse effect of Sodium Nitroprusside?
Which receptor does Alpha-Methyldopa act on in the brain?
Which receptor does Alpha-Methyldopa act on in the brain?
What is the main reason why Clonidine is not frequently used now?
What is the main reason why Clonidine is not frequently used now?
What is the main adverse effect of Alpha-Methyldopa?
What is the main adverse effect of Alpha-Methyldopa?
In which condition is Alpha-Methyldopa still used therapeutically?
In which condition is Alpha-Methyldopa still used therapeutically?
Which drug acts on alpha-2 receptors in the brain and causes inhibition of adrenergic discharge in the medulla, resulting in a fall in total peripheral resistance (TPR) and blood pressure (BP)?
Which drug acts on alpha-2 receptors in the brain and causes inhibition of adrenergic discharge in the medulla, resulting in a fall in total peripheral resistance (TPR) and blood pressure (BP)?
Which drug is commonly used for hypertensive emergencies such as cerebrovascular accident or head injury with high BP, left ventricular failure with pulmonary edema due to hypertension, hypertensive encephalopathy, and angina or MI with raised BP?
Which drug is commonly used for hypertensive emergencies such as cerebrovascular accident or head injury with high BP, left ventricular failure with pulmonary edema due to hypertension, hypertensive encephalopathy, and angina or MI with raised BP?
Which drug is useful in reducing cardiac work and is commonly used in cardiac surgery, left ventricular failure (LVF), myocardial infarction (MI), and angina?
Which drug is useful in reducing cardiac work and is commonly used in cardiac surgery, left ventricular failure (LVF), myocardial infarction (MI), and angina?
What is the goal of antihypertensive therapy?
What is the goal of antihypertensive therapy?
What is often required to achieve the goal of antihypertensive therapy?
What is often required to achieve the goal of antihypertensive therapy?
Which drug has dose titration and monitoring for its use?
Which drug has dose titration and monitoring for its use?
Which drug is a prodrug that is converted to alpha methyl noradrenaline, which acts on alpha-2 receptors in the brain and causes inhibition of adrenergic discharge in the medulla?
Which drug is a prodrug that is converted to alpha methyl noradrenaline, which acts on alpha-2 receptors in the brain and causes inhibition of adrenergic discharge in the medulla?
Flashcards
Hypertension Symptoms
Hypertension Symptoms
Headaches, shortness of breath, and nosebleeds are possible symptoms.
Blood Pressure Formula
Blood Pressure Formula
Blood pressure (BP) equals Cardiac Output (CO) times Peripheral Resistance (PR).
Primary Hypertension
Primary Hypertension
High blood pressure of unknown cause.
Secondary Hypertension
Secondary Hypertension
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Baroreflex Role
Baroreflex Role
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Baroreceptor Stimulation
Baroreceptor Stimulation
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Antihypertensive Drugs
Antihypertensive Drugs
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Diuretics Action
Diuretics Action
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ACE Inhibitors
ACE Inhibitors
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ARBs Action
ARBs Action
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Thiazide Diuretics
Thiazide Diuretics
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ACE Inhibitors Examples
ACE Inhibitors Examples
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Beta-blockers, Action
Beta-blockers, Action
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Calcium Channel Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
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Alpha-blockers Action
Alpha-blockers Action
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Captopril Effect
Captopril Effect
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Losartan Mechanism
Losartan Mechanism
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Amlodipine Use
Amlodipine Use
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Minoxidil Use
Minoxidil Use
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Sodium Nitroprusside Use
Sodium Nitroprusside Use
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Alpha-Methyldopa Use
Alpha-Methyldopa Use
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Renal Impairment Considerations
Renal Impairment Considerations
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Combination Therapy
Combination Therapy
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Study Notes
Hypertension Overview
- Symptoms of hypertension may include headaches, shortness of breath, and nosebleeds.
- Blood pressure is calculated by the equation: BP = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance.
- Primary hypertension is of unknown origin, while secondary hypertension has identifiable causes.
Baroreflex and Blood Pressure Regulation
- The baroreflex maintains blood pressure homeostasis by adjusting heart rate and vascular resistance.
- A reduction in vessel wall stretch decreases baroreceptor activity, leading to increased sympathetic discharge and elevated blood pressure.
- Stimulation of baroreceptors from vessel wall stretch reduces sympathetic discharge, promoting vasodilation.
Antihypertensive Medications
- Antihypertensive drugs lower blood pressure through various mechanisms, such as vasodilation, decreased blood volume, and reduced cardiac output.
- Diuretics increase sodium and water excretion, reducing blood volume and pressure.
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors decrease the synthesis of Angiotensin II, lowering peripheral resistance and blood volume.
- Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) inhibit Angiotensin II from binding to its receptors, reducing vasoconstriction.
Specific Antihypertensive Drug Classes
- Diuretics (like thiazides) lead to sodium and water loss, reducing blood pressure.
- ACE inhibitors (e.g., captopril, enalapril, ramipril) are first-line treatments for hypertension.
- Beta-adrenergic blockers decrease heart rate and contractility, lowering blood pressure.
- Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) relax vascular smooth muscle, decreasing blood pressure.
- Alpha-adrenergic blockers reduce peripheral vascular resistance but may cause adverse effects like reflex tachycardia.
Mechanisms of Action for Specific Drugs
- Thiazide diuretics are effective at lowering blood pressure, but may cause hypokalemia as a common adverse effect.
- Captopril inhibits the angiotensin-converting enzyme, leading to increased blood flow and reduced blood pressure; it must be taken orally and has adverse effects including cough and taste alterations.
- Losartan, an ARB, primarily targets the AT1 receptor for Angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure.
Unique Drug Properties and Effects
- Amlodipine, a long-acting CCB, is effective for hypertension and may be used in pregnancy; its dosage is typically 5-10 mg orally.
- Minoxidil promotes hair growth for alopecia at low doses but is rarely indicated for treating hypertension due to its strong vasodilating effects.
- Sodium Nitroprusside serves as a fast-acting vasodilator primarily used in hypertensive emergencies.
- Alpha-Methyldopa acts centrally in the brain to reduce sympathetic outflow and lower blood pressure.
Treatment Considerations
- Patients with renal impairment or pregnancy conditions must be carefully monitored regarding selection of antihypertensive medications.
- CCBs and ARBs are often preferred due to lower adverse effects compared to traditional ACE inhibitors.
- Combination therapy is commonly employed when monotherapy is insufficient to control hypertension effectively.
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Description
Test your knowledge on hypertension and its different types, causes, and symptoms. Learn about essential and secondary hypertension, environmental factors that contribute to high blood pressure, and the importance of symptomatic treatment.
