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Questions and Answers
Which drug is a direct-acting arteriolar vasodilator?
Which drug is a direct-acting arteriolar vasodilator?
Which drug diminishes central adrenergic outflow and is primarily used for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension?
Which drug diminishes central adrenergic outflow and is primarily used for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension?
Which drug is both an α- and β-blocker and has been successfully used in hypertensive emergencies?
Which drug is both an α- and β-blocker and has been successfully used in hypertensive emergencies?
Which vasodilator produces relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, reflex stimulation of the heart, and increases plasma renin concentration?
Which vasodilator produces relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, reflex stimulation of the heart, and increases plasma renin concentration?
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Which drug is an α2 adrenergic agonist that diminishes the adrenergic outflow from the CNS?
Which drug is an α2 adrenergic agonist that diminishes the adrenergic outflow from the CNS?
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Which drug is administered intravenously and causes prompt vasodilation with reflex tachycardia?
Which drug is administered intravenously and causes prompt vasodilation with reflex tachycardia?
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What is the formula for calculating blood pressure (BP)?
What is the formula for calculating blood pressure (BP)?
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What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?
What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?
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What is the definition of hypertension?
What is the definition of hypertension?
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What is the main risk of hypertension?
What is the main risk of hypertension?
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Which factor affects blood pressure according to the given information?
Which factor affects blood pressure according to the given information?
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What does cardiac output (CO) represent?
What does cardiac output (CO) represent?
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What are the two main types of hypertension mentioned in the text?
What are the two main types of hypertension mentioned in the text?
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What is the formula for calculating cardiac output in mL/min?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output in mL/min?
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What does peripheral resistance (PR) represent in the context of blood pressure?
What does peripheral resistance (PR) represent in the context of blood pressure?
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What does a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg indicate?
What does a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg indicate?
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Which drug class decreases calcium influx, dilates arterioles and veins, and decreases heart rate and contractility?
Which drug class decreases calcium influx, dilates arterioles and veins, and decreases heart rate and contractility?
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Which drug class is absorbed orally, metabolized in the liver, and excreted in urine and feces?
Which drug class is absorbed orally, metabolized in the liver, and excreted in urine and feces?
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Which drug class induces hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in a significant percentage of patients?
Which drug class induces hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in a significant percentage of patients?
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Which drug class blocks aldosterone secretion and increases vasodilation?
Which drug class blocks aldosterone secretion and increases vasodilation?
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Which non-pharmacological treatment is recommended to manage hypertension?
Which non-pharmacological treatment is recommended to manage hypertension?
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Which drug class is recommended when diuretics or β-blockers are contraindicated or ineffective?
Which drug class is recommended when diuretics or β-blockers are contraindicated or ineffective?
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Which drug class decreases vasoconstriction and aldosterone production while increasing vasodilation?
Which drug class decreases vasoconstriction and aldosterone production while increasing vasodilation?
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Which drug class inhibits Na+/K+/CI- cotransport, and increases Ca++ content in urine?
Which drug class inhibits Na+/K+/CI- cotransport, and increases Ca++ content in urine?
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Which drug class decreases reabsorption of sodium, water, and calcium while increasing urine output?
Which drug class decreases reabsorption of sodium, water, and calcium while increasing urine output?
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What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO) in mL/min?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO) in mL/min?
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Which drug class decreases vasoconstriction and aldosterone production while increasing vasodilation?
Which drug class decreases vasoconstriction and aldosterone production while increasing vasodilation?
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What does peripheral resistance (PR) represent in the context of blood pressure?
What does peripheral resistance (PR) represent in the context of blood pressure?
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Which drug induces hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in a significant percentage of patients?
Which drug induces hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in a significant percentage of patients?
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Which drug class is absorbed orally, metabolized in the liver, and excreted in urine and feces?
Which drug class is absorbed orally, metabolized in the liver, and excreted in urine and feces?
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Which drug class decreases heart rate and contractility while reducing peripheral vascular resistance?
Which drug class decreases heart rate and contractility while reducing peripheral vascular resistance?
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Which drug class decreases reabsorption of sodium, water, and calcium while increasing urine output?
Which drug class decreases reabsorption of sodium, water, and calcium while increasing urine output?
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What does cardiac output (CO) represent?
What does cardiac output (CO) represent?
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Which drug diminishes central adrenergic outflow and is primarily used for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension?
Which drug diminishes central adrenergic outflow and is primarily used for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension?
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Which drug class is most likely to induce hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in a significant percentage of patients?
Which drug class is most likely to induce hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in a significant percentage of patients?
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Which drug is a non-selective β-blocker that is metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine?
Which drug is a non-selective β-blocker that is metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine?
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Which drug class decreases angiotensin II production and increases vasodilation, recommended when diuretics or β-blockers are contraindicated or ineffective?
Which drug class decreases angiotensin II production and increases vasodilation, recommended when diuretics or β-blockers are contraindicated or ineffective?
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Which drug class decreases vasoconstriction and aldosterone production while increasing vasodilation with pharmacologic effects similar to ACE inhibitors?
Which drug class decreases vasoconstriction and aldosterone production while increasing vasodilation with pharmacologic effects similar to ACE inhibitors?
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Which drug class decreases reabsorption of sodium, water, and calcium while increasing urine output?
Which drug class decreases reabsorption of sodium, water, and calcium while increasing urine output?
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Which drug class blocks calcium channels, dilates arterioles and veins, and decreases heart rate and contractility?
Which drug class blocks calcium channels, dilates arterioles and veins, and decreases heart rate and contractility?
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Which drug class is absorbed orally, metabolized in the liver, excreted in urine and feces, decreases angiotensin II production, and increases vasodilation?
Which drug class is absorbed orally, metabolized in the liver, excreted in urine and feces, decreases angiotensin II production, and increases vasodilation?
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Which side effect is almost universal in patients taking α1-adrenergic blocking agents?
Which side effect is almost universal in patients taking α1-adrenergic blocking agents?
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Which drug is primarily used for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension that has not responded adequately to treatment with diuretics alone?
Which drug is primarily used for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension that has not responded adequately to treatment with diuretics alone?
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Which vasodilator is administered intravenously and causes prompt vasodilation, with reflex tachycardia?
Which vasodilator is administered intravenously and causes prompt vasodilation, with reflex tachycardia?
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Which drug is a direct-acting arteriolar vasodilator and has vascular effects similar to hydralazine?
Which drug is a direct-acting arteriolar vasodilator and has vascular effects similar to hydralazine?
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Which drug class produces relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, reflex stimulation of the heart, and increases plasma renin concentration?
Which drug class produces relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, reflex stimulation of the heart, and increases plasma renin concentration?
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Which drug class can be blocked by concomitant use of a diuretic and a β-blocker to reduce undesirable side effects?
Which drug class can be blocked by concomitant use of a diuretic and a β-blocker to reduce undesirable side effects?
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Which drug class is used to treat mild to moderate hypertension and is prescribed in combination with propranolol or a diuretic for additive effects?
Which drug class is used to treat mild to moderate hypertension and is prescribed in combination with propranolol or a diuretic for additive effects?
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Which drug class diminishes central adrenergic outflow and does not decrease renal blood flow or glomerular filtration, making it useful in the treatment of hypertension complicated by renal disease?
Which drug class diminishes central adrenergic outflow and does not decrease renal blood flow or glomerular filtration, making it useful in the treatment of hypertension complicated by renal disease?
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Which factor affects blood pressure according to the given information?
Which factor affects blood pressure according to the given information?
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What is the main risk of hypertension?
What is the main risk of hypertension?
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What does a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg indicate?
What does a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg indicate?
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Which drug is both an α- and β-blocker and has been successfully used in hypertensive emergencies?
Which drug is both an α- and β-blocker and has been successfully used in hypertensive emergencies?
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Which drug class decreases angiotensin II production and increases vasodilation, recommended when diuretics or β-blockers are contraindicated or ineffective?
Which drug class decreases angiotensin II production and increases vasodilation, recommended when diuretics or β-blockers are contraindicated or ineffective?
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Which non-pharmacological treatment is recommended to manage hypertension?
Which non-pharmacological treatment is recommended to manage hypertension?
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Which drug class is used to treat mild to moderate hypertension and is prescribed in combination with propranolol or a diuretic for additive effects?
Which drug class is used to treat mild to moderate hypertension and is prescribed in combination with propranolol or a diuretic for additive effects?
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Which drug is an α2 adrenergic agonist that diminishes the adrenergic outflow from the CNS?
Which drug is an α2 adrenergic agonist that diminishes the adrenergic outflow from the CNS?
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Which vasodilator produces relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, reflex stimulation of the heart, and increases plasma renin concentration?
Which vasodilator produces relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, reflex stimulation of the heart, and increases plasma renin concentration?
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Which drug is both an α- and β-blocker and has been successfully used in hypertensive emergencies?
Which drug is both an α- and β-blocker and has been successfully used in hypertensive emergencies?
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Which drug class decreases peripheral vascular resistance and lowers arterial blood pressure by causing the relaxation of both arterial and venous smooth muscle?
Which drug class decreases peripheral vascular resistance and lowers arterial blood pressure by causing the relaxation of both arterial and venous smooth muscle?
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Which drug class produces reflex tachycardia and first dose syncope as almost universal adverse effects?
Which drug class produces reflex tachycardia and first dose syncope as almost universal adverse effects?
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Which drug class is used primarily for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension that has not responded adequately to treatment with diuretics alone?
Which drug class is used primarily for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension that has not responded adequately to treatment with diuretics alone?
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Which vasodilator is administered intravenously and causes prompt vasodilation with reflex tachycardia?
Which vasodilator is administered intravenously and causes prompt vasodilation with reflex tachycardia?
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Which drug class acts by producing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, which decreases resistance and therefore decreases blood pressure?
Which drug class acts by producing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, which decreases resistance and therefore decreases blood pressure?
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Which drug class can be blocked by concomitant use of a diuretic and a β-blocker to reduce undesirable side effects?
Which drug class can be blocked by concomitant use of a diuretic and a β-blocker to reduce undesirable side effects?
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Study Notes
-
Mechanisms for controlling blood pressure include reducing cardiac output, plasma volume, and peripheral vascular resistance.
-
First-line drug therapy for hypertension: diuretics, β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin II antagonists.
-
Diuretics: Thiazide and loop diuretics decrease reabsorption of sodium, water, and calcium, and increase urine output.
- Thiazides: Hydrochlorothiazide, Indapamide, etc. Absorbed PO and IV, excreted unchanged in urine, induce hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in 70% of patients.
- Loop diuretics: Furosemide, Bumetanide, etc. Rapidly absorbed, inhibit Na+/K+/CI- cotransport, and increase Ca++ content in urine.
-
β-blockers: Propranolol, Metoprolol, etc. Decrease heart rate and contractility, reduce peripheral vascular resistance. First-line drug therapy for hypertension.
- Propranolol, Metoprolol: Non-selective antagonists, absorbed orally and IV, most metabolized in liver and excreted in urine.
- Atenolol, Bisoprolol: β1 selective antagonists, absorbed orally, and excreted in urine and feces.
-
ACE inhibitors: Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril, etc. Decrease angiotensin II production and increase vasodilation. Recommended when diuretics or β-blockers are contraindicated or ineffective.
- Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril: Absorbed orally, metabolized in liver and excreted in urine and feces.
-
Angiotensin II antagonists: Losartan, Valsartan, etc. Decrease vasoconstriction and aldosterone production, increase vasodilation. Pharmacologic effects similar to ACE inhibitors.
- Losartan, Valsartan: Absorbed orally, metabolized in liver, and excreted in urine and feces.
-
Calcium channel blockers: Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Amlodipine, etc. Decrease calcium influx, dilate arterioles and veins, and decrease heart rate and contractility.
- Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Amlodipine: Absorbed orally, block calcium channels, and exert their effects on heart and blood vessels.
-
Additional drugs for hypertension: α-adrenergic blockers, vasodilators, and renin inhibitors.
-
Non-pharmacological treatments: Decrease salt intake, reduce body weight, restrict smoking, restriction drinking alcohol, regular physical activity, and relaxation to manage hypertension.
-
Mechanisms for controlling blood pressure include reducing cardiac output, plasma volume, and peripheral vascular resistance.
-
First-line drug therapy for hypertension: diuretics, β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin II antagonists.
-
Diuretics: Thiazide and loop diuretics decrease reabsorption of sodium, water, and calcium, and increase urine output.
- Thiazides: Hydrochlorothiazide, Indapamide, etc. Absorbed PO and IV, excreted unchanged in urine, induce hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in 70% of patients.
- Loop diuretics: Furosemide, Bumetanide, etc. Rapidly absorbed, inhibit Na+/K+/CI- cotransport, and increase Ca++ content in urine.
-
β-blockers: Propranolol, Metoprolol, etc. Decrease heart rate and contractility, reduce peripheral vascular resistance. First-line drug therapy for hypertension.
- Propranolol, Metoprolol: Non-selective antagonists, absorbed orally and IV, most metabolized in liver and excreted in urine.
- Atenolol, Bisoprolol: β1 selective antagonists, absorbed orally, and excreted in urine and feces.
-
ACE inhibitors: Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril, etc. Decrease angiotensin II production and increase vasodilation. Recommended when diuretics or β-blockers are contraindicated or ineffective.
- Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril: Absorbed orally, metabolized in liver and excreted in urine and feces.
-
Angiotensin II antagonists: Losartan, Valsartan, etc. Decrease vasoconstriction and aldosterone production, increase vasodilation. Pharmacologic effects similar to ACE inhibitors.
- Losartan, Valsartan: Absorbed orally, metabolized in liver, and excreted in urine and feces.
-
Calcium channel blockers: Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Amlodipine, etc. Decrease calcium influx, dilate arterioles and veins, and decrease heart rate and contractility.
- Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Amlodipine: Absorbed orally, block calcium channels, and exert their effects on heart and blood vessels.
-
Additional drugs for hypertension: α-adrenergic blockers, vasodilators, and renin inhibitors.
-
Non-pharmacological treatments: Decrease salt intake, reduce body weight, restrict smoking, restriction drinking alcohol, regular physical activity, and relaxation to manage hypertension.
-
Mechanisms for controlling blood pressure include reducing cardiac output, plasma volume, and peripheral vascular resistance.
-
First-line drug therapy for hypertension: diuretics, β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin II antagonists.
-
Diuretics: Thiazide and loop diuretics decrease reabsorption of sodium, water, and calcium, and increase urine output.
- Thiazides: Hydrochlorothiazide, Indapamide, etc. Absorbed PO and IV, excreted unchanged in urine, induce hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in 70% of patients.
- Loop diuretics: Furosemide, Bumetanide, etc. Rapidly absorbed, inhibit Na+/K+/CI- cotransport, and increase Ca++ content in urine.
-
β-blockers: Propranolol, Metoprolol, etc. Decrease heart rate and contractility, reduce peripheral vascular resistance. First-line drug therapy for hypertension.
- Propranolol, Metoprolol: Non-selective antagonists, absorbed orally and IV, most metabolized in liver and excreted in urine.
- Atenolol, Bisoprolol: β1 selective antagonists, absorbed orally, and excreted in urine and feces.
-
ACE inhibitors: Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril, etc. Decrease angiotensin II production and increase vasodilation. Recommended when diuretics or β-blockers are contraindicated or ineffective.
- Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril: Absorbed orally, metabolized in liver and excreted in urine and feces.
-
Angiotensin II antagonists: Losartan, Valsartan, etc. Decrease vasoconstriction and aldosterone production, increase vasodilation. Pharmacologic effects similar to ACE inhibitors.
- Losartan, Valsartan: Absorbed orally, metabolized in liver, and excreted in urine and feces.
-
Calcium channel blockers: Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Amlodipine, etc. Decrease calcium influx, dilate arterioles and veins, and decrease heart rate and contractility.
- Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Amlodipine: Absorbed orally, block calcium channels, and exert their effects on heart and blood vessels.
-
Additional drugs for hypertension: α-adrenergic blockers, vasodilators, and renin inhibitors.
-
Non-pharmacological treatments: Decrease salt intake, reduce body weight, restrict smoking, restriction drinking alcohol, regular physical activity, and relaxation to manage hypertension.
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Description
Learn about the risk factors, types, mechanisms of control, nonpharmacological and pharmacological therapies, pharmacokinetics, and potential side effects of antihypertensive drugs. Understand the relationship between hypertension and blood pressure.
