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Questions and Answers
Which drug is a direct-acting arteriolar vasodilator?
Which drug diminishes central adrenergic outflow and is primarily used for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension?
Which drug is both an α- and β-blocker and has been successfully used in hypertensive emergencies?
Which vasodilator produces relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, reflex stimulation of the heart, and increases plasma renin concentration?
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Which drug is an α2 adrenergic agonist that diminishes the adrenergic outflow from the CNS?
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Which drug is administered intravenously and causes prompt vasodilation with reflex tachycardia?
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What is the formula for calculating blood pressure (BP)?
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What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?
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What is the definition of hypertension?
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What is the main risk of hypertension?
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Which factor affects blood pressure according to the given information?
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What does cardiac output (CO) represent?
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What are the two main types of hypertension mentioned in the text?
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What is the formula for calculating cardiac output in mL/min?
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What does peripheral resistance (PR) represent in the context of blood pressure?
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What does a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg indicate?
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Which drug class decreases calcium influx, dilates arterioles and veins, and decreases heart rate and contractility?
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Which drug class is absorbed orally, metabolized in the liver, and excreted in urine and feces?
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Which drug class induces hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in a significant percentage of patients?
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Which drug class blocks aldosterone secretion and increases vasodilation?
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Which non-pharmacological treatment is recommended to manage hypertension?
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Which drug class is recommended when diuretics or β-blockers are contraindicated or ineffective?
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Which drug class decreases vasoconstriction and aldosterone production while increasing vasodilation?
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Which drug class inhibits Na+/K+/CI- cotransport, and increases Ca++ content in urine?
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Which drug class decreases reabsorption of sodium, water, and calcium while increasing urine output?
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What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO) in mL/min?
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Which drug class decreases vasoconstriction and aldosterone production while increasing vasodilation?
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What does peripheral resistance (PR) represent in the context of blood pressure?
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Which drug induces hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in a significant percentage of patients?
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Which drug class is absorbed orally, metabolized in the liver, and excreted in urine and feces?
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Which drug class decreases heart rate and contractility while reducing peripheral vascular resistance?
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Which drug class decreases reabsorption of sodium, water, and calcium while increasing urine output?
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What does cardiac output (CO) represent?
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Which drug diminishes central adrenergic outflow and is primarily used for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension?
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Which drug class is most likely to induce hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in a significant percentage of patients?
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Which drug is a non-selective β-blocker that is metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine?
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Which drug class decreases angiotensin II production and increases vasodilation, recommended when diuretics or β-blockers are contraindicated or ineffective?
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Which drug class decreases vasoconstriction and aldosterone production while increasing vasodilation with pharmacologic effects similar to ACE inhibitors?
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Which drug class decreases reabsorption of sodium, water, and calcium while increasing urine output?
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Which drug class blocks calcium channels, dilates arterioles and veins, and decreases heart rate and contractility?
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Which drug class is absorbed orally, metabolized in the liver, excreted in urine and feces, decreases angiotensin II production, and increases vasodilation?
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Which side effect is almost universal in patients taking α1-adrenergic blocking agents?
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Which drug is primarily used for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension that has not responded adequately to treatment with diuretics alone?
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Which vasodilator is administered intravenously and causes prompt vasodilation, with reflex tachycardia?
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Which drug is a direct-acting arteriolar vasodilator and has vascular effects similar to hydralazine?
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Which drug class produces relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, reflex stimulation of the heart, and increases plasma renin concentration?
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Which drug class can be blocked by concomitant use of a diuretic and a β-blocker to reduce undesirable side effects?
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Which drug class is used to treat mild to moderate hypertension and is prescribed in combination with propranolol or a diuretic for additive effects?
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Which drug class diminishes central adrenergic outflow and does not decrease renal blood flow or glomerular filtration, making it useful in the treatment of hypertension complicated by renal disease?
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Which factor affects blood pressure according to the given information?
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What is the main risk of hypertension?
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What does a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg indicate?
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Which drug is both an α- and β-blocker and has been successfully used in hypertensive emergencies?
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Which drug class decreases angiotensin II production and increases vasodilation, recommended when diuretics or β-blockers are contraindicated or ineffective?
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Which non-pharmacological treatment is recommended to manage hypertension?
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Which drug class is used to treat mild to moderate hypertension and is prescribed in combination with propranolol or a diuretic for additive effects?
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Which drug is an α2 adrenergic agonist that diminishes the adrenergic outflow from the CNS?
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Which vasodilator produces relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, reflex stimulation of the heart, and increases plasma renin concentration?
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Which drug is both an α- and β-blocker and has been successfully used in hypertensive emergencies?
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Which drug class decreases peripheral vascular resistance and lowers arterial blood pressure by causing the relaxation of both arterial and venous smooth muscle?
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Which drug class produces reflex tachycardia and first dose syncope as almost universal adverse effects?
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Which drug class is used primarily for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension that has not responded adequately to treatment with diuretics alone?
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Which vasodilator is administered intravenously and causes prompt vasodilation with reflex tachycardia?
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Which drug class acts by producing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, which decreases resistance and therefore decreases blood pressure?
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Which drug class can be blocked by concomitant use of a diuretic and a β-blocker to reduce undesirable side effects?
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Study Notes
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Mechanisms for controlling blood pressure include reducing cardiac output, plasma volume, and peripheral vascular resistance.
-
First-line drug therapy for hypertension: diuretics, β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin II antagonists.
-
Diuretics: Thiazide and loop diuretics decrease reabsorption of sodium, water, and calcium, and increase urine output.
- Thiazides: Hydrochlorothiazide, Indapamide, etc. Absorbed PO and IV, excreted unchanged in urine, induce hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in 70% of patients.
- Loop diuretics: Furosemide, Bumetanide, etc. Rapidly absorbed, inhibit Na+/K+/CI- cotransport, and increase Ca++ content in urine.
-
β-blockers: Propranolol, Metoprolol, etc. Decrease heart rate and contractility, reduce peripheral vascular resistance. First-line drug therapy for hypertension.
- Propranolol, Metoprolol: Non-selective antagonists, absorbed orally and IV, most metabolized in liver and excreted in urine.
- Atenolol, Bisoprolol: β1 selective antagonists, absorbed orally, and excreted in urine and feces.
-
ACE inhibitors: Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril, etc. Decrease angiotensin II production and increase vasodilation. Recommended when diuretics or β-blockers are contraindicated or ineffective.
- Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril: Absorbed orally, metabolized in liver and excreted in urine and feces.
-
Angiotensin II antagonists: Losartan, Valsartan, etc. Decrease vasoconstriction and aldosterone production, increase vasodilation. Pharmacologic effects similar to ACE inhibitors.
- Losartan, Valsartan: Absorbed orally, metabolized in liver, and excreted in urine and feces.
-
Calcium channel blockers: Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Amlodipine, etc. Decrease calcium influx, dilate arterioles and veins, and decrease heart rate and contractility.
- Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Amlodipine: Absorbed orally, block calcium channels, and exert their effects on heart and blood vessels.
-
Additional drugs for hypertension: α-adrenergic blockers, vasodilators, and renin inhibitors.
-
Non-pharmacological treatments: Decrease salt intake, reduce body weight, restrict smoking, restriction drinking alcohol, regular physical activity, and relaxation to manage hypertension.
-
Mechanisms for controlling blood pressure include reducing cardiac output, plasma volume, and peripheral vascular resistance.
-
First-line drug therapy for hypertension: diuretics, β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin II antagonists.
-
Diuretics: Thiazide and loop diuretics decrease reabsorption of sodium, water, and calcium, and increase urine output.
- Thiazides: Hydrochlorothiazide, Indapamide, etc. Absorbed PO and IV, excreted unchanged in urine, induce hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in 70% of patients.
- Loop diuretics: Furosemide, Bumetanide, etc. Rapidly absorbed, inhibit Na+/K+/CI- cotransport, and increase Ca++ content in urine.
-
β-blockers: Propranolol, Metoprolol, etc. Decrease heart rate and contractility, reduce peripheral vascular resistance. First-line drug therapy for hypertension.
- Propranolol, Metoprolol: Non-selective antagonists, absorbed orally and IV, most metabolized in liver and excreted in urine.
- Atenolol, Bisoprolol: β1 selective antagonists, absorbed orally, and excreted in urine and feces.
-
ACE inhibitors: Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril, etc. Decrease angiotensin II production and increase vasodilation. Recommended when diuretics or β-blockers are contraindicated or ineffective.
- Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril: Absorbed orally, metabolized in liver and excreted in urine and feces.
-
Angiotensin II antagonists: Losartan, Valsartan, etc. Decrease vasoconstriction and aldosterone production, increase vasodilation. Pharmacologic effects similar to ACE inhibitors.
- Losartan, Valsartan: Absorbed orally, metabolized in liver, and excreted in urine and feces.
-
Calcium channel blockers: Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Amlodipine, etc. Decrease calcium influx, dilate arterioles and veins, and decrease heart rate and contractility.
- Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Amlodipine: Absorbed orally, block calcium channels, and exert their effects on heart and blood vessels.
-
Additional drugs for hypertension: α-adrenergic blockers, vasodilators, and renin inhibitors.
-
Non-pharmacological treatments: Decrease salt intake, reduce body weight, restrict smoking, restriction drinking alcohol, regular physical activity, and relaxation to manage hypertension.
-
Mechanisms for controlling blood pressure include reducing cardiac output, plasma volume, and peripheral vascular resistance.
-
First-line drug therapy for hypertension: diuretics, β-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin II antagonists.
-
Diuretics: Thiazide and loop diuretics decrease reabsorption of sodium, water, and calcium, and increase urine output.
- Thiazides: Hydrochlorothiazide, Indapamide, etc. Absorbed PO and IV, excreted unchanged in urine, induce hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in 70% of patients.
- Loop diuretics: Furosemide, Bumetanide, etc. Rapidly absorbed, inhibit Na+/K+/CI- cotransport, and increase Ca++ content in urine.
-
β-blockers: Propranolol, Metoprolol, etc. Decrease heart rate and contractility, reduce peripheral vascular resistance. First-line drug therapy for hypertension.
- Propranolol, Metoprolol: Non-selective antagonists, absorbed orally and IV, most metabolized in liver and excreted in urine.
- Atenolol, Bisoprolol: β1 selective antagonists, absorbed orally, and excreted in urine and feces.
-
ACE inhibitors: Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril, etc. Decrease angiotensin II production and increase vasodilation. Recommended when diuretics or β-blockers are contraindicated or ineffective.
- Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril: Absorbed orally, metabolized in liver and excreted in urine and feces.
-
Angiotensin II antagonists: Losartan, Valsartan, etc. Decrease vasoconstriction and aldosterone production, increase vasodilation. Pharmacologic effects similar to ACE inhibitors.
- Losartan, Valsartan: Absorbed orally, metabolized in liver, and excreted in urine and feces.
-
Calcium channel blockers: Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Amlodipine, etc. Decrease calcium influx, dilate arterioles and veins, and decrease heart rate and contractility.
- Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Amlodipine: Absorbed orally, block calcium channels, and exert their effects on heart and blood vessels.
-
Additional drugs for hypertension: α-adrenergic blockers, vasodilators, and renin inhibitors.
-
Non-pharmacological treatments: Decrease salt intake, reduce body weight, restrict smoking, restriction drinking alcohol, regular physical activity, and relaxation to manage hypertension.
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Description
Learn about the risk factors, types, mechanisms of control, nonpharmacological and pharmacological therapies, pharmacokinetics, and potential side effects of antihypertensive drugs. Understand the relationship between hypertension and blood pressure.