Immunity Refresher

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During inflammation and pathogen infiltration, what causes the damage directly?

Recognition of bacteria by host cells
Phagocytosis by neutrophils
Toxins produced by bacteria (correct)
Release of histamine by mast cells

What is the purpose of inflammation?

To control the disease
To eliminate the inflammatory process
To clear the organism (correct)
To promote cell damage

What is the complement system?

A part of the adaptive immune system
A group of small proteins synthesized by the liver
A system that attacks the pathogen's DNA
A process that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells (correct)

What triggers the complement system?

Antibodies generated by the adaptive immune system (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells engulf pathogens through phagocytosis?

Neutrophils (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Toll-like receptors?

To recognize known pathogens (B) Signup and view all the answers

What causes vasodilation during inflammation?

Release of histamine by mast cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells release histamine during inflammation?

Mast cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the complement system is activated?

Inflammation is promoted (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are stimulated to clear foreign and damaged material during complement activation?

Phagocytes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antigen presenting cells in adaptive immunity?

They present antigens on MHC2 receptors (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells release cytokines to cause a naïve B cell to differentiate?

T helper 2 cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a CD8+ cell binds to the MHC1 receptor on an apoptotic cell surface?

The apoptotic cell is destroyed via particular granules (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of T helper 1 cells in cell-mediated immunity?

Recruiting cytotoxic T cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of exposing an immunologically primed animal to the same antigen?

Activation of B memory cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response does cell-mediated immunity involve?

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of plasma cells in humoral adaptive immune response?

Production of antibodies (A) Signup and view all the answers

What triggers adaptive immunity to kick in during exposure to a pathogen?

Increase in antigen levels (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to B cells during the primary immune response?

Establishment of B memory cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neutrophils in the immune response to pathogens entering a wound?

Neutrophils rush to the site and engulf the pathogens through phagocytosis. Signup and view all the answers

What are Toll-like receptors and how do they contribute to the immune response?

Toll-like receptors recognize known pathogens, also known as PAMPs, and trigger the inflammatory response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?

The purpose of the inflammatory response is to try and clear the organism, but it can also cause cell damage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the complement system and how does it enhance the immune response?

The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells. It promotes inflammation and attacks the pathogen's cell membrane. Signup and view all the answers

How is the complement system activated?

The complement system is activated by triggers such as cytokines released during immune response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of CD8+ cells in cell-mediated immunity?

CD8+ cells are cytotoxic T lymphocytes that bind to the MHC1 receptor on an apoptotic cell surface and release cytokines to cause destruction of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of B memory cells in the immune response?

B memory cells are activated during the primary immune response and are responsible for an enhanced immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the activation of B memory cells?

Exposure to the same antigen that primed the immune system initially leads to the activation of B memory cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of complement activation?

Complement activation stimulates phagocytes to clear foreign and damaged material, attracts additional phagocytes through inflammation, and activates the cell-killing membrane attack complex. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of T helper 2 cells in adaptive immunity?

T helper 2 cells process antigens presented by antigen presenting cells, release cytokines, and stimulate naïve B cells to differentiate and undergo class switching to gain B cell receptors specific to the antigen. Signup and view all the answers