29 Questions
During inflammation and pathogen infiltration, what causes the damage directly?
Toxins produced by bacteria
What is the purpose of inflammation?
To clear the organism
What is the complement system?
A process that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells
What triggers the complement system?
Antibodies generated by the adaptive immune system
Which cells engulf pathogens through phagocytosis?
Neutrophils
What is the function of Toll-like receptors?
To recognize known pathogens
What causes vasodilation during inflammation?
Release of histamine by mast cells
Which cells release histamine during inflammation?
Mast cells
What happens when the complement system is activated?
Inflammation is promoted
Which cells are stimulated to clear foreign and damaged material during complement activation?
Phagocytes
What is the role of antigen presenting cells in adaptive immunity?
They present antigens on MHC2 receptors
Which cells release cytokines to cause a naïve B cell to differentiate?
T helper 2 cells
What happens when a CD8+ cell binds to the MHC1 receptor on an apoptotic cell surface?
The apoptotic cell is destroyed via particular granules
What is the main function of T helper 1 cells in cell-mediated immunity?
Recruiting cytotoxic T cells
What is the outcome of exposing an immunologically primed animal to the same antigen?
Activation of B memory cells
What type of immune response does cell-mediated immunity involve?
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation
What is the role of plasma cells in humoral adaptive immune response?
Production of antibodies
What triggers adaptive immunity to kick in during exposure to a pathogen?
Increase in antigen levels
What happens to B cells during the primary immune response?
Establishment of B memory cells
What is the role of neutrophils in the immune response to pathogens entering a wound?
Neutrophils rush to the site and engulf the pathogens through phagocytosis.
What are Toll-like receptors and how do they contribute to the immune response?
Toll-like receptors recognize known pathogens, also known as PAMPs, and trigger the inflammatory response.
What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?
The purpose of the inflammatory response is to try and clear the organism, but it can also cause cell damage.
What is the complement system and how does it enhance the immune response?
The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells. It promotes inflammation and attacks the pathogen's cell membrane.
How is the complement system activated?
The complement system is activated by triggers such as cytokines released during immune response.
What is the role of CD8+ cells in cell-mediated immunity?
CD8+ cells are cytotoxic T lymphocytes that bind to the MHC1 receptor on an apoptotic cell surface and release cytokines to cause destruction of the cell.
What is the function of B memory cells in the immune response?
B memory cells are activated during the primary immune response and are responsible for an enhanced immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
What triggers the activation of B memory cells?
Exposure to the same antigen that primed the immune system initially leads to the activation of B memory cells.
What is the outcome of complement activation?
Complement activation stimulates phagocytes to clear foreign and damaged material, attracts additional phagocytes through inflammation, and activates the cell-killing membrane attack complex.
What is the role of T helper 2 cells in adaptive immunity?
T helper 2 cells process antigens presented by antigen presenting cells, release cytokines, and stimulate naïve B cells to differentiate and undergo class switching to gain B cell receptors specific to the antigen.
Test your knowledge on the causes of tissue damage during inflammation and pathogen infiltration in this quiz on immunity revision. Explore how pathogens enter wounds, how neutrophils respond, and the role of mast cells in releasing histamine. Challenge yourself with questions on vasodilation, inflammatory markers, and more.
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