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• PHI 1370 - Philosophical Issues in Health Care explores philosophical questions about human nature and ethical dilemmas in healthcare.
• Philosophy studies general and fundamental questions about right and wrong, existence, ethics, knowledge, values, mind, and reasoning; philosophers explore the meaning of life.
• Ethics became central to modern healthcare in the 20th century.
• The guiding principle of medical ethics derived from the Hippocratic Oath is "Above all, do no harm."
• Ethics is important for vulnerable populations in healthcare to assess potential harm, prevent abuse, and address power imbalances between practitioners and patients.
• Ethics helps guide decision-making, protect patient rights, ensure fair resource allocation, and allows holistic approaches to care.
• The two types of philosophical issues in healthcare are conceptual (gaps or inconsistencies in defining a topic or concept) and ethical (moral conflicts requiring decisions about right and wrong).
• Moral principles and theories help determine right and wrong actions and create moral obligations.
• Moral principles are necessary because some actions lack clear moral definitions, and principles provide guidance in ethical decision-making.
• The primary function of moral principles is to guide decisions on what is right and wrong in various situations.
• Moral theories are frameworks that address right, wrong, and obligation to act, aiding in resolving healthcare moral dilemmas.
• Theories explain why actions are right or wrong, while principles provide flexible guidelines; theories are comprehensive, universal, without exceptions, and aid in resolving complex ethical issues, whereas principles can be overridden depending on the situation.
• Moral codes provide basic rules but lack depth in complex situations and are simple lists of rights and wrong without context.
• Components of a good moral theory:
  • It should align with moral sense
  • Not cause moral conflict
  • Be consistent with moral judgments in different scenarios
  • Help determine the right act
  • Help solve disagreements
  • Reduce moral distress
• Consequentialism: A theory that judges morality based on the outcomes of actions; the process to reach the outcome is irrelevant.
• Non-consequentialism: A theory that focuses on the moral reasoning behind actions, not just outcomes; it considers the process rational for morality and rejects consequentialism.
• Utilitarianism: A consequentialist theory stating actions are right if they maximize happiness.
  • It values intellectual, emotional, and artistic pleasures equally with physical ones.
• The two types of utilitarianism are:
  • Act utilitarianism (evaluates individual actions that maximizes happiness)
  • Rule utilitarianism (establishes general rules to maximize happiness)
• Principles of Utilitarianism: morality should aim to maximize happiness, and actions that do not produce happiness are considered wrong.
• A major criticism of rule utilitarianism is that it can collapse into act utilitarianism if rules are overly broad; society benefits from rules providing structure for ethical decision-making.
• Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) developed Kantian ethics.
• The founder of Kantian ethics was born and lived in Konigsberg, Prussia, with a strict Protestant upbringing.
• Features of Kantian ethics:
  • Everyone is morally equal
  • Rules apply universally
  • Moral worth comes from actions done with goodwill
  • Rationality underspin morality
• Categorical Imperative: A moral principle stating that actions should follow universal moral laws.
• Importance of Categorical Imperative:
  • Universality ensures morality is objective (e.g., if lying is wrong for one, it is wrong for all)
  • It is consistent
  • Provides a framework for ethical decision-making
• Kantian ethics is considered universal because it applies moral rules consistently to all people in all situations.
• W.D. Ross's ethical theory is called Moral Pluralism.
  • It rejects one single moral principle.
  • Believes that one single property cannot define right or wrong actions.
  • Combines Kantian ethics with Utilitarianism.
• Prima Facie Moral Principles:
  • Ethical rules that should be followed unless a stronger moral reason overrides them.
  • Conflicts require intuitive judgment to prioritize (e.g., lying to prevent harm).
  • No rule is absolute, and moral context matters.
• A challenge of Ross's theory is determining which duty takes priority in conflicting situations and explaining intuitive knowledge and moral capacity.
• Virtue Ethics: A moral theory focusing on character and the cultivation of virtues like generosity, compassion, honesty, and integrity.
• Challenges in applying virtue ethics:
  • Determining which virtues are most important in complex situations
  • Deciding moral actions in extreme cases like war
  • Determining which virtues are the most important to cultivate
• Care Ethics: An approach that emphasizes relationships, empathy, and care over abstract moral rules; rules do not guide morality.
• Carol Gilligan (1982) founded feminist ethics.
• Features of feminist ethics:
  • Contrast male ethics like reason, rules, abstraction, with feminist ethics like involvement, attachment, and concern
  • Emphasizes nurture over nature; society shapes individuals
  • Critiques mainstream ethics for undervaluing community, peace, and interdependence
• Feminist ethics differs from traditional ethics by prioritizing relationships, attachment, and community over abstract principles.
• Feminist ethics critiques mainstream moral theories for undervaluing interdependence and emotional engagement.
• Autonomy: The right to control one's own decisions and life.
• Importance of autonomy:
  • Promotes happiness
  • Reflects free will and human uniqueness
• Autonomy has changed as patients once had to obey medical authority but now have greater rights in decision-making.
• Internal constraints on autonomy include addictions and mental health issues; external constraints include laws and medical policies.
• Paternalism: The practice of making decisions for others based on perceived best interests.
• Historically, paternalism was applied in medicine as doctors made decisions without patient input, under the "doctor knows best" mindset.
• Beneficence: Acting in the best interest of others to promote well-being.
• Non-maleficence: The duty to avoid causing harm.
• An ethical dilemma arises between beneficence and non-maleficence when balancing risks and benefits, such as in medical treatments.
• Justice in healthcare: Ensuring fairness in treatment and resource allocation.
• The difference between equality and equity:
  • Equality: Everyone gets the same resources.
  • Equity: Resources are distributed based on need.
• Moral distress: The experience of knowing the right ethical action but being unable to take it.
• Moral distress can lead to emotional strain, poor morale, and burnout in healthcare workers.
• Moral resilience: The ability to recover and maintain integrity after experiencing moral distress.
• A personal philosophy of healthcare: A statement outlining values and ethical beliefs in medical practice.
• A personal philosophy benefits healthcare professionals as it guides decision-making and helps maintain motivation.
• Key steps in writing a personal philosophy:
  • Reflect on values
  • Define strengths
  • Consider long-term impact
• The duty of care in nursing advocacy is the obligation to prioritize patient welfare.
• Justice in nursing advocacy means advocating for equal access to resources.
• Moral courage in nursing means standing up for what is ethically right.
• Daily roles of frontline nurse advocates:
  • Ensuring informed consent
  • Safeguarding patient safety
  • Addressing patient concerns
• An example of a frontline nurse advocacy situation is advocating for pain management for a patient.
• Nurses collaborate in interdisciplinary teams for advocacy by working with physicians and other health professionals to improve patient care.
• Common challenges faced by nurse advocates include:
  • High workload
  • Institutional barriers
  • Ethical dilemmas.
• Institutional resistance can delay or prevent policy changes that improve patient care.
• An example of a successful nursing advocacy initiative is any campaign or policy change that improved patient care or nurse working conditions.
• The White Shoe Advocacy Campaign supports nursing advocacy.
• The media amplifies advocacy campaigns through social media, news, and television.
• The role of public engagement in advocacy is encouraging community support for nursing advocacy issues.
• Professional nursing associations support and guide advocacy efforts for nurses and patients.
• Three key areas nurses advocate for in policy:
  • Work-life balance
  • Safe environments
  • Career development
• Nurses advocate for safer work environments by pushing for proper PPE and workplace safety policies.
• Nurses advocate for health equity by addressing barriers for marginalized populations.
• Advocacy for Indigenous health is important as it helps address unique health challenges within Indigenous communities.
• The CNA Code of Ethics guides nursing advocacy.
• An advocacy model is a step-by-step approach for systematic advocacy efforts.
• Three key skills for effective nurse advocacy:
  • Communication
  • Negotiation
  • Collaboration
• Two modern examples of nurse advocacy:
  • Pandemic responses (PPE/vaccine access)
  • Mental health funding campaigns
• Common barriers to nurse advocacy:
  • Resistance to change
  • Funding limitations
  • Institutional pushback
• Nurses collaborate with other professionals in advocacy by working with physicians, therapists, and social workers to align patient care priorities.
• An example of successful interdisciplinary advocacy is joint advocacy for new hospital equipment.
• Nurses can build their advocacy skills through continuing education, networking, and leadership opportunities.
• Three major advocacy issues in nursing today:
  • Racism in healthcare
  • Rural health access
  • Technological equity
• Three common tools used in nursing advocacy:
  • Social media
  • Public speaking
  • Policy briefs
• Policy brief writing documents evidence to present to decision-makers for nurse advocacy.
• Research is important in advocacy as it strengthens advocacy efforts by providing evidence-based solutions.
• Common research topics in nursing advocacy:
  • Disparities in healthcare access
  • Nursing burnout
• Five steps in designing an advocacy campaign:
  • Identify the issue
  • Build a team
  • Create a plan
  • Execute
  • Evaluate
• The success of an advocacy campaign is measured through pre- and post-campaign evaluations.
• An example of a current advocacy effort in nursing is the campaign for improved nurse-to-patient ratios.
• Strategies used in the nurse-to-patient ratio campaign:
  • Data collection
  • Public awareness
  • Legislative outreach
• Qualities of an effective nurse advocacy leader:
  • Vision
  • Resilience
  • Communication
• Mentorship helps build future nurse advocates.
• Three key focus areas for the future of nursing advocacy:
  • Community health
  • Global health
  • Workforce sustainability
• Nurses participate in global health advocacy by supporting vaccine equity and participating in international health missions.
• Three ways nurses can influence policymakers:
  • Lobbying
  • Joining coalitions
  • Presenting evidence-based arguments
• Three barriers to successful advocacy:
  • Knowledge gaps
  • Lack of institutional support
  • Persistence challenges
• An example of legislative change influenced by nurse advocacy is any law or policy change improving working conditions or patient care.
• An ethical challenge nurses face in advocacy is balancing individual vs. systemic needs in resource allocation.
• Confidentiality is important in advocacy as it protects patient privacy while advocating for their needs.
• Common advocacy efforts for mental health include:
  • Raising awareness
  • Increasing, funding
  • Reducing stigma
• A positive outcome of mental health advocacy is greater public acceptance and access to care.
• Nurses engage patients in advocacy by including their voices in care planning.
• Shared decision-making in advocacy means collaborating with patients for better outcomes.
• Social media is used through hashtags, online campaigns, and virtual mobilization for nursing advocacy.
• Challenges of digital advocacy include digital literacy and accessibility issues.
• Three self-care strategies for nurse advocates:
  • Mindfulness
  • Peer support
  • Counseling
• Self-care is important for advocates to balance advocacy work with personal well-being.
• Diversity and inclusion advocacy is important in healthcare to address systemic inequities and improve access for marginalized groups.
• Two strategies for promoting diversity in nursing:
  • Increasing leadership opportunities
  • Improving education programs.
• Long-term goals for nursing advocacy:
  • Creating equitable and sustainable healthcare systems
• Preparing for the future of advocacy means:
  • Taking on leadership roles
  • Staying informed on key issues
• Nurses get involved in advocacy by:
  • Joining professional organizations
  • Participating in campaigns
  • Educating peers
• It is important for every nurse to advocate for change because nurses have firsthand experience and influence in healthcare.
• Walter Freeman: An American psychiatric physician known for pioneering the lobotomy procedure.
• Walter Freeman is considered a villain because:
  • Performed unethical lobotomies without anesthesia
  • Caused significant harm, including deaths and severe side effects
  • Performed his work without scientific backing.
• Ethical concerns about Freeman's lobotomy procedure:
  • No scientific basis
  • Performed without anesthesia
  • Induced seizures.
• Historical context of Freeman's work:
  • Mental health treatment was not well understood
  • Procedures were performed without animal testing prior to experimentation on humans.
• Consequences of Freeman's lobotomies:
  • 490 deaths
  • 15% fatality rate
  • Severe side effects: epilepsy, dementia, and personality changes.
• Long-term impact of Freeman's work:
  • Lobotomies declined with the introduction of psychiatric medications
  • Informed consent became legally required.
• Andrew Wakefield: A former physician from the UK who falsely claimed a link between the MMR vaccine and autism.
• Andrew Wakefield is considered a villain because he:
  • Manipulated data
  • Spread misinformation
  • Caused widespread vaccine hesitancy, leading to outbreaks of preventable diseases.
• Ethical violations committed by Wakefield:
  • Conducted invasive experiments on children without ethical clearance
  • Had financial conflicts of interest.
• Consequences of Wakefield's fraudulent research:
  • Lost medical license
  • Manipulated the public into vaccine hesitancy
  • Contributed to outbreaks of preventable diseases.
• Wakefield's case is viewed as one of the most serious cases of medical fraud in medical history.
• J. Marion Sims:
  • A 19th-century physician known as the "Father of Modern Gynecology"
  • Conducted unethical experiments on enslaved women.
• Sims is considered a villain because he performed surgeries without anesthesia or consent on enslaved women, violating ethical medical practices.
• Sims engaged in surgeries without anesthesia and did not obtain consent from his patients.
• Impact of Sims' experiments:
  • Contributed to gynecological advancements
  • Created lasting mistrust in healthcare among marginalized communities.
• Sims' legacy has been re-evaluated:
  • His statue was removed in 2018
  • Recognition given to the women he experimented on: Lucy, Anarcha, and Betsy.
• Harold Shipman: A UK doctor who murdered approximately 284 patients over 30 years.
• Shipman is considered a villain because he abused his medical authority to kill vulnerable elderly patients for personal gratification.
• Methods used by Shipman to kill his patients:
  • Fatal drug overdoses
  • Overprescribed medications
• Changes in medical practice resulting from Shipman's crimes:
  • Increased oversight of doctors
  • Changes to prescribing practices
  • Stricter death certification procedures.
• Shipman was convicted in 2000 and later died by suicide in prison.
• Edward Livingston Trudeau: A physician who pioneered tuberculosis treatment and founded the Adirondack Cottage Sanatorium.
• Trudeau is considered a hero because he made groundbreaking discoveries about tuberculosis and dedicated his career to saving lives through environmental therapy.
• Groundbreaking experiment by Trudeau: Discovered that fresh mountain air helped tuberculosis patients recover, leading to environmental therapy.
• Long-term impact of Trudeau's work:
  • Became the president of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis
  • Organization later known as the American Lung Association.
• Clara Barton: A nurse and founder of the American Red Cross in 1881.
• Barton is considered a hero because she:
  • Provided life-saving care on the battlefield
  • Advocated for humanitarian aid
  • Revolutionized emergency response systems.
• Challenges faced by Barton in her career:
  • Wage disparity
  • Lack of formal nursing education
  • Government resistance to establishing the Red Cross.
• Innovations in care introduced by Barton:
  • Pre-planned emergency supply organization
  • Triaging strategies
  • Providing care regardless of race or political affiliation.
• Long-term impact of Barton:
  • Revolutionized disaster response
  • Emergency medicine
  • Humanitarian aid
• Barry Marshall:
  • An Australian gastroenterologist who discovered Helicobacter pylori as the cause of gastric ulcers.
• Marshall is considered a hero because:
  • His discovery transformed the treatment of gastric ulcers
  • He turned a chronic condition into a treatable disease.
• Marshall proved his discovery by ingesting H. pylori himself to demonstrate its effects on the stomach, leading to a Nobel Prize-winning breakthrough.
• Impact of Marshall's work: Gastric ulcers, once a chronic condition, are now treatable with antibiotics.
• Jonas Salk: A virologist who developed the first successful polio vaccine.
• Salk is considered a hero because he:
  • Eradicated polio in many parts of the world
  • Made vaccines safer
  • Saved millions of lives.
• Obstacles faced by Salk in his career:
  • Came from a lower-class immigrant family
  • Limited lab facilities
  • Disliked public attention.
• Long-term impact of Salk:
  • His vaccine eradicated polio in many parts of the world
  • His research led to advancements in influenza and AIDS treatment.
• Salk approached vaccine development differently by using a "killed" virus instead of a live virus to create a safer vaccine.
• Luigi Mangione: An engineer who murdered a healthcare CEO to protest the high cost of health insurance.
• Mangione is considered a vigilante because he took extreme, illegal action to highlight an issue, believing that violence was the only way to force systemic change.
• Mangione's motive was that he believed that exposing the corruption of the healthcare system would spark reform.
• An ethical controversy surrounds Mangione's actions because while he sought to bring attention to healthcare injustice, his use of murder was unethical.
• The impact of Mangione's actions was that they caused social outrage but did not lead to significant healthcare reform.
• Edward Jenner: An English physician who developed the first smallpox vaccine.
• Jenner is considered a vigilante because:
  • He saved millions of live
  • Conducted unethical experiments on children without their consent.
• Jenner created the smallpox vaccine by injecting an 8-year-old boy with material from a cowpox lesion, then exposed him to smallpox, which the boy did not contract.
• The long-term impact of Jenner's work:
  • His discoveries led to the eradication of smallpox
  • They advanced immunology.
• The WHO definition of vaccine hesitancy is a delay in the acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccination services.
• Healthcare workers are important in vaccine advocacy because they are trusted sources of health information and play a key role in public health promotion.
• The three components of the WHO's 3 Cs model are:
  • Confidence
  • Complacency
  • Convenience
• Confidence: Trust in vaccine safety, effectiveness, and the healthcare system in the context of vaccine hesitancy.
• Complacency means a low perceived risk of vaccine-preventable diseases regarding vaccines.
• Convenience: Availability and accessibility of vaccines influence vaccine uptake.
• Four ethical principles related to vaccine hesitancy:
  • Autonomy
  • Beneficence
  • Non-maleficence
  • Justice
• Autonomy: Respects individual decision-making on vaccination.
• Non-maleficence: Ensures vaccine safety to avoid harm.
• The tension between individual rights and collective responsibility in vaccine mandates is balancing personal freedom with public health safety.
• Two historical vaccination campaigns:
  • Smallpox vaccination
  • Polio vaccination campaigns
• The 1998 Wakefield study falsely linked the MMR vaccine to autism, fueling distrust.
• The documentary ‘DPT: Vaccine Roulette' (1982) highlighted alleged adverse effects of the DPT vaccine, contributing to public fears.
• Older healthcare workers are more likely to be vaccine-hesitant.
• Factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers:
  • Perceived risks of side effects
  • Distrust in pharmaceutical companies
  • Belief in natural immunity
• Ethical concerns arise from vaccine mandates for healthcare workers due to conflicts between personal beliefs and professional duties.
• Healthcare worker hesitancy can amplify public mistrust and decrease community vaccination rates.
• An example of a disease outbreak linked to vaccine hesitancy is measles outbreaks.
• Cultural and religious concerns about vaccines can be addressed through respectful dialogue, engaging leaders, and tailored messaging.
• A major psychological barrier to vaccination is the fear of needles and adverse reactions.
• Leadership plays a role by influencing workplace culture and promoting evidence-based information to reduce vaccine hesitancy.
• Two successful strategies in vaccine advocacy include:
  • Peer-to-peer education
  • Tailored interventions for healthcare workers
• Government policies play a role by implementing mandates and ensuring equitable access to support vaccinations.
• Technology can help address vaccine hesitancy by countering misinformation through digital tools and social media campaigns.
• Vaccine trust is lower among Indigenous populations due to historical mistrust from unethical medical practices.
• Community-led solutions for improving vaccine acceptance among Indigenous groups involve Indigenous healthcare workers and culturally sensitive approaches.
• California study findings about personality and vaccine hesitancy:
  • High conscientiousness correlated with higher vaccine uptake.
  • Neuroticism was linked to fear of side effects.
• Three personality archetypes identified in the study:
  • "Cautious Skeptic"
  • "Confident Accepter"
  • "Passive Doubter."
• E.T.H.I.C.S. acronym:
  • Examine the situation and values
  • Think about the Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice
  • Hypothesize all possible decisions or options
  • Identify the consequences of each option
  • Consult with others
  • Select an action, document the process, and get support
  • Advocate for change if required or indicated
• End-of-life care: Care provided in the last days to weeks of life, distinct from palliative care.
• Palliative care: An approach aimed at improving the quality of life of patients and families facing life-threatening illnesses; it focuses on the prevention and relief of suffering and begins at the time of diagnosis for terminal diseases.
• Comfort measures (comfort care): Medical interventions and medication aimed at maximizing comfort and allowing natural death.
• Hospice care: A free standing facility that provides End-of-life care in a residential setting, sometimes at home ("hospice-at-home").
• Palliative sedation therapy: A last resort for symptom management in patients experiencing significant distress at end-of-life; involves administering medication to sedate the patient until they are comfortable.
• Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD): MAiD and palliative care may both be part of a person's care plan but are distinct practices.
  • MaID: Situations where a medical practitioner or nurse practitioner, at the individual's request: (a) Administers a substance that causes their death, or/(b) Prescribes a substance for the individual to self-administer to end their own life.
• Goals of care conversations: Discussions between the patient, family, and healthcare team to ensure the patient's values and wishes for life-sustaining treatments are prioritized.
• Informed consent: Permission granted by a patient after receiving all necessary information about a treatment, including its risks and benefits, as well as the consequences of accepting or refusing it.
• Capacity in medical decision-making: A patient's ability to understand the information needed to make a decision and fully comprehend the consequences of that decision.
• The first clinician's role in MAiD Procedure: Oversees the provision of MAiD, which may include receiving the request, conducting the first eligibility assessment, and administering or prescribing the drug protocol.
• The second clinician's role in MAiD: Provides an independent second opinion confirming eligibility and must not be connected to the first clinician.
• Choice 1: All Available Measures choices:
  • All possible measures are used such as breathing machines, feeding tubes, and CPR, to keep you alive as long as possible, usually in the ICU or hospital.
• Choice 2: Limited Interventions choices:
  • Focuses on comfort while avoiding the ICU, allowing for some medical interventions like CPR if desired, with pain and suffering well managed.
• Choice 3: Comfort Measures Only choice:
  • A palliative care approach that addresses physical, psychological, and spiritual suffering while accepting that the illness is incurable; most patients die at home.
• Choice 4: No Care choice:
  • All treatments are refused, and pain is managed independently, though it may be difficult for others to accept or support this decision.
• Choice 5: Stopping Eating and Drinking:
  • Food and drink are stopped to speed up death when other measures are not available or legal, typically occurring at home.
• Choice 6: Palliative Sedation:
  • A medical approach where doctors use medication to sedate the patient to relieve pain, which may speed up death.
• Choice 7: Physician Aid in Dying:
  • Doctors prescribe a pill for the patient to take if they are terminally ill (expected to live less than six months) and capable of making their own decisions.
• Choice 8: Euthanasia:
  • Doctors administer the life-ending medication instead of the patient, typically in countries where euthanasia is legal.
• Choice 9: Suicide:
  • Individuals choose to end their own life, which can be devastating for loved ones and is illegal in many places.
• Dr. Jack Kevorkian ("Dr. Death"):
  • Was the American pathologist and euthanasia activist known for advocating physician-assisted suicide.
• Kevorkian believed in a terminal patient's right to die by physician-assisted suicide.
• Kevorkian assisted in dying for 130 patients.
• Kevorkian was convicted of murder in 1999.
• Controversial idea proposed by Kevorkian:
  • Inmates on death row should be able to consent to medical experimentation under complete anesthesia as a form of execution instead of conventional methods outlined in the law.
• Kevorkian's stance on organ donation from death row inmates: He advocated that organs from executed inmates should be harvested for those awaiting organ donation.
• The Medical experiment conducted by Kevorkian involving blood transfusion: He experimented with transfusing blood from recently deceased patients into live patients.
• Subject matter in Kevorkian's articles was his on ethics and euthanasia.
• Kevorkian's first physician-assisted death: Janet Adkins, a 54-year-old woman diagnosed in 1989 with early-onset Alzheimer's disease, died in 1990.
• Kevorkian was charged with murder for assisting Janet Adkins' death, charges were dropped because Michigan had no law against assisted suicide at the time.
• Kevorkian's medical license was revoked, forbidding him from practicing medicine or engaging with patients.
• After Janet Adkins, he helped 129 more patients end their lives.
• Kevorkian assisted non terminally ill with 60%.
• 13 patients never reported experiencing pain.
• Criticisms faced by Kevorkian regarding his counseling process:
  • Counseling was too brief
  • Nineteen people died less than twenty-four hours after consultation
  • Five of them had a history of depression.
• Medical evaluations that Kevorkian failed to conduct: He failed to send 17 patients for pain consultations and often did not obtain full medical histories.
• Devices used by Kevorkian for assisted death:
  • Thanatron (Death Machine): A device that released lethal chemicals intravenously when the patient pressed a button.
  • Mercitron (Mercy Machine): A gas mask connected to a canister of carbon monoxide, allowing the patient to inhale the gas.
• A significance event occurred on November 22, 1998,involving Jack Kevorkian, he allowed aired of the voluntary a September 17, 1998, showing the euthanasia 52 year old in the final stages of Lou Gehrig.
• The video of Thomas Youk's euthanasia depicted: Fully informed consent from Youk.
  • Kevorkian personally injected the lethal substance (patients self-administered previously)
  • Kevorkian daring authorities to press charges against him.
• Legal action taken against Kevorkian on November 25, 1998:
  • Charged with second-degree murder
  • Delivery of a controlled substance for which he was not permitted to possess due to his revoked medical license.
• Trial for Kevorkian handled it 1999 during jury deliberations on first-degree murder charges, He fired his legal team and chose to represent himself on March 26.
• Kervorkians' sentence a 2 day trial, he found and sentenced 10 out 25 years in prision seering 8yrs.
• Family of View Kevorkian's Work and actions were and not murder.
• "Dying is not a crime" are Jack Kevorkian's famous quote.
• Dates of birth of the Jack Kevorkian was May 26, 1928 to Jun 3 2011
• Major legal cases related to Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD) in Canada:
  • Rodriguez v. Canada
  • Carter v. Canada
  • Truchon v. Canada.
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