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Which of the following muscles is responsible for moving food through the digestive system?
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
What anatomical position describes a person who is standing with their palms facing forward?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the digestive system?
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Which system is responsible for providing framework and protection to the body?
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What is the primary focus of myology?
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Which body plane divides the body into right and left parts?
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Which of the following organs is part of the nervous system?
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What does Clinical Anatomy primarily focus on?
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Which of the following methods is used to study Gross Anatomy?
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What is the primary focus of Histology?
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Which branch of anatomy examines the relationship of deeper body parts to the skin surface?
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What does Embryology study?
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Which term refers to the study of anatomical structures using imaging techniques?
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Why is Surface Anatomy important in clinical practice?
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Which of the following is NOT a focus of Gross Anatomy?
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What is the median sagittal plane?
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Which directional term describes a structure that is farther from the median plane?
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What does the term 'superior' refer to in anatomical terms?
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What position describes lying on the back of the body?
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Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
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Which term describes the movement of a limb toward the midline in the coronal plane?
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What does the term 'proximal' indicate?
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What type of rotation brings the anterior surface of a limb away from the midline?
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Which of the following actions involves turning the foot sole so it faces laterally?
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In anatomical terms, what does 'anterior' mean?
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What is the term for the upward movement of a body part?
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How does the action of dividing the body into superior and inferior parts occur?
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What relationship do the terms 'superficial' and 'deep' describe?
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Which term describes a lateral rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly?
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Which of the following describes the anatomical term for movements that occur on the same side of the body?
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What is the action called when the thumb is brought across the palm to meet the tips of other fingers?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Anatomy
- Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body.
- It helps us understand how our bodies work.
- Anatomy can be studied in different ways:
- Gross anatomy: the study of the structure of the body seen with the naked eye.
- Histology: the study of tissues using microscopes.
- Embryology: the study of development starting from a single cell.
- Clinicians use anatomy to understand disease processes and to make informed treatment decisions.
Levels of Structural Organization
- The human body is organized into several levels:
- Cellular level: basic units of life.
- Tissue level: groups of similar cells working together.
- Organ level: different tissues working together to perform a specific function.
- System level: several organs working together to carry out complex functions.
- Organism level: the complete living being.
Systems of the Body
- The human body is subdivided into several systems based on their functions:
- Skeletal system: supports and protects the body, composed of bones and cartilage.
- Articular system: joints, ligaments, and other structures that allow movement.
- Muscular system: responsible for movement, composed of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.
- Digestive system: breaks down food and absorbs nutrients, composed of the alimentary canal and accessory organs.
- Cardiovascular system: pumps blood throughout the body, transporting oxygen and nutrients and removing waste products.
- Nervous system: controls and coordinates bodily functions, composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- Respiratory system: responsible for gas exchange, composed of lungs and airways.
- Urinary system: filters waste products from the blood and regulates fluid balance.
- Reproductive system: responsible for sexual reproduction.
- Integumentary system: the skin, protects the body and regulates temperature.
Body Regions
- The body can be divided into several regions:
- Head: includes the skull and face.
- Neck: connects the head to the trunk.
-
Trunk:
- Thorax: chest region.
- Abdomen: belly region.
- Pelvis: lower trunk region.
- Perineum: region between the legs.
- Upper limbs: arms, forearms, hands.
- Lower limbs: thighs, legs, feet.
Anatomical Position
- The standardized position for describing anatomical structures:
- Standing upright.
- Facing forward.
- Arms by the sides.
- Palms facing forward.
- Feet together.
- Toes pointed forward.
Body Planes
- Imaginary planes that divide the body:
- Sagittal plane: divides the body into right and left sections.
- Midsagittal plane: a sagittal plane that passes through the midline, dividing the body into equal left and right halves.
- Frontal (coronal) plane: divides the body into front and back sections.
- Transverse (horizontal or axial) plane: divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) sections.
Directional Terms
- Used to describe the relative position of anatomical structures:
- Anterior (ventral): towards the front of the body.
- Posterior (dorsal): towards the back of the body.
- Superior (cranial): towards the head.
- Inferior (caudal): towards the feet.
- Medial: towards the midline of the body.
- Lateral: away from the midline of the body.
- Proximal: closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment.
- Distal: farther from the origin of the body part or point of attachment.
- Superficial (external): on or near the surface of the body.
- Deep (internal): toward the inside of the body.
Anatomical Terms of Comparison
- These pairs describe the relative position of body structures:
- Superficial (external): on or near the surface of the body.
- Deep (internal): toward the inside of the body.
Movement Terms
- Describe the different ways that body parts can move:
- Flexion: bending or decreasing the angle between bones.
- Extension: straightening or increasing the angle between bones.
- Abduction: movement away from the midline.
- Adduction: movement towards the midline.
- Medial(internal) rotation: anterior surface of a limb moves towards the midline.
- Lateral(external) rotation: anterior surface of a limb moves away from the midline.
- Circumduction: a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
- Supination: lateral rotation of the forearm, so that the palm faces anteriorly.
- Pronation: medial rotation of the forearm, so that the palm faces posteriorly.
- Opposition: movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the fingertips.
- Inversion: turning the foot sole medially, towards the midline.
- Eversion: turning the foot sole laterally, away from the midline.
- Retrusion: backward movement of a body part.
- Protrusion: forward movement of a body part.
- Elevation: upward movement of a body part.
- Depression: downward movement of a body part.
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