L1 (T1): Introduction to the Endocrine system
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

  • Maintenance of fluid balance
  • Regulation of metabolism
  • Production of growth hormone (correct)
  • Control of reproductive functions

    • Which gland is considered the master regulator of metabolism?

  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal gland
  • Thyroid gland (correct)
  • Pituitary gland

    • What is the connection between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus called?

  • Hypothalamic-pituitary axis (correct)
  • Oedema hypothesis
  • Neuro hypothesis
  • Hyper physical portal system

    • What is the condition characterized by excessive levels of growth hormone?

    <p>Acromegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential risk associated with the misuse of anabolic androgenic steroids in men?

    <p>Increased risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential risk associated with the misuse of anabolic androgenic steroids in women?

    <p>Hair loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for the secretion of growth hormone?

    <p>Pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone can freely dissolve in the blood?

    <p>Peptide hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to have a physiological hormonal response to fear?

    <p>It enhances survival during injuries and infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique feature of the pancreas compared to other glands?

    <p>It has an exocrine and an endocrine role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

    <p>They secrete hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland only has an endocrine role?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the master regulation of metabolism?

    <p>Thyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between acromegaly and gigantism?

    <p>Acromegaly causes bones to keep growing, while gigantism causes bones to fuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of iodine in thyroid hormone production?

    <p>Iodine is used by the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Weight loss, difficulty sleeping, and increased metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pancreas in relation to diabetes?

    <p>Absorption and utilization of nutrients from food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the body is unable to produce enough insulin in diabetes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the term 'diabetes mellitus'?

    <p>To pass through urine and it's sweet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary sex hormones produced by the reproductive organs?

    <p>Progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about peptide hormones is true?

    <p>Peptide hormones need to be injected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't peptide hormones be taken orally?

    <p>Peptide hormones get broken down by enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone tends to have a rapid and quick effect?

    <p>Peptide hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the solubility of steroid hormones?

    <p>Steroid hormones are not water soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do steroid hormones need to be bound to in order to be transported in the blood?

    <p>Plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone tends to have a long duration of action?

    <p>Steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is often referred to as the 'master gland'?

    <p>Pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for growth and development?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone is transported in the blood to its target?

    <p>Endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone has a rapid onset of action and a short duration of action?

    <p>Peptide hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is suitable for insulin?

    <p>Injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormonal mechanism of action involves receptor autophosphorylation?

    <p>Receptor Tyrosine Kinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are produced by the hypothalamus to induce the release of another hormone?

    <p>Releasing Hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the thyroid gland?

    <p>Regulation of calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

    <p>Regulation of blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Protruding eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gonads?

    <p>Gametogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is important for the regulation of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is considered the 'master regulator' of metabolism?

    <p>The pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pancreas in relation to diabetes?

    <p>To produce insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connection between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus called?

    <p>The hypothalamic-pituitary portal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't peptide hormones be taken orally?

    <p>They are rapidly metabolized in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between acromegaly and gigantism?

    <p>The age of onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the feedback loops in the endocrine system?

    <p>Negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis and are more common biologically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely primary endocrine dysfunction when there are very high levels of T3 and T4, but low levels of TRH and TSH?

    <p>Likely primary endocrine dysfunction with possible adenoma secreting T3, T4, and TSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which order do the three groups of hormones (releasing, stimulating, and non-trophic) signal?

    <p>Release -&gt; Stimulating -&gt; Non-trophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of hormones via the circulatory system to a target receptor in another part of the body?

    <p>Endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disruption caused by malfunction at the pituitary level related to secreting or releasing hormones called?

    <p>Secondary endocrine disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the exocrine glands?

    <p>Secretion of digestive enzymes into the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the action of hormones onto neighbouring endocrine cells?

    <p>Paracrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the action of hormones onto the cell of origin?

    <p>Autocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the maintenance of physiological equilibrium?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endocrine System Overview

    • The pituitary gland is considered the 'master gland' or 'master regulator' of metabolism.
    • The connection between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus is called the hypophyseal portal system.

    Pituitary Gland Functions

    • The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes growth hormone.
    • Growth hormone is responsible for growth and development.

    Hormone Characteristics

    • Peptide hormones cannot be taken orally because they are broken down in the digestive system.
    • Peptide hormones have a rapid onset of action and a short duration of action.
    • Steroid hormones need to be bound to a carrier protein to be transported in the blood.
    • Steroid hormones have a long duration of action.

    Pancreas and Diabetes

    • The primary role of the pancreas is to regulate blood sugar levels in relation to diabetes.
    • The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produce hormones to regulate blood sugar levels.
    • When the body is unable to produce enough insulin, it leads to diabetes.
    • The term 'diabetes mellitus' refers to a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels.
    • The primary sex hormones produced by the reproductive organs are estrogen and testosterone.

    Hormone Regulation

    • The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones to induce the release of another hormone.
    • The negative feedback loop is an example of a feedback loop in the endocrine system.
    • Hormones can act on neighbouring endocrine cells (paracrine action) or on the cell of origin (autocrine action).
    • Homeostasis is the maintenance of physiological equilibrium.

    Thyroid Gland

    • The primary role of the thyroid gland is to regulate metabolism.
    • Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production.
    • Hyperthyroidism is characterized by symptoms such as weight loss, anxiety, and rapid heartbeat.
    • The main difference between acromegaly and gigantism is the timing of excessive growth hormone production.

    Other

    • The adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
    • Insulin is typically administered through injection or infusion.
    • The gonads produce sex hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle.

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