Introduction to Human Anatomy & Histology (CN ANAT204) PDF

Introduction to Human Anatomy & Histology (CN ANAT204) Dr. Shajiya Moosa Department of Anatomy College of Medicine, IAU  00:03 Dissection of a plant, an animal or a human body to study the structur...

Introduction to Human Anatomy & Histology (CN ANAT204) Dr. Shajiya Moosa Department of Anatomy College of Medicine, IAU  00:03 Dissection of a plant, an animal or a human body to study the structure, position, and interrelation of its various parts. Introduction to Anatomy  00:03 Topographical Anatomy Macroscopic Anatomy Gross Structure of the body as seen by the naked eye Anatomy The study of the macroscopic Clinical structure of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine and Anatomy other health sciences. Introduction to Anatomy  How do we study Anatomy? Cadaveric dissection to study Clinical Anatomy gross Anatomy Histology Embryology  How do we study Anatomy? Anatomy is the science of the structure and function of the body. Clinical anatomy is the study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health sciences. Histology/ Microscopic Anatomy is the study of normal cells and tissues, mainly using microscopes. Embryology is the study of development from a single cell at the time of fertilization to the baby at 9 months.  Gross Anatomy Study of gross/ macroscopic structure of the human body by region/ system wise dissection. Cadaveric dissection to study gross Anatomy  Clinical Anatomy Radiological Anatomy Study of the structure and function through radiographs Surface anatomy Study of deeper parts of the body in relation to the skin surface. Helpful in clinical practice and surgical operations. Living anatomy Forms the important component of the physical diagnosis Palpation e.g. Arterial pulse Ophthalmoscope Stethoscope  00:03 Levels of Structural Organization Cellular level Tissue level Organ level System level Organism level Introduction to Anatomy  Systems of the body On the basis of the functions of different structures, the human body is divided into various systems. It helps to study the structures and their functions.  Skeletal system  Bones Osteology (Bones)  Cartilages  Articular system  Joints Arthrology (Joints)  Ligaments  Muscular system Myology There are three different types of muscles in the body: Skeletal muscle is attached to the skeletal frames for movement Smooth muscle lines the organs to help with things like food moving through your digestive system The hearts is made of the third type of muscle-cardiac muscle  Digestive system Gastroenterology The function of digestive system is digestion and absorption It is divided into two major parts: Digestive/ alimentary canal Accessory organs  Cardiovascular system Cardiology Pumps the blood throughout the body, delivers oxygen and nutrients, removes the waste products It consists of :  Heart  Blood vessels  Nervous system Neurology Brain Spinal cord Nerves Respiratory system  00:03 Urinary system Urology Introduction to Anatomy  00:03 Reproductive System Andrology Gyneacology Introduction to Anatomy  00:03 Integumentary system (Skin) Dermatology Introduction to Anatomy  00:03 Body Regions Head Neck Thorax Abdomen TRUNK Pelvis Perineum Upper limbs Lower limbs Anatomic Terminology  00:03 Anatomical Position A person is standing erect and facing forward, the upper limbs are by the sides, the palms of the hands are directed forward, the lower limbs are together, the soles of the feet are on the ground, and the toes are pointing forward Introduction to Anatomy  Body Planes Sagittal are oriented vertically and divide the body into right and left parts. The plane that passes through the center of the body dividing it into equal right and left halves is termed the median sagittal (midsagittal) plane. Frontal or Coronal (a vertical plane at right angles to median plane) – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse, horizontal or axial (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts  00:03 Body Sections at Different Planes Introduction to Anatomy  Directional terms Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal): -Indicate the front and back of the body -Relationship description: in front of and behind Superior (cranial; cephalic) and inferior (caudal): -Describe structures in reference to the upper and lower ends of the body. -Relationship description: above and below  Test 1. The head is ……. to the abdomen. a) Anterior b) Posterior c) Superior d) Inferior 1. The breastbone is…….. to the spine. a) Anterior b) Posterior c) Superior d) Inferior  Directional terms Medial: describes a structure situated nearer to the midsagittal plane of the body than another Lateral: denotes a structure that lies farther away from the median plane than another Proximal and distal: closer to and farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk, respectively Superficial (External) and Deep (Internal) – towards and away from the body surface, respectively  00:03 Anatomical Terms (terms of comparison) External Superficial vs. deep Superficial (External) and Deep (Internal) towards and away from the body surface, Internal respectively Introduction to Anatomy  Test 1. The heart is ……. to the arm. a) Proximal b) Distal c) Medial d) Lateral 1. The elbow is…….. to the wrist. a) Proximal b) Distal c) Medial d) Lateral  Directional terms Palmer and dorsal: are used to describe the hand anterior and posterior surfaces, respectively Planter and dorsal: refer to the sole and upper surface of the foot, respectively Ipsilateral (same side) and contralateral (opposite side): denotes positions pertinent to a reference side of the body Afferent (arrive) and efferent (exit) – towards and away from the reference point ‘  Supine and Prone positions The supine position of the body is lying on the back The prone position is lying face downward.  Movement Terms Flexion Bending or decreasing angle between bones Usually is an anterior movement However, occasionally can be a posterior movement, e.g. knee joint Planter flexion Extension Straightening or increasing angle between bones Dorsiflexion  Movement Terms Abduction (ab =“away”) Moving away from the midline in the coronal plane Adduction (ad = “to”) Moving toward the midline in the coronal plane  Movement Terms Medial (internal) rotation Brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the midline Lateral (external) rotation Brings the anterior surface of a limb away from the midline Circumduction Mixture of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction  Movement Terms Supination is a lateral rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly. Pronation is to rotate the forearm medially so that the palm faces posteriorly.  Movement Terms Opposition is a movement where thumb can be brought across the palm to meet the tips of other fingers Inversion is turning the foot sole so that the sole faces in a medial direction, toward the midline. Eversion is a lateral movement of sole of the foot so that the sole faces downward and laterally  Movement Terms Retrusion and protrusion  are backward and forward movement of a body part, respectively Elevation and depression  are upward and downward movements of a body part, respectively