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What is true about hypobaric solutions in spinal anaesthesia?

They are less dense than CSF. (correct)

They should be administered with the animal's head elevated.

They are denser than CSF.

They do not require position changes during administration.

What is the recommended position for an animal when using a hyperbaric solution for spinal anaesthesia?

Lateral recumbency with the lowermost limb to be operated. (correct)

Supine position with head elevated.

Sitting upright.

Lateral recumbency with the uppermost limb to be operated.

Which of the following is NOT a relative contraindication for epidural anaesthesia?

Obesity.

Hypovolaemia.

Pre-existing neuropathies.

Aortic thromboembolism. (correct)

What effect do local anaesthetics (LAs) have that can facilitate pelvic limb perfusion in certain conditions?

Cause vasodilation. Signup and view all the answers

What baricity level does 5% glucose addition to a solution primarily impact?

It elevates the solution to hyperbaric levels. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main routes for neuraxial blocks?

Epidural and Intrathecal Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebral location is preferred for performing an epidural in dogs?

L7-S1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main anatomical structure between which epidural injections occur?

Ligament flavum and dura mater Signup and view all the answers

In which species is the preferred epidural injection site commonly between S1-S3?

Cattle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of intrathecal injection?

It targets the arachnoid space filled with CSF. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a common epidural site in cats?

S3-Co1 Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical factor to consider for safe neuraxial blocking techniques?

Knowledge of the anatomy Signup and view all the answers

What structure is present in the arachnoid space that is relevant for intrathecal injections?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is associated with increasing intracranial pressure during epidural injection?

Raised intracranial pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of epidural injections compared to spinal injections?

Longer duration of effects Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the spread of drugs in the epidural space?

Time of day the injection is given Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can potentially result from a spill of local anesthetic into the venous system during an epidural procedure?

LA toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What complication could arise if the needle bevel is positioned incorrectly during an epidural injection?

Dural puncture Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why spinal injections are more reliable than epidural injections?

Placement directly into the CSF Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is NOT related to the effectiveness of drug spread in the epidural space?

Blood pressure of the patient at the time of injection Signup and view all the answers

Which potential complication could occur from cranial migration of the anesthetic during an epidural procedure?

Horner’s syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal positioning for administering a lumbosacral epidural?

Sternal recumbency with pelvic limbs extended cranially Signup and view all the answers

Where is the site of injection for a lumbosacral epidural?

Dorsal midline between L7 and S1 Signup and view all the answers

What identifies the epidural space during needle insertion?

A popping sensation indicating loss of resistance Signup and view all the answers

What angle should the needle be inserted for a sacrococcygeal epidural?

45 degrees cranially Signup and view all the answers

What type of needle is recommended for administering an epidural due to its reduced tissue damage?

Spinal needle or Tuohy needle Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a hanging drop technique during needle insertion?

To confirm negative pressure in the epidural space Signup and view all the answers

Which structure must be pierced to enter the epidural space during a lumbosacral injection?

Ligamentum flavum Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indicator of incorrect needle placement in the epidural space?

Air bubble compressing more than 50% of its size Signup and view all the answers

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Questions and Answers

What is true about hypobaric solutions in spinal anaesthesia?

What is the recommended position for an animal when using a hyperbaric solution for spinal anaesthesia?

Which of the following is NOT a relative contraindication for epidural anaesthesia?

What effect do local anaesthetics (LAs) have that can facilitate pelvic limb perfusion in certain conditions?

What baricity level does 5% glucose addition to a solution primarily impact?

What are the two main routes for neuraxial blocks?

Which vertebral location is preferred for performing an epidural in dogs?

What is the main anatomical structure between which epidural injections occur?

In which species is the preferred epidural injection site commonly between S1-S3?

What is the main characteristic of intrathecal injection?

Which of the following is an example of a common epidural site in cats?

What is a critical factor to consider for safe neuraxial blocking techniques?

What structure is present in the arachnoid space that is relevant for intrathecal injections?

Which complication is associated with increasing intracranial pressure during epidural injection?

What is a primary advantage of epidural injections compared to spinal injections?

Which factor does NOT affect the spread of drugs in the epidural space?

Which condition can potentially result from a spill of local anesthetic into the venous system during an epidural procedure?

What complication could arise if the needle bevel is positioned incorrectly during an epidural injection?

What is the primary reason why spinal injections are more reliable than epidural injections?

Which of these factors is NOT related to the effectiveness of drug spread in the epidural space?

Which potential complication could occur from cranial migration of the anesthetic during an epidural procedure?

What is the ideal positioning for administering a lumbosacral epidural?

Where is the site of injection for a lumbosacral epidural?

What identifies the epidural space during needle insertion?

What angle should the needle be inserted for a sacrococcygeal epidural?

What type of needle is recommended for administering an epidural due to its reduced tissue damage?

What is the purpose of using a hanging drop technique during needle insertion?

Which structure must be pierced to enter the epidural space during a lumbosacral injection?

What is a common indicator of incorrect needle placement in the epidural space?

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