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Questions and Answers
What is the smallest unit that can live on its own?
What is the smallest unit that can live on its own?
Which type of microscope uses visible light to observe cells?
Which type of microscope uses visible light to observe cells?
What does fluorescence refer to in cell microscopy?
What does fluorescence refer to in cell microscopy?
What is the purpose of a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?
What is the purpose of a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?
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What percentage of a cell's composition is typically water?
What percentage of a cell's composition is typically water?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a macromolecule in biology?
Which of the following is NOT considered a macromolecule in biology?
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Which type of microscope is specifically used to study the fine details of cell surfaces?
Which type of microscope is specifically used to study the fine details of cell surfaces?
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Which macromolecule is classified as a polymer?
Which macromolecule is classified as a polymer?
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Which macromolecule is not classified as a polymer?
Which macromolecule is not classified as a polymer?
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What reaction is involved in the formation of polymers from monomers?
What reaction is involved in the formation of polymers from monomers?
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How are disaccharides formed?
How are disaccharides formed?
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Which storage polysaccharide is used by plants?
Which storage polysaccharide is used by plants?
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In what form do vertebrates primarily store glucose?
In what form do vertebrates primarily store glucose?
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What is the process by which polymers are disassembled into monomers?
What is the process by which polymers are disassembled into monomers?
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What is a defining characteristic of the glycosidic linkages in starch and cellulose?
What is a defining characteristic of the glycosidic linkages in starch and cellulose?
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Which carbohydrate is used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons?
Which carbohydrate is used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons?
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What is the formula for maltose, given that glucose has the formula C6H12O6?
What is the formula for maltose, given that glucose has the formula C6H12O6?
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What type of isomers are glucose and fructose?
What type of isomers are glucose and fructose?
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What are triacylglycerols composed of?
What are triacylglycerols composed of?
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Which of the following best describes saturated fats?
Which of the following best describes saturated fats?
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What characterizes the head of a phospholipid?
What characterizes the head of a phospholipid?
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What distinguishes phospholipids from fats?
What distinguishes phospholipids from fats?
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What is the primary function of steroids in the body?
What is the primary function of steroids in the body?
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What type of molecule is cholesterol classified as?
What type of molecule is cholesterol classified as?
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Study Notes
Levels of Organization
- Cells are the most basic unit in all organisms
- Cells are made up of molecules and organelles
Microscopes
- Microscopes are used to study cells
- Light microscopes use visible light and magnifying lenses to view cells
- Fluorescent microscopy captures the glow of fluorescent molecules in cells
- Electron microscopes use electron beams to study cells
- Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) are used to study cell interiors
- Scanning electron microscopes (SEM) are used to study the surface of cells
Macromolecules
- Most of a cell is composed of water (70%)
- The remaining portion (30%) is made up of structural and functional molecules
- Macromolecules are large molecules made up of lipids or monomers (building blocks)
- Polysaccharides = Polymers (chain of monomers)
- Lipids = Not true polymers, but can be large molecules
- Nucleic acids = Polymers
- Proteins = Polymers
Polymers
- Polymers are chains of monomers linked by covalent bonds
- Polymers form through dehydration reactions (water is removed) and are broken down by hydrolysis (water is added)
Polysaccharides
- Polysaccharides are long carbohydrate chains
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Storage Polysaccharides
- Plants store starch (amylopectin and amylose)
- Animals store glycogen
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Structural Polysaccharides
- Cellulose - Forms cell walls in plants
- Chitin - Builds exoskeletons for arthropods
Lipids
- Diverse group of hydrophobic molecules (don't mix with water)
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Classes of Lipids
- Fats
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
Fatty Acids
- Long carbon chains with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end
- Saturated fats - Have no carbon double bonds
- Unsaturated fats - Have at least one carbon double bond
Fats
- Fats are composed of glycerol and fatty acids
- Triacylglycerols have three fatty acids attached to a glycerol
Phospholipids
- Phospholipids have two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol
- Have a polar (hydrophilic) head and two non-polar (hydrophobic) tails
- Important for cell membranes
Steroids
- Have four fused rings
- Cholesterol is an important steroid that is used to synthesize other steroid compounds, including sex hormones
High Fructose Corn Syrup
- Corn syrup is made up of glucose that is converted to fructose
- High fructose corn syrup is widely used in processed food and drinks
- Fructose is a sweeter isomer of glucose
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