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What is one of the functions of the skeletal system?
What are the two divisions of the skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
The skull consists entirely of facial bones.
False
What is the purpose of the skull?
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Which of the following bones is part of the upper extremity?
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How many pairs of ribs are there in the rib cage?
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What are the three sections of the vertebral column?
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What type of tissue are bones also called?
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What is the role of osteoblasts?
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The rib cage consists of ___ pairs of ribs.
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What are the components of the pelvic girdle?
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Match the following bones with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Provides internal framework for the body
- Supports the body
- Protects internal organs
- Points of attachment for muscles
- Produces blood cells
- Stores minerals
Organs of the Skeletal System
- Bones of the skeleton
- Joints
Skeleton Divisions
- Axial skeleton
- Appendicular skeleton
Axial Skeleton
- Head
- Neck
- Spine (vertebral column)
- Chest (rib cage)
- Trunk
The Skull
- Protects the brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, and oral cavity
- Provides attachment for muscles of chewing and turning the head
- Divided into two parts:
- Cranium
- Facial bones
Cranial Bones
- Frontal: forehead
- Parietal: upper sides and roof of the skull
- Temporal: sides and base of the skull
- Ethmoid: part of the eye orbit, nose, and floor of the skull
- Sphenoid: part of the floor of the skull
- Occipital: back and base of the skull
Appendicular Skeleton
- Pectoral girdle
- Upper extremity
- Pelvic girdle
- Lower extremity
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
- Attaches upper extremity to the axial skeleton
- Articulates with:
- Sternum anteriorly
- Vertebral column posteriorly
- Consists of:
- Clavicle (collar bone)
- Scapula (shoulder blade)
Bones of the Upper Extremity
-
Arm:
- Humerus (upper arm)
- Ulna (part of forearm)
- Radius (part of forearm)
- Carpals (wrist bones)
- Metacarpals (hand bones)
- Phalanges (finger bones)
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
- Also called os coxae, innominate bone, or hip bone
- Attaches the lower extremity to the axial skeleton
- Articulates with sacrum posteriorly
- Consists of:
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
Bones of the Lower Extremity
-
Leg:
- Femur (thigh bone)
- Patella (knee cap)
- Tibia (shin bone)
- Fibula (lower leg bone)
- Tarsals (ankle bones)
- Metatarsals (foot bones)
- Phalanges (toe bones)
The Rib Cage
- Consists of 12 pairs of ribs
- Ribs attach to the vertebral column at the back
- Provides support for organs, such as the heart and lungs
True Ribs
- 10 pairs in front attached to the sternum
- 7 pairs attach directly to the sternum
- 3 pairs attach to the costal cartilage of the 7th rib
Floating Ribs
- Inferior 2 pairs
- No attachment in front
The Vertebral Column
- Divided into five sections:
- Cervical (7 vertebrae in the neck)
- Thoracic (12 vertebrae in the chest)
- Lumbar (5 vertebrae in the low back)
- Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae at the base of the spine)
- Coccyx (3-5 small vertebrae attached to the sacrum)
Bones
- Also called osseous tissue
- One of the hardest materials in the body
- Formed from a gradual process before birth called ossification
- Fetal skeleton is formed from a cartilage model
Bone Formation
- Flexible tissue is gradually replaced by osteoblasts (immature bone cells)
- In adult bones, osteoblasts mature into osteocytes
- The formation of strong bones depends on an adequate supply of minerals
Bone Structure
| Bone Type | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Long bones | Longer than wide | Femur, humerus |
| Short bones | Roughly as long as wide | Carpals, tarsals |
| Flat bones | Plate-shaped | Sternum, scapula, pelvis |
| Irregular bones | Shape very irregular | Vertebrae |
Hyoid Bone
- Single U-shaped bone
- Located in the neck, between the mandible and the larynx
- Provides attachment for swallowing and speech muscles
The Trunk
- Composed of:
- Vertebral column
- Sternum
- Rib cage
Epiphysis
- Wide ends of long bones (distal and proximal)
- Articular cartilage covers the epiphysis, which prevents bone rubbing on bone
Periosteum
- Covers the surface of the bone not covered by articular cartilage
- Thin connective tissue membrane that contains numerous nerves and lymphatic vessels
Cancellous Bone
- Also called spongy bone
- Found inside bone
- Has spaces containing red bone marrow
- Manufactures blood cells
Bone Projections and Depressions
- Projection: a projection from the surface of a bone
- Rough processes: provide places for muscle attachment
- Smooth rounded processes articulate with another bone in a joint
- Named for shape and location
Facial Bones
- Mandible: (lower jawbone)
- Maxilla: (upper jawbone)
- Zygomatic: cheek bones
- Vomer: part of the nasal septum
- Palatine: hard palate and floor of the nose
- Nasal: part of the nasal septum and bridge of the nose
- Lacrimal: inner corner of the eye
Anatomy and Physiology of the Skeletal System
- Bones are body organs with blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
- Bones are connected to each other to form the skeleton
- This provides a framework for the body
- There are 206 bones in the adult human body
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