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Introduction

• Animation involves displaying still images rapidly to create a motion illusion.
• The images can be hand-drawn, computer-generated, or from 3D objects.
• The main animation types are traditional animation, stop motion, and computer-generated imagery.
• Persistence of vision creates the illusion of continuous motion.
• The viewer's brain stores images briefly, smoothing out any gaps, resulting in continuous motion.

Key Animation Terms

• Animation: The process of creating a continuous motion by displaying a sequence of static images quickly.
• Phi phenomenon: An optical illusion where continuous motion is perceived between separate objects seen rapidly in succession.
• Frames: Define animation through a combination of the image displayed and the display time.
• Key frames are single, still images that represent important points in an animated sequence.
  • they are always user-created
• Tween frames create the illusion of motion with intermediate frames for smooth transitions between key frames.
  • A minimum of 24 frames per second (fps) is needed for smooth animation.

Media Types

• Animations can be recorded on analog or digital media.
• Analog devices like clocks move continuously, while digital devices show a limited number of times.
• Digital media is non-linear, allowing editing or playback from any point.
• Digital information doesn't degrade over time.

Types of Animation

• Animation creation methods involve traditional animation and stop-motion of two- and three-dimensional objects.
• Images are typically shown at 24, 25, or 30 frames per second.
• The animation types include flip book, traditional, cut-out, clay, stop motion, and computer animation.
• Flip book animation is a primitive method using pencils and drawing pads.
• Traditional animation, or cel animation, involves drawing each frame by hand.
• Cut-out animation uses flat characters and props made from materials like paper or fabric.
• Clay animation, or Claymation, uses characters made of clay.
• Stop-motion animation manipulates real-world objects and photographs them frame by frame.

Computer Animation

• Computer animation uses computer graphics to generate animated images.
• Modern computer animation uses 3D computer graphics and 2D graphics.
• 2D animation is used for stylistic, low bandwidth and faster real-time renderings.
• Digital animation is successor to stop motion, using 3D models and 2D illustrations.
• 2D animation is also known as hand-drawn 2D or traditional animation.
• in traditional animation artists create 12 drawings on paper for a single second of film.
• the drawings are then scanned into a computer for post-production.
• Digital 2D animation involves drawing frames directly on software with a mouse or pen tablet.
• Computer-generated animations are more controllable and allow for images not feasible otherwise.

History of Animation

• Animation involves recording images that change over time to create the illusion of motion.
• Figures in motion were depicted in static art as far back as the Paleolithic era.
• In the first century BC, Ding Huan invented a zoetrope-like device that created movement from static images.
• The cinématographe, invented in 1894, projected moving pictures on a screen.
• The first animated projection was created in France by Charles-Émile Reynaud.
• "Pauvre Pierrot" is notable as the first animation projected in public and had film perforations.
• The "Enchanted Drawing" included animated sequences in standard picture film.
• "Humorous Phases of Funny Faces" from 1906, is the first entirely animated film.

Traditional Animation Production

• Emile Cohl created the first film using what came to be known as traditional animation creation methods - the 1908 Fantasmagorie.
  • Consisted of a stick figure moving about and encountering morphing objects and sections where the animator's hand appeared.
• Wladyslaw Starewicz directs "The Beautiful Lukanida" from 1912, regarded as the first puppet-animated film.
• Winsor McCay directed highly detailed, hand-drawn animations requiring teams of animators to draw each frame.
  • Includes works like "Little Nemo," "Gertie the Dinosaur," and "The Sinking of the Lusitania."
• Short animated films became an industry throughout the 1910s
• John Randolph Bray patented the cel animation process, dominating the industry, with animator Earl Hurd.
• "El Apóstol", a 1917 Argentine film utilizing cutout animation, is considered the world's first animated film.
• Full Animation utilizes plausible movements and detailed drawings.
• Limited Animation pioneered by United Productions of America, uses stylized drawings and methods of movement.
• Max Fleischer patented Rotoscoping, animating live-action movement frame by frame.

Traditional Animation

• Used for most animated films of the 20th century by tracing drawing of frame.
• Today, animators are using digital tools to preserve "look" traditional cel animation.
• "Tradigital" or digitized animation is cel animation using computer technology.
• Flip books offer versatility because not limited .

Stop Motion Animation

• Is animation captured one frame at time with physical objects were moved during frames of capture.
• Basic animation includes photographing character/ objects, moving, and a photograph.

Categories of Stop Motion Animation

• Puppet Animation includes stop-motion puppets interacting in a constructed environment
• Cutout Animation involves moving two-dimensional pieces of material like paper or cloth
• Model Animation is stop-motion animation in a in live-action
• Plastacline Animation is clay figure stop-motion with wires for support if needed
• Graphic Animation uses visual graphic material that get manipulated into frame by frame
• Object Animation uses inanimate object with no edits for animation
• Pixilation involved people to move, disappear, and teleport during edits
• Go Motion was created by the Industrial Light and Magic and Phil Tippett during the movie Empire strikes back

2D and 3D Animation

• 2D involves using bitmap and vector graphics in the process of drawing, tweening, and the use of pen tablet and mouth and low graphics cards
• 3D model, 3D figure rigged to a format and then animated for marketing
• Computer animation is essentially a digital successor to the stop motion techniques involved traditonal animation
• Both can be used for animation and creation in the field of TV, film, advertising, video and gaming

Animation Pipeline

• Is logically organizational structures to produce an organized feature film that changes for various reasons
• Requirements are changing depending on the money and and quality
• In order to create the proper animations, one needs to make the storyboard, voice record, design concepts for objects,texturing, rigging, and animation
• 2D is very different from 3D, as 2D deals with traditional animation, and relies more upon the knowledge and editing power of using software

Two Categories of Animation

• Modern CG deals with Toy story, Shack which involved computer animation with a set of team, lights and props
• Traditional includes Bug bunny, Elmer fudd etc to help develop characters

Preproduction

• Involves preparing a set of film
• Storyboarding to get an exact detailed schedule for actors
• Preproduction ends when planning ends and all content is produced

Storytelling

• In order to create a good story Board you must set up your story with direction, script and a good feel the world
• Storytelling has to include the layout where the people are viewing at in the source or content Animatics was created to make inexpensive test commercials or to recreate a scene with sounds and music Photomatic provides visual layout with any edits being described for a file