2027 Social Psychology Chapter Notes

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Questions and Answers

What happens when there is limited ability to process information?

Attitudes are formed more accurately

Focus shifts to peripheral route processing (correct)

Information is processed more efficiently

Focus remains on central route processing

Which statement about message characteristics is true for central route processing?

Visual endorsements enhance persuasion

Emotional appeals are most effective

Peripheral cues dominate the persuasion process

Logical, well-structured arguments are more effective (correct)

What did the study by Defluer and Westie (1958) assess in relation to racial attitudes?

The efficacy of peripheral processing in social scenarios

Behavioral tendencies based on implicit attitudes

Overall racial tolerance in college campuses

The consistency of explicit self-reported attitudes and actual behavior (correct)

In the implicit association test (IAT), what represents a congruent trial?

White faces + positive words (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding regarding participants' attitudes and their behavior in the Defluer and Westie study?

Many expressed favorable attitudes but did not act consistently (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant emotional response observed in participants from southern states after being insulted?

Anger (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the study, what physiological changes were noted in southerners after being insulted?

Increased cortisol and testosterone (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the 'game of chicken' study, how did the behavior of southerners differ when an insult was present?

They stood their ground longer (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the frustration aggression theory suggest about aggression?

It is related to perceived goals being blocked (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Harris in 1974, what was the cue that provoked aggressive responses in participants?

Being cut in line (B) Signup and view all the answers

How did the response to insults differ between participants from northern and southern US cultures?

Southerners were more emotionally reactive (A) Signup and view all the answers

What cultural concept does the study by Cohen and Nisbett primarily focus on?

Culture of honour (D) Signup and view all the answers

What behavior was commonly associated with southerners when they perceived an insult?

Engaging in dominant behavior (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents key moral virtues in the authority/subversion perspective?

Respect, obedience, and deference (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the trigger for the sanctity/degradation perspective primarily involve?

Symbols perceived as impure or degraded (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the decision-making model outlined by Latane and Darley, what barrier can impede the recognition of an event requiring attention?

Being preoccupied or focused on something else (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily suggested about the relationship between physiological responses and emotions?

Emotions are the result of perceived bodily changes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which barrier is associated with the interpretation of a situation as an emergency under the bystander intervention model?

Pluralistic ignorance (B) Signup and view all the answers

What barrier might prevent someone from taking responsibility in a helping situation?

Deindividuation in a crowd (B) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of James' theory did Cannon critique regarding visceral changes?

Visceral responses are too slow to sustain emotion. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which experimental finding weakened the validity of James's theory as suggested by Maranon's study?

Only a third reported any emotional response despite physiological changes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the decision-making model must an individual assess their capability to provide assistance?

Decide how to help (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does Schachter's two-factor theory differ from James's views on emotion?

It highlights the necessity of physiological arousal with cognitive interpretation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects the decision to help by creating a fear of potential failure in intervention?

Audience inhibition (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the moral virtues associated with the sanctity/degradation perspective?

Purity, sanctity, and self-control (A) Signup and view all the answers

What analogy is used to describe the pre-programmed responses of the mind to emotional stimuli?

Lock and key analogy (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of virtue?

Virtue involves actions that benefit a group, leading to individual recognition and power. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes vice from virtue according to the content provided?

Vice involves actions that diminish the well-being of others. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was found by Brinker et al. (2018) regarding senators and their speeches?

Senators displaying virtue in speeches convinced more colleagues to support bills. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Galinsky et al. (2006), what was the primary effect of feeling powerful on participants?

Participants were less likely to consider others' perspectives when drawing the letter E. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of interdependence influence the cultural self?

It encourages an outward focus on social situations and relationships. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do clear boundaries between ingroup and outgroup signify in the autonomous self?

A stable and consistent self-definition across contexts. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the typical American housing structure metaphorically represent?

A focus on individuality and personal space. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role do binding attributes play in an interdependent self-concept?

They become the main focus of identity over internal traits. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not contribute to increased aggression according to the research?

Increased levels of happiness (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary finding of Anderson's 1989 study on crime rates?

Higher temperatures predict elevated rates of violent crimes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does social learning theory suggest about aggression?

Aggression can be learned by observing others and imitating their behavior. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment, what was primarily examined?

How children imitate aggressive behavior after observing it. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains the relationship between hot weather and aggression?

Higher temperatures may cause physiological discomfort, which can increase aggressive behavior. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable outcome from Anderson et al.'s 2010 study?

Those who viewed violence were more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviors afterwards. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Kruglanski et al., what type of frustration is particularly associated with aggression?

Frustration that feels demeaning and threatens personal worth. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What did Larrick et al. (2011) discover about baseball pitchers in hot weather?

Hot weather leads to more pitchers hitting batters intentionally. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Self-evaluation is a fundamental process in social psychology, focusing on how individuals assess their own abilities, traits, and behaviours. Self-concept and self-esteem are influenced by this process.
Self-schema represents beliefs and feelings about oneself, stored in the memory. Self-esteem has stable and culturally influenced aspects.
Self-enhancement motivates individuals to view themselves positively, highlighting personal strengths and downplaying weaknesses. Self-affirmation theory explains how maintaining self-worth is possible even after facing threats.
Social comparison is evaluating abilities or opinions by comparing them with others. Downward comparison (comparing to someone worse) boosts self-esteem, while upward comparison (comparing to someone better) can be demotivating.
Cultural self-concept examines differences between interdependent (emphasizing group) and independent (emphasizing individual) views of self. Cultural norms influence self-esteem and how people respond to failure.
Self-regulation involves managing one's behaviour to achieve goals and avoid negative outcomes. Two systems, BAS (behavioural activation system) and BIS (behavioural inhibition system) govern these responses.
The behavioural activation system is involved with pursuing positive outcomes and experiencing emotions like happiness and anger.
The behavioural inhibition system involves avoiding negative outcomes and associating with emotions like fear and sadness.
Cognitive Dissonance: discomfort felt when attitudes and behaviour are inconsistent, leading to attitude change to resolve the conflict.
Effort Justification: people tend to increase the value of something they have invested substantial effort into.
Construal Level Theory explains how psychological distance influences the level of abstraction in how we think about an object or event. Abstract construal involves the broader meaning (why) and concrete construal involves specifics (how).
Social Attributions: explaining people's behaviour; internal attributions refer to dispositional factors.
Physiological Factors on Emotions influence emotional responses by triggering physical reactions like hormonal changes, changes in heart rate, or emotional expressions..
Prejudice and discrimination: prejudice involves negative attitudes towards particular groups, while discrimination represents behaviour based on these prejudices. Cognitive and behavioural components shape these attitudes.
Cultural Dimensions: Culture's influence on how people are socialized can impact behaviours relating to conformity and obedience.
Conformity: changing behaviour to match group norms, either for acceptance or to gain the perception of what is important in a situation. Normative conformity occurs when the goal is gaining acceptance, while informational conformity occurs when the goal is attaining correct information.
Obedience: agreeing to the requests of those with authority over us. The foot-in-door technique and door-in-the-face technique are two compliance techniques used to gain consensus.
Aggression: intentional behaviour aimed at causing psychological or physical harm to others; hostile aggression involves anger and hostility, while instrumental aggression involves accomplishing a goal.
Helping Behaviour: altruism involves helping others with no personal gain; egoism entails helping for personal benefit or rewards.
Bystander Effect: the decreased likelihood of helping in an emergency when others are present due to diffusion of responsibility.
Improving Health Behaviour: promoting healthier choices through various means such as addressing hypocrisy, providing accurate information about risks, and understanding how motivation and ability impact behaviours.

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Explore the key concepts of self-evaluation, self-schema, and social comparison in social psychology. This quiz delves into how self-concept and self-esteem are influenced by individual beliefs and cultural contexts. Test your understanding of self-enhancement and the effects of cultural views on self-perception.