Questions and Answers
Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances?
replication
Correlational research is most useful for purposes of:
prediction
If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that extends from the upper left to the lower right, what does this suggest about the two variables?
negatively correlated
Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate their ability to have predicted the election outcome. What does this best illustrate?
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In order to assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in her college's alphabetical listing. What technique did she employ?
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In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000. What is the mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes?
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The mean of a distribution of scores is the:
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To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control conditions can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of:
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The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our own attitudes is known as:
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Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?
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Which of the following methods is most helpful for revealing cause-effect relationships?
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Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as:
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A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +0.60 would indicate that:
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In order to discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to employ:
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Our tendency to notice and remember instances in which a premonition of an unlikely phone call is actually followed by the call most clearly contributes to:
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Study Notes
Research Techniques
- Replication: Involves repeating a previous study using different participants and scenarios to verify findings.
- Random Sampling: Method where every nth participant is selected from a population to ensure an unbiased representation.
Types of Research
- Correlational Research: Primarily useful for making predictions about relationships between variables.
- Experimental Research: Most effective method for establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
Correlation Insights
- Negatively Correlated Variables: Visualized by a scatterplot pattern extending from the upper left to the lower right.
- Weak Correlation Coefficient: A coefficient of -0.12 indicates a weak relationship between two variables.
Bias and Cognitive Effects
- Hindsight Bias: Tendency for individuals to believe they could have predicted an event after it has occurred, often observed in election outcomes.
- Overestimation Thinking Effect: The phenomenon where people overestimate the degree to which others share their attitudes or beliefs.
- Illusory Correlation: A cognitive bias where individuals remember instances that confirm a premonition, even if a true correlation does not exist.
Data Analysis Concepts
- Mode: The most frequently occurring value in a data set, e.g., in a group where incomes are $10,000, $10,000, $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, the mode is $10,000.
- Mean: The arithmetic average of a set of scores, calculated by summing all scores and dividing by the number of scores.
Research Methodologies
- Naturalistic Observation: Science of observing subjects in their natural environment, such as studying chimpanzee societies.
- Double-Blind Procedure: Used to minimize placebo effects by ensuring neither participants nor experimenters know who is receiving the treatment.
Applications of Correlation
- Predicting Political Preferences: Economic status can be evaluated to forecast political preferences through correlational measures.
- Physical Attractiveness and Dating Frequency: A positive correlation of +0.60 indicates that individuals with less frequent dating are often viewed as less physically attractive.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts in psychology through this engaging quiz. Focus on replication, correlational research, and scatterplot interpretation to enhance your understanding of psychological research methods. Ideal for students preparing for psychology exams.
