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Research Methods in Psychology
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Research Methods in Psychology

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Questions and Answers

What does high internal validity indicate regarding a study's results?

  • Findings are likely applicable in diverse settings.
  • The study used a non-representative sample.
  • Results can be influenced by unrelated variables.
  • Other explanations for the results have been ruled out. (correct)

    • Which question is primarily concerned with internal validity?

  • Can the study findings be generalized?
  • Is the study methodologically sound? (correct)
  • Are the findings affected by external influences?
  • How do the results apply to the real world?

    • Which of the following is considered a threat to internal validity?

  • Non-representative samples.
  • Artificial settings.
  • Limited ecological validity.
  • Confounding variables. (correct)

    • What is the focus of external validity?

    <p>Generalizing findings to other contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a pre-post study, what is the first step of the structure?

    <p>Pretest measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is critical for ensuring the observed effects in an experiment are real?

    <p>Internal validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary concern of external validity?

    <p>Whether results apply to other settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT relate to internal validity?

    <p>Artificial settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary purpose of correlational research?

    <p>Identify relationships between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes a limitation of experimental research?

    <p>It may lack generalizability to real-world scenarios.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines independent variables in experimental research?

    <p>Factors manipulated by the researcher to observe effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes experimental research from correlational research?

    <p>Experimental research establishes causality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature must be present in an experimental design?

    <p>Manipulation and control of independent variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of correlational research?

    <p>Manipulation of independent variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential advantage of using correlational research?

    <p>It can analyze large datasets without manipulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might an experimental research study face ethical limitations?

    <p>It may require manipulation of variables that can harm participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of random assignment in experimental design?

    <p>To balance individual characteristics across different groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of within-subjects design?

    <p>Increased potential for practice effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In single-factor designs, what does the term 'factor' refer to?

    <p>The independent variable being manipulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines manipulated variables in research?

    <p>They are actively manipulated by the researcher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important condition for using matching instead of random assignment?

    <p>The number of participants is small</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes extraneous variables?

    <p>They can influence the dependent variable if not controlled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue may arise if condition A consistently comes before condition B in a within-subjects design?

    <p>Carryover effects affecting the results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is most effective in ensuring equivalent groups when dealing with a small sample size?

    <p>Matching participants based on relevant characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consequence of not controlling extraneous variables?

    <p>It leads to confounding effects in the experimental results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about subject variables is true?

    <p>They can be used as independent variables by participant grouping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of experimental designs, what does the term 'level' signify?

    <p>Specific varied conditions of the factor being tested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect that can reduce the statistical power in a within-subjects design?

    <p>Effects of prior condition exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of variable mentioned in the content?

    <p>Controlled variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do instructional variables influence an experiment?

    <p>By varying the instructions leading to different outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to control situational variables in an experiment?

    <p>They can systematically affect the behavior of participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following illustrates a potential confounding variable?

    <p>A change in room temperature during an experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of correlational research?

    <p>To explore the relationship between two or more variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a correlation coefficient of -0.8 indicate?

    <p>A strong negative relationship between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding correlational research?

    <p>It can identify whether variables are associated or related.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which design type examines the differences between groups in terms of variables without manipulating them?

    <p>Correlational research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it crucial to remember that correlation does not imply causation?

    <p>Because other variables may influence the relationship observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a study where higher levels of stress are found to correspond with lower academic performance, what type of research is being conducted?

    <p>Correlational research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can limit the complexity of a research study involving participant design?

    <p>Number of participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationship does a correlation coefficient closer to +1 suggest?

    <p>A direct relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Methods

    • Correlational Research: Examines the relationship between variables, observing natural occurrences without manipulation.
      • Identifies associations between variables.
      • Cannot establish causality.
      • Uses observational, survey, and archival data.
      • Advantages: Useful for large datasets and when manipulation is not possible.
      • Limitations: Cannot infer causation; confounding variables may exist.
    • Experimental Research: Establishes causality by manipulating variables and controlling for confounding factors.
      • Employs controlled and randomized designs.
      • Advantages: Provides strong evidence for cause-and-effect.
      • Limitations: May lack generalizability and present ethical challenges.

    Features of an Experiment

    • Independent Variable (IV): The factor actively manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
      • Considered the "cause" in the cause-and-effect relationship.
      • Requires at least two levels or conditions to allow for comparison.
      • Levels can be manipulated (actively changed by the researcher) or subject variables (pre-existing participant traits).
    • Dependent Variable (DV): The outcome or response being measured in an experiment.
    • Extraneous Variables: Factors other than the IV that could influence the DV.
      • Must be controlled to avoid confounding, which occurs when an extraneous variable changes systematically along with the IV.
      • Leads to internal validity, meaning alternative explanations for results are ruled out.
    • Internal Validity: Focuses on establishing a cause-and-effect relationship within the study.
      • Ensures changes in the DV are due to the IV, not other influences.
      • Threats include confounding variables, selection bias, maturation, history, and demand characteristics.
    • External Validity: Focuses on generalizing research findings to broader contexts outside the study.
      • Concerns whether results apply to other populations, settings, or times.
      • Threats include non-representative samples, artificial settings, and limitations in ecological or population validity.

    Pre-Post Studies

    • Structure: Measure DV before treatment (pretest), apply IV (treatment), then measure DV again (posttest).
    • Steps to Conduct:
      • Identify the research question and define the IV and DV.
      • Ensure pre-test conditions don't influence post-test conditions.

    Between-Subjects Designs

    • Used when IV is a subject variable (e.g., extroversion, marital status).
    • Employs random assignment (distributing individual factors evenly across groups) and matching (creating comparable groups on a matching variable).

    Within-Subjects Designs

    • Advantages: Fewer participants needed, no problems with equivalent groups, increased statistical power.
    • Disadvantages: Practice effects, fatigue effects, and carryover effects (impact of previous condition on the current one).

    Single-Factor Designs

    • Focus on one independent variable (factor) and examine its effect on a dependent variable.
    • Vocabulary:
      • Factor: The independent variable being tested.
      • Level: The different variations or states of the factor being investigated.

    Correlational Research

    • Examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulation.
    • Key Points:
      • Identifies statistical relationships between variables.
      • Uses correlation coefficient to measure relationship strength and direction (-1 to +1).
      • Does not imply causation.

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