Questions and Answers
What was the Korean War referred to by President Truman?
A Police Action
What resolution allowed President Lyndon Johnson to escalate U.S. involvement in Vietnam?
Gulf of Tonkin
What was the approximate number of American casualties in the Vietnam War?
58,000
Who was the Communist leader of Cuba who led a revolution in 1959?
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What two sides was Germany divided into after World War II?
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What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan?
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What doctrine aimed to provide aid to Greece and Turkey against communism?
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What symbol of the Cold War was built by the Soviet Union in Berlin?
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What was the Berlin Airlift?
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What military alliance was formed by the United States and its allies?
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What was the Warsaw Pact?
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What was the objective of the Bay of Pigs invasion?
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What event is known as the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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Who was a prominent figure in the anti-communist movement known for his fear tactics?
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What was the first artificial satellite launched by the USSR?
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What was the United States' project to send a man into space called?
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What was the Apollo program known for?
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What is the belief that it was the right of the United States to occupy all of America from sea to shining sea?
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What thesis announced the official end of the American Frontier in 1890?
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Which war promoted the growth of industrialism in the late 1800s?
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Who was the railroad baron known as the Commodore and had a college in Tennessee named after him?
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Who monopolized the steel industry using vertical integration and donated millions to education?
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Which inventor developed the air-braking system and alternating current?
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Who became wealthy due to the invention of the sleeping car and was associated with the 1894 Strike?
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Which inventor is known for inventing the telephone?
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Who is credited with the invention of the light bulb and phonograph?
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Which oil magnate used horizontal integration to control the oil business?
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Who developed the food processing industry, particularly in meat packing?
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What term describes the idea that the strongest societies will survive and was used to justify monopolies?
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What scandal involved distillers cheating the U.S. government out of tax revenue?
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What political machine controlled New York City politics in the late 1800s?
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Who invented barbed wire and helped end the open range?
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Who invented the typewriter?
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Who made milk chocolate widely available to the world?
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Who is credited with inventing the telegraph?
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Who purchased Carnegie Steel and created U.S. Steel?
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What act required government employees to pass a Civil Service Exam?
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What was the first government attempt to regulate business and required railroads to charge fair rates?
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What political movement advocated for the common people and favored government ownership of railroads?
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Which phrase coined by Mark Twain describes the period of extravagant wealth and poverty from 1865-1900?
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What act attempted to Americanize Native Americans by dividing reservations into family-sized plots?
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What term describes people who came to America to escape harsh conditions in their own countries?
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What term refers to American immigrants from Western Europe searching for religious freedom?
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What term describes immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, primarily Catholic and seeking jobs?
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What term describes the feelings of hostility towards immigrants favoring American products and people?
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Who created the Hull House to assist the inner-city poor?
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Who was the photographer that highlighted the harsh conditions in cities during the Gilded Age?
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What ideology encouraged spreading American culture to less fortunate nations?
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What 1898 event involved the explosion of the USS Maine and led to the Spanish-American War?
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What amendment made it illegal to manufacture or distribute alcoholic beverages?
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What project helped Panama gain independence and linked the Atlantic and Pacific oceans?
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What term describes sensational journalism used to promote the Spanish-American War?
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What idea suggests that the United States should be involved in world affairs?
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What idea encourages avoiding involvement in world affairs?
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What movement gained women the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment?
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Who cast the tie-breaking vote in favor of the 19th Amendment in Tennessee?
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Who was the national director of the Women's Suffrage Movement and lobbied for the 19th Amendment?
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What act allowed Congress to investigate corruption due to muckrakers' findings?
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Who is known for exposing illegal actions committed by the Standard Oil Company?
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Who wrote 'The Jungle' to expose the conditions in meatpacking plants?
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What acronym describes the causes of the Great War: Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, and Anarchy?
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Who was the first pilot to fly solo nonstop from New York City to Paris?
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What became a centerpiece of the home in the 1920s, used for communication by FDR?
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What factors contributed to the Great Depression, including overspeculation and unemployment?
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What term describes shantytowns made from scrap materials during the Great Depression?
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What term refers to pockets turned inside out to protest the poor economy?
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What term refers to newspapers used to cover up with due to the poor economy?
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What group of veterans marched on Washington D.C. to demand bonuses in 1932?
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What famous highway did many travel to California during the Great Depression?
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What environmental disaster resulted from poor farming practices and drought in the Southern Great Plains?
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What plan was implemented by FDR to end the Great Depression, focusing on relief, recovery, and reform?
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What program created a pension plan for retired citizens and the disabled?
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What agency employed workers to build infrastructure and public projects during the Great Depression?
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What agency was created by the New Deal to manage flood control and provide jobs?
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What act was created to establish confidence in the nation's banks?
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What program employed young men to build parks and plant trees during the Great Depression?
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Who became the symbol of the working woman during World War II?
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What act gave workers the right to join labor unions and established minimum wage?
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What event involved FDR closing all banks for 4 days to restore trust?
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Who were the Axis powers during World War II?
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Who were the Allied powers during World War II?
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What secret project aimed to develop an atomic weapon during World War II?
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What Tennessee city was created to help construct atomic weapons?
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Which two Japanese cities were destroyed by atomic bombs in August 1945?
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What event brought women into the workforce and increased daycare availability during World War II?
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What legislation provided veterans with opportunities for education and business loans after WWII?
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What was the term for the systematic genocide of Jews during World War II?
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What executive order placed Japanese Americans into internment camps during WWII?
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Who was the Secretary of State under FDR and is considered the 'Father of the United Nations'?
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What event is known as the 'Day of Infamy' that occurred on December 7, 1941?
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What battle became a turning point in the Pacific during WWII?
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What was Operation Torch in 1943?
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What is known as D-Day?
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What day is known as VE Day?
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What day is known as VJ Day?
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What was the U.S. policy designed to prevent communism from spreading after WWII?
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What theory suggested that if one nation fell to Communism, others would follow?
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Who is considered the father of Communism, aiming for a classless society?
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What term describes Southern Democrats who opposed desegregation?
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What conflict is known as the most brutal war America has participated in from 1950-1953?
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Study Notes
Manifest Destiny
- Belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
Turner's Frontier Thesis
- Declared the official end of the American Frontier in 1890.
The Civil War
- Conflict between the Confederate and Union states that accelerated industrial growth in the late 1800s.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
- Notable railroad and shipping magnate during the Gilded Age, known as "The Commodore."
Andrew Carnegie
- Industrialist who founded U.S. Steel using vertical integration; philanthropist who supported libraries and schools.
George Westinghouse
- Innovator who developed the air-braking system and alternating current for long-distance power transmission.
George Pullman
- Wealthy creator of the sleeping car; involved in the violent Pullman Strike of 1894.
Alexander Graham Bell
- Inventor of the telephone; contributed to communication advancements for both hearing and deaf individuals.
Thomas Edison
- Renowned inventor known for the light bulb, phonograph, and early motion pictures.
John D. Rockefeller
- Founder of Standard Oil; utilized horizontal integration to dominate the oil industry.
Gustavus Swift and Philip Armour
- Key figures in establishing the modern food processing industry, particularly meat packing.
Social Darwinism
- Philosophy suggesting that stronger societies prevail; used to justify monopolies and government non-intervention.
Whiskey Ring
- Scandal where distillers collaborated with politicians to evade taxes, leading to public calls for reform.
Tammany Hall
- Dominant political machine in NYC, led by Boss Tweed, known for corruption and exposed by cartoonist Thomas Nast.
Joseph Glidden
- Inventor of barbed wire, which ended the era of open-range cattle ranching.
Christopher Sholes
- Inventor of the typewriter, revolutionizing written communication.
Milton Hershey
- Chocolate magnate who made milk chocolate widely available; namesake of a Pennsylvania city.
Samuel F.B. Morse
- Creator of the telegraph, significantly advancing long-distance communication.
J.P. Morgan
- Influential banker who acquired Carnegie Steel and founded U.S. Steel.
Pendleton Civil Service Act
- Legislation aimed at reforming patronage by requiring civil service exams for government employees.
Interstate Commerce Act
- First federal law regulating business, mandating fair railroad rates and transparency in pricing.
Populism
- Political movement advocating for the common people's rights, including government ownership of railroads and workers' rights.
Gilded Age
- Era (1865-1900) marked by extreme wealth disparities and hidden poverty.
Dawes Act
- Law aimed at Americanizing Native Americans by dividing reservations into individual family plots.
Immigration
- Movement of people to the U.S. seeking better opportunities, often fleeing harsh conditions.
Old Immigrants
- Early arrivals from Western Europe (e.g., Great Britain, Germany) seeking religious freedom.
New Immigrants
- More recent arrivals from Southern and Eastern Europe, often non-English speakers and primarily Catholic.
Nativism
- Hostility towards immigrants, favoring American products and people.
Jane Addams
- Founder of Hull House, providing social services such as healthcare and education to the urban poor.
Jacob Riis
- Photographer and author of "How the Other Half Lives," which depicted the living conditions of the poor.
Imperialism
- Belief in spreading American culture and acquiring territories for jobs, resources, and naval bases.
Spanish-American War
- Conflict (1898) leading to U.S. imperialism in the Caribbean and Pacific, sparked by the USS Maine explosion.
Prohibition (18th Amendment)
- Outlawed the production and sale of alcoholic beverages, leading to organized crime.
Panama Canal
- Engineering feat completed under Teddy Roosevelt, linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Yellow Journalism
- Sensationalist reporting by Hearst and Pulitzer that inflamed public support for the Spanish-American War.
Interventionist vs. Isolationist
- Debate on U.S. involvement in foreign affairs, with isolationists advocating against entanglements.
Suffrage Movement
- Campaign culminating in the 19th Amendment (1920) granting women the right to vote.
Harry T. Burn
- Key Tennessee vote for the 19th Amendment, pivotal in its ratification.
Anne Dallas Dudley
- National leader in the Women's Suffrage Movement, active in Tennessee.
Muckrakers
- Journalists uncovering corruption and sparking reforms through their investigations.
Ida Tarbell
- Investigative journalist known for exposing Standard Oil's unethical practices.
Upton Sinclair
- Author of "The Jungle," revealing unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, prompting reforms.
Causes of the Great War (ANIMAL)
- Key factors leading to World War I: Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism.
Charles Lindbergh
- First pilot to fly solo nonstop from New York to Paris in the Spirit of St. Louis, becoming a national icon.
Television
- Became a central leisure time activity in the 1920s and a significant medium for political communication.
Causes of the Great Depression
- Factors included stock market overspeculation, droughts, and bank failures, leading to widespread economic hardship.
Hoovervilles
- Shantytowns built during the Great Depression by homeless individuals.
The Bonus Army
- Group of WWI veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 to demand promised bonuses.
Route 66
- Iconic highway traveled by migrants seeking better opportunities during the Great Depression.
Dust Bowl
- Environmental disaster in the Southern Great Plains caused by drought and bad farming practices.
New Deal
- FDR's programs (1933-1936) aimed at alleviating the Great Depression through relief, recovery, and reform.
Social Security
- Established by FDR's Second New Deal, providing pension plans for retirees and disabled individuals.
WPA (Works Progress Administration)
- Major New Deal agency responsible for creating jobs through public works projects.
TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)
- New Deal initiative aimed at flood control and providing jobs in the Tennessee Valley.
FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)
- Created to insure bank deposits and restore public confidence in the banking system.
CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)
- Employed young men for environmental conservation projects during the Great Depression.
Rosie The Riveter
- Cultural icon representing women in the workforce during WWII.
Fair Labor Standards Act
- Legislation establishing workers' rights to join unions, set minimum wage, and limit working hours.
Bank Holiday
- FDR's initiative to close banks temporarily to assess stability and restore public trust.
Axis Powers
- Coalition during WWII consisting of Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Allied Powers
- Coalition opposing the Axis during WWII, including Great Britain, the Soviet Union, the U.S., and France.
Manhattan Project
- Secret initiative to develop atomic weapons during WWII.
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
- Key site for atomic bomb development due to its seclusion and access to hydroelectric power.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
- Japanese cities targeted by atomic bombs, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of WWII.
WWII Impact on Society
- Increased women’s workforce participation and urban migration; significant employment opportunities for African-Americans.
GI Bill
- Legislation enabling veterans to access education, job training, and low-interest home loans post-WWII.
Holocaust
- Genocide in which 6 million Jews and millions of others were systematically murdered in concentration camps.
Executive Order 9066
- Government order leading to the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII, later acknowledged and apologized for.
Cordell Hull
- Long-serving Secretary of State under FDR, instrumental in founding the United Nations and winning the Nobel Peace Prize.
December 7, 1941
- Date of the Pearl Harbor attack, leading the U.S. to formally enter WWII.
Battle of Midway
- Crucial turning point in the Pacific War where the Japanese forces began to retreat.
North Africa 1943
- Campaign where General Patton secured victories prior to the European invasion.
D-Day (June 6, 1944)
- Largest amphibious invasion in history, marking the opening of a second front against Nazi Germany.
VE Day
- Celebrated on May 8, 1945, marking the formal surrender of Germany.
VJ Day
- August 14, 1945, marking Japan's surrender in WWII.
Containment
- U.S. policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism after WWII.
Domino Theory
- Belief that the fall of one nation to communism would trigger neighboring countries to follow suit.
Communism
- Political system theorized by Karl Marx, aimed at creating a classless society.
Dixiecrats
- Southern Democrats opposing desegregation; notably represented by Strom Thurmond's presidential run in 1948.
Korean War (The Forgotten War)
- Conflict from 1950-1953, marked by harsh conditions and American military involvement against communist North Korea.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
- Congressional action granting President Johnson authority to escalate U.S. military involvement in Vietnam.
Vietnam War
- Conflict where 58,000 Americans died; American public opinion shifted against the war despite heavy enemy casualties.
Fidel Castro
- Leader of the Cuban revolution in 1959, establishing a communist government close to the U.S.
Germany Post-WWII
- Divided into East (communist) and West (democratic) with Berlin also split.
Berlin Wall
- A barrier that divided East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989, symbolizing the ideological conflict of the Cold War.
Berlin Airlift
- A response to the Soviet blockade of Berlin, transporting vital supplies (food, fuel, medicine) via C-54 cargo planes.
- Occurred between June 1948 and May 1949, providing essential support to West Berlin's residents during the crisis.
NATO
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance established in 1949 including the United States and Western allies.
- Aimed at collective security against potential aggression from the USSR.
Warsaw Pact
- A military alliance formed in 1955 by the USSR and several Eastern European communist nations.
- Countered NATO and reinforced the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe.
Bay of Pigs
- An unsuccessful invasion in April 1961 where CIA-trained Cuban exiles attempted to overthrow Fidel Castro’s regime.
- Resulted in a major embarrassment for President Kennedy when he retracted air support, leading to the mission's failure.
Cuban Missile Crisis
- A major Cold War confrontation in October 1962 triggered by the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba by U2 spy planes.
- Resulted in a naval blockade by the United States and negotiations that led to the removal of missiles from Cuba and from Turkey.
McCarthyism
- A campaign led by Senator Joseph McCarthy in the early 1950s, fueled by the fear of communism in the U.S.
- Investigated federal employees for communist ties and significantly impacted many lives, drawing criticism from figures like Senator John F. Kennedy.
Space Race
- The competition between the U.S. and USSR for supremacy in space exploration initiated with the launch of Sputnik on October 4, 1957.
- Led to increased emphasis on science and mathematics in U.S. education and the establishment of NASA.
Mercury
- The United States' first human spaceflight program, where John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth in 1962.
- A crucial step in the U.S. efforts during the Space Race to achieve human space travel.
Apollo
- A significant space program initiated by President Kennedy to land humans on the Moon, culminating in the Apollo 11 mission.
- Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the lunar surface on July 20, 1969, famously stating, "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
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Prepare for the US History End-of-Course (EOC) exam with these flashcards covering key concepts such as Manifest Destiny, Turner's Frontier Thesis, and the impact of the Civil War. Each card provides essential definitions to help reinforce your understanding of important historical events and ideas. Perfect for study sessions and quick reviews.
