P eds 2 quiz. Part 2
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Questions and Answers

What is a key reason sensory and neurological disorders are more prevalent in children?

  • Research on adults is less comprehensive than on children.
  • Children have less exposure to hazardous environments.
  • Developmental differences in children affect their nervous system. (correct)
  • Children have a stronger immune system than adults.

    • Why is early detection and intervention important for children with sensory disorders?

  • It minimizes the involvement of healthcare professionals.
  • It guarantees a cure for the disorder.
  • It allows for better long-term health outcomes. (correct)
  • It reduces the need for family support.

    • How do nurses enhance the care delivery and outcomes for children with sensory conditions?

  • By emphasizing parental neglect during treatment.
  • Through collaboration with multidisciplinary teams. (correct)
  • By focusing solely on medicinal treatments.
  • By working independently without collaboration.

    • What is considered critical for the successful nursing management of sensory disorders?

    <p>Tailoring interventions based on specific disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of seizure disorders in children?

    <p>They are often associated with fever in infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is essential in diagnosing brain tumors?

    <p>CT or MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two common treatment methods for brain tumors in children?

    <p>Surgery and chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may indicate the presence of Cerebral Palsy in an infant?

    <p>Feeding difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes generalized seizures from partial seizures in children?

    <p>Generalized seizures affect both hemispheres of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor may significantly affect skeletal maturity in children?

    <p>Genetic predisposition and growth phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition requires careful monitoring and intervention due to its developmental implications?

    <p>Cerebral palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the periosteum play in children's bone healing?

    <p>It leads to increased callus production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the inner ear?

    <p>Maintaining balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when assessing neurological disorders in children?

    <p>Delayed developmental milestones can indicate underlying issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical difference in infants contributes to their higher susceptibility to ear infections?

    <p>Shorter and straighter eustachian tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a compound fracture from other types?

    <p>The bone breaks and pierces through the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first-line treatment for acute otitis media in children?

    <p>Oral amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of tonic-clonic seizures?

    <p>They involve alternating stiffening and jerking movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is commonly associated with acute otitis media?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can influence the speed of healing in a child's fracture?

    <p>Age and thickness of the periosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misdiagnosis for acute otitis media in children?

    <p>Upper respiratory infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of untreated strabismus?

    <p>Sensory deprivation in the disabled eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what age is cochlear implantation generally suitable for children?

    <p>2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can increase the risk of middle ear infections in infants?

    <p>Lying flat while feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which screening test is advised by the AAP for diagnosing hearing loss at birth?

    <p>Otoacoustic emissions (OAE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What preventive measure can help avoid barotrauma during air travel?

    <p>Yawning or chewing gum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hearing loss is caused by damage to hair cells in the cochlea?

    <p>Sensorineural hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms may indicate a middle ear infection in children?

    <p>Ear pain and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of nonparalytic strabismus?

    <p>Constant eye deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk factor associated with daycare can lead to ear infections in children?

    <p>Higher rates of respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option can amplify sound for children as young as 2 months?

    <p>Hearing aids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of strabismus in children?

    <p>Eye squinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is often advised for nonparalytic strabismus detected in infancy?

    <p>Patching the unaffected eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom does NOT typically occur in cases of eye strain?

    <p>Yellowish-white reflex in the pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of conjunctivitis?

    <p>Itching and tearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for hyphema?

    <p>Bed rest with head elevated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is retinoblastoma typically diagnosed?

    <p>15 to 27 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious condition can ensue after a viral infection in children who have taken aspirin?

    <p>Reye's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is typically associated with sepsis in children?

    <p>Rapid heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common causative agent of bacterial meningitis?

    <p>Haemophilus influenzae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of altered level of consciousness (ALOC)?

    <p>Coma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT linked to encephalitis?

    <p>Covering one eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intervention is important to prevent complications of eye strain in children?

    <p>Proper eye care education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preventive measure is recommended against sepsis in children?

    <p>Immunization against H.influenzae type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common symptom of Reye’s syndrome?

    <p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of elevating an affected extremity in nursing care for casts?

    <p>To promote faster healing by reducing swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is most commonly implicated in osteomyelitis infections?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inheritance pattern is associated with Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy?

    <p>Sex-linked recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for Slipped Femoral Capital Epiphysis (SFCE)?

    <p>Traction to stabilize the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?

    <p>Painless limp and limited range of motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of osteosarcoma?

    <p>Arises in the marrow of long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern during the treatment of Ewing’s Sarcoma?

    <p>Metastasis to lungs and other bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key focus in the management of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)?

    <p>Reducing inflammation and promoting mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important follow-up care aspect for patients treated for osteosarcoma?

    <p>Emotional support and managing treatment side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common complication of Undiagnosed Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease?

    <p>Increased range of motion in the hip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is critical for detecting compartment syndrome in patients with casts?

    <p>Neurovascular assessments for pain and pulsation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging test is primarily used to confirm osteomyelitis?

    <p>X-ray and bone scans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common impact of early recognition of symptoms in conditions like SFCE?

    <p>Improved prognosis and management options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of torticollis in affected individuals?

    <p>Shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scoliosis is the most common and has no known cause?

    <p>Idiopathic scoliosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended initial management for curvature up to 20 degrees in scoliosis?

    <p>Monitoring and exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key strategy for preventing sports injuries in adolescents?

    <p>Engaging in year-round conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for osteomyelitis?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of family violence, what factor can increase the risk of child abuse?

    <p>Children with disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of abusive parents?

    <p>Lack of knowledge about child development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is crucial in nursing care for children at risk of abuse?

    <p>Identifying high-risk families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mandatory requirement for healthcare providers regarding suspected child abuse?

    <p>Reporting suspected abuse to child protective services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the self-limiting nature of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease?

    <p>It typically resolves on its own over 1-2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with scoliosis?

    <p>Asymmetry in shoulder height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a vital component of injury prevention in sports?

    <p>Using proper protective gear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be prioritized when assessing a child's musculoskeletal system?

    <p>Identifying subtle asymmetries or deformities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is crucial for managing pediatric trauma to the musculoskeletal system?

    <p>Ensuring proper alignment and stabilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an important consideration for a nurse when contributing to early detection of musculoskeletal disorders in children?

    <p>Regular developmental screenings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury is characterized by localized collections of blood outside of blood vessels?

    <p>Hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of the RICE method in treating soft tissue injuries?

    <p>To promote healing and reduce pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fracture maintains skin integrity?

    <p>Simple fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment intervention for femur fractures in children under 2 years of age?

    <p>Bryant’s Traction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing intervention is crucial for assessing circulation and nerve function in injured limbs?

    <p>Neurovascular checks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Volkmann’s ischemia that must be monitored?

    <p>Color change in extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of traction uses weights and pulleys to extend and suspend limbs vertically?

    <p>Bryant’s Traction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding compound fractures is true?

    <p>They expose the bone to the external environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main concern when using skeletal traction in pediatric patients?

    <p>Daily pin care to prevent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of soft tissue injury typically results from acute trauma or overuse?

    <p>Strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pediatric patients, which positioning feature enhances the effectiveness of Bryant's traction?

    <p>Child's buttocks slightly off the bed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cast requires careful maintenance to prevent pressure sores?

    <p>Plaster cast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for families to understand regarding their child's musculoskeletal condition?

    <p>Importance of follow-up care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from improper pin care in skeletal traction?

    <p>Osteomyelitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sensory and Neurological Disorders in Children

    • Sensory and neurological disorders are more common in children due to developmental differences.
    • Nervous system comprises brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves for communication between body and brain.
    • Common disorders include ear infections (otitis media, externa), developmental delays.
    • Early detection and intervention crucial for optimal outcomes.
    • Nurses assess sensory and neurological functions for effective care.
    • Understanding sensory organ anatomy/physiology is key in recognizing disorders.

    Importance of Nursing Care

    • Nurses manage the health of children with sensory/neurological conditions.
    • Effective nursing care impacts child development and quality of life.
    • Specific disorder knowledge allows nurses to tailor interventions/support for families.
    • Collaboration with multidisciplinary teams enhances care.
    • Continuous education/training vital for best pediatric nursing practices.
    • Family education and support are important parts of the process.

    Instructional Methods and Learning Objectives

    • Lecture format is used for direct instruction and engagement.
    • Large group discussion encourages knowledge sharing.
    • Instructor-student ratio of 1:55 ensures adequate support.
    • Visual aids/media enhance understanding.
    • Practical demonstrations can be included.
    • Written exams and skills evaluations assess learning.
    • Terminal learning objective: perform nursing care for children in a clinical setting.
    • Enabling learning objectives: identify common disorders and provide safe/effective care.
    • Assess and recognize signs of sensory dysfunction.
    • Prioritize safety and risk management during care.
    • Evaluation includes cognitive assessments, skills labs, and clinical evaluations.

    Common Ear Disorders in Children

    • Ear Anatomy: External ear collects sound, middle ear transmits, inner ear balances. Tympanic membrane (eardrum) is crucial for sound transmission, and it's more horizontal in newborns. Eustachian tube is shorter/straighter in infants, making them more susceptible to infections. Low-set ears may signal underlying health issues.
    • Otitis Externa: Infection of the external ear canal (often due to water exposure). Symptoms: pain, tenderness. Treatment: irrigation, topical antibiotics.
    • Acute Otitis Media: Middle ear inflammation, usually after upper respiratory infections. Symptoms: ear pain, fever. Pathophysiology involves eustachian tube drainage/pressure equalization. Common pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae. Vaccination has reduced incidence but is less effective in children under 2.

    Ear Infections in Infants and Toddlers

    • Susceptibility: Infants/toddlers more prone to middle ear infections due to shorter/wider/straighter eustachian tubes. Immature humoral defenses also contribute.
    • Contributing Factors: Lying flat, bottle-feeding while lying down, secondhand smoke, daycare.
    • Symptoms: Pain, irritability, fever (up to 104°F), possibly febrile seizures. Vomiting, diarrhea are also possible symptoms.
    • Diagnosis: Visual inspection may show reddened/bulging eardrum.
    • Treatment: Oral amoxicillin (10 days), follow-up after 2 weeks. Surgery (myringotomy, tympanostomy) for chronic cases.

    Hearing Impairment in Children

    • Types/Causes: Congenital or acquired (infections, medications, noise). Sensorineural (cochlea/acoustic nerve damage), conductive (sound can't pass to eardrum/middle ear bones).
    • Screening: AAP recommends universal hearing screening at birth/before 3 months, interventions by 6 months. OAE (neonatal screening), ABR (auditory system response). Tympanometry, and tuning fork tests help assess hearing loss type.
    • Treatment: Hearing aids (as young as 2 months), cochlear implants (2 years). Pneumococcal vaccine before cochlear implantation to prevent infection.

    Barotrauma and Its Management

    • Barotrauma: Pressure changes in closed spaces (air travel/diving).
    • Symptoms: Ear pain, discomfort.
    • Prevention: Yawning, chewing gum, ensuring infants swallow during altitude changes. Decongestants before travel.
    • Nursing Considerations: Educate parents on monitoring signs of discomfort, safe practices.

    Eye Disorders in Children

    • Vision Development: Begins at 4 weeks gestation. Newborns have limited focus (12-30 cm). Tears develop around 1-3 months.
    • Amblyopia: Reduced vision in one eye (treated with eyeglasses and patching).
    • Strabismus: Misaligned eyes (can lead to permanent visual impairment).
    • Health Promotion/Screening: AAP recommends visual screening at 2-3 years old. Early detection/treatment is crucial.
    • Strabismus: Eyes don't align; one eye is disabled. Disability can lead to permanent visual impairment if not treated in timely manner. Two main types: nonparalytic (constant deviation), paralytic (muscle weakness or paralysis resulting in double vision).
    • Symptoms: Squinting, difficulty focusing, head tilting to see better. Avoidance of using disabled eye.
    • Diagnosis: Essential for preventing long-term visual impairments.
    • Treatment: Patching, glasses, eye exercises; surgery if conservative measures fail. Typical age for surgery: 3-4, dependent on condition.

    Common Eye Conditions in Children

    • Eye Strain: Caused by prolonged screen time/reading. Symptoms: inflammation, aching, burning, headaches. Nursing intervention: teaching proper eye care, observation for strain.
    • Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Conjunctiva inflammation (bacterial/viral). Symptoms: itching, tearing. Acute form is contagious (but not beyond 24 hours of appropriate treatment). Treatment: warm compresses, topical antibiotics.
    • Hyphema: Blood in the anterior eye chamber (trauma/injury). Treatment: bed rest (head elevated). Avoid NSAIDs to prevent complications. Close monitoring, appropriate care are crucial for recovery.
    • Retinoblastoma: Malignant retina tumor diagnosed in 15-27 months. Symptoms: leukocoria (yellowish-white reflex in pupil). Treatment: laser therapy, chemotherapy, enucleation (if needed).

    Neurological Health in Children

    • Nervous system: Brain, spinal cord, nerves vital for communication. Neural tube development occurs early in fetal life, critical for malformations that can lead to disabilities. Cranial nerves responsible for various sensory/motor functions (12 pairs).
    • Altered Level of Consciousness (ALOC): Indicates serious neurological issues. Causes: infections, increased intracranial pressure. Symptoms: confusion, lethargy, coma. Understanding causes is vital for timely intervention.
    • Reye's Syndrome: Serious condition after viral infection (aspirin use in children). Symptoms: vomiting, altered behavior, often linked to liver dysfunction & blood ammonia build-up. Treatment: reducing ICP, managing fluids/electrolytes. Prevention through education.
    • Sepsis: Systemic response to infection, potentially life-threatening. Symptoms: fever, rapid heart rate, confusion. Importance of prompt diagnosis/treatment for caregivers/healthcare providers.

    Pediatric Neurological Disorders and Infections

    • Medication Awareness: Parents must read medication labels carefully. Understanding ingredients/side effects prevents adverse reactions & ensures proper administration.
    • Sepsis: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) due to bacterial endotoxins, causing tissue damage, requiring immediate medical attention. Common signs include fever, chills, rapid breathing and heart rate, lethargy. Preventive measures include immunization (H. influenzae type B, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 2 months-4 years.)
    • Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges (protective brain/spinal cord membranes), often caused by infections (H. influenzae). Symptoms: severe headache, drowsiness, irritability, fever, vomiting, nuchal rigidity; petechiae for meningococcal. Diagnosis via examining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Treatment: antibiotics, supportive care.
    • Encephalitis/Brain Tumors: Encephalitis (brain inflammation, encephalomyelitis if spinal cord involved); Symptoms: headache, drowsiness, fever, convulsions, nuchal rigidity; coma potentially occurs with severe cases. Treatment: supportive care (symptom relief, hydration, nutrition). Seizure precautions with severe cases. Brain Tumors (second most common in children). Symptoms vary depending on location/size, increasing intracranial pressure (slurred/unequal pupils). Diagnosis: clinical assessment, imaging (CT/MRI), sometimes EEG. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation.

    Seizure Disorders in Children

    • Seizure disorders: Common neurological dysfunction in children, characterized by sudden intermittent altered level of consciousness. Seizures can involve tonic/clonic movements.
    • Types/Causes: Febrile seizures (common 6 months-5 years, triggered by rapid temperature increases). Generalized (tonic-clonic, petit mal), partial seizures (varying consciousness levels). Causes include infections, metabolic disorders.
    • Diagnosis/Treatment: Determine type/cause through CT/MRI, EEG, laboratory tests. Medications for consistent delivery, preventing status epilepticus (medical emergency). Safety precautions are crucial.

    Cerebral Palsy (CP)

    • Cerebral Palsy: Group of motor disorders due to brain dysfunction, related to prenatal/developmental factors. Possible causes include birth injuries, genetic factors, and prenatal infections.
    • Manifestations: Vary widely, mild to severe (feeding issues, convulsions, and possible mental retardation) influencing quality of life.
    • Early signs: During infancy, feeding problems, developmental delays. Convulsions that are not associated with high fever.

    Musculoskeletal System

    • Pediatric vs. Adult Skeletons: Pediatric bones more resilient/flexible (potential bending before breaking). Epiphyses for longitudinal growth (injuries impact growth). Thicker periosteum (faster healing, callus production). Lower mineral content, greater porosity in children's bones. Skeletal maturity may not match chronological age.
    • Assessment: Includes observation, palpation, range of motion (ROM) testing, gait analysis to detect abnormalities. Neurological development is crucial; delays affect motor skills/skeletal growth. Newborn variations (limited hip rotation, C-shaped spine) are normal, require monitoring. Gait assessment (Toddlers—wide gaits that stabilize). Muscle tone assessment (symmetry, strength, body contour). Imaging/lab tests essential.
    • Common Disorders: Developmental hip dysplasia, slipped femoral epiphysis, fractures (simple, compound, greenstick), child abuse (suspected).
    • Fractures: Simple (closed), compound (open), greenstick (incomplete), complete. Child abuse suspicion in multiple/unexplained fractures in non-ambulatory children. Treatments: traction, casting, surgical intervention.
    • Soft Tissue Injuries: Contusions (tearing, hemorrhage, bruising), hematomas (localized blood collections), sprains (ligament damage), strains (muscle/tendon). RICE protocol to manage and reduce pain.

    Nursing Care and Patient Management

    • Interventions for Musculoskeletal Conditions: Monitor vital signs, manage pain, proper positioning to prevent complications. Education for families (condition, follow-up care). Regular neurovascular checks (circulation/nerve function). Rehabilitation (physical therapy). Emotional support to families/patients.
    • Long-term Considerations/Follow-up: Monitor growth/development, identify emerging issues (skeletal growth/functional limitations). Collaboration with specialists. Family education on complications/changes. Support systems/resources.
    • Traction: Bryant's traction (femur fractures in young children), Buck's extension (femur fractures, hip/knee contractures, slipped capital femoral epiphysis). Russell Traction, Split Russell Traction, Balanced Suspension methods. Skeletal traction with pin care.
    • Casts: Plaster (not water resistant, take hours to dry), fiberglass (water resistant, within 30 minutes). Elevation (reduce swelling), neurovascular monitoring (compartment syndrome). Patient/family education on care/safe transfers/when to seek advice.

    Disorders and Dysfunction of the Musculoskeletal System

    • Osteomyelitis: Infection of the bone (inflammation/necrosis). Causes: bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae). Symptoms: limping, restricted movement, refusal to bear weight. Diagnostic tests (elevated WBC/ESR, blood cultures, bone scans).
    • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Progressive muscle degeneration due to dystrophin absence (primarily males). Symptoms: delayed motor development, calf muscle pseudohypertrophy, progressive weakness. Management: supportive care, contracture prevention, quality of life improvement.
    • Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SFCE): Spontaneous displacement of the femoral head (coxa vara). Associated with hormonal changes/obesity; circulation disruptions (avascular necrosis). Symptoms: thigh pain, limping, weight-bearing difficulties. Early recognition crucial. Treatments: traction, surgery (screw placement). Post-op education on weight management to prevent recurrence.
    • Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease: Osteochondrosis (disrupted blood supply to femoral head). Typically unilateral. Symptoms: thigh/knee pain, limp, limited hip ROM. Early diagnosis is key. Treatments: Ambulation-abduction casts/braces. Self-limiting, resolves in 2-4 years.
    • Osteosarcoma: Malignant bone tumor, typically in long bones during rapid growth (adolescents). Potential genetic predisposition. Symptoms: localized pain/swelling (mimicking sports injuries). Pathological fractures. Diagnosis: Imaging (X-rays, CT, bone scans). Treatment: radical resection, amputation, chemotherapy, radiation.
    • Ewing's Sarcoma: Malignant tumor from long bone marrow. Metastasis to lungs/other bones is a poor prognostic factor. Treatment: Chemotherapy, radiation. Reduce weight-bearing.
    • Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA): Systemic autoimmune disease affecting joints/connective tissues. Genetic factors. Triggering events. Types: oligoarthritis (four or fewer joints), polyarthritis (five or more), systemic (systemic symptoms). Uveitis (common complication, regular eye exams). Treatments: pain relief, mobility, support growth. Family education/coping strategies.
    • Torticollis Limited neck motion/cervical spine rotation due to sternocleidomastoid muscle shortening (congenital/acquired). Symptoms: head tilted, chin pointing in opposite direction. Palpable fibrotic mass.
    • Scoliosis: S-shaped spine curvature (adolescent girls, idiopathic most common). Symptoms: asymmetry, rib prominence. Diagnosis: spinal X-rays. Treatments: monitoring, exercise, bracing/surgery (severe curves).
    • Sports Injuries: Prevention (warm-ups/cool-downs, year-round conditioning, activity selection, protective equipment). Nutrition and hydration.

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