传统中国思想中的生死观 (讲座四)

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Questions and Answers

孔子對於顏淵的葬禮持什麼態度?

  • 主張以禮葬之 (correct)
  • 強調金錢上的花費
  • 支持厚葬顏淵
  • 認為葬禮應簡單 (correct)

孔子認為三年之喪是通行的喪期,原因是什麼?

  • 是為了維護社會秩序
  • 是為了家庭經濟考量
  • 是因為傳統習俗
  • 是基於人性的需求 (correct)

孔子對生與死的看法是什麼?

  • 都不需要重視
  • 生命比死後的世界更重要 (correct)
  • 只需關注生死的外在形式
  • 死後的世界更值得探索

孟子認為如無法兼得生命和道義,應如何選擇?

<p>捨生而取義 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

「未知生,焉知死」的意思是什麼?

<p>人應先了解活著的責任 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

孔子最重視的道德理念是什麼?

<p>仁 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

墨家對於葬禮的立場是什麼?

<p>強調節省和功利 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

如何理解「安身立命」的概念?

<p>修身養性,面對人生的限制 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

孔子如何看待守孝三年?

<p>以心安為本 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

對於「捨生取義」,孟子的立場為何?

<p>道德應高於生命 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

孔子對死亡的態度可以說是?

<p>積極關注生死 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

根據儒家對於天的態度,如何看待命運?

<p>命運可用努力改變 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

「心安」在三年之喪中意味著什麼?

<p>保持內心的平靜 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

孔子對於後世的責任在於什麼?

<p>秉持內心的道德感 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

儒家的生死觀主要分為哪兩個進路?

<p>由生觀死和由死觀生 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

儒家重視的倫理觀點是什麼?

<p>道德為人生的最高價值 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

儒家對死亡的看法是如何強調道德的?

<p>道德應超越對生死的恐懼 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

孔子對於葬禮的主要態度是什麼?

<p>按禮安葬和紀念 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

儒家對於人的看法強調了哪些特質?

<p>人對他人和自然的責任 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

儒家的生死觀強調的主要是什麼?

<p>有仁德的人才有優越的人生 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

在儒家看來,生命的最高美德是什麼?

<p>生命的延續 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

哪一位思想家和其主要思想與儒家形成對比?

<p>墨子:天志治國 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

儒家與道教的主要區別在於什麼?

<p>對待自然的態度 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

從哪個層次看儒家對死亡的看法是從禮儀?

<p>社會層次 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

孔子在面對死亡時表現出的情感主要是什麼?

<p>悲傷與懷念 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

孔子如何看待生命和道德的關係?

<p>道德高於生命 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

在儒家看來,有關死亡的看法強調了什麼道德取向?

<p>以義為重 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

儒家的教育理念中,主要強調什麼?

<p>道德修身 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

儒家生死觀

儒家認為人生的意義在於追求道德,而死亡是個人生命歷程的一部分。他們透過禮儀與道德,來詮釋死亡的意義,並強調生命價值在於道德修養而非單純的存活。

由生觀死

一種探討生命意義以理解死亡意義的思考方式,強調人生的價值觀,藉此確立面對死亡的態度與選擇。

由死觀生

一種探討死亡對人生的影響,藉此確立人生態度與選擇的思考方式。

儒家特點 (現世)

儒家重視現世生活,不迷信或過度關注超自然力量。

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儒家特點 (道德倫理)

儒家強調以道德來引導,以禮法來約束,而非僅靠法令刑罰來管控。

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儒家特點 (個人修養)

儒家認為個人修養的重要性, 並提倡修身齊家治國平天下。

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儒家生命觀 (重生思想)

認為繁育萬物、生生不息是天地美德,生命是天賦的循環。

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儒家生命觀 (人為貴)

人被視為天地間最珍貴的存在,應對生命有更深層次的體驗,並延伸到他人及萬物。

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孔子面對死亡的傷感

孔子的言行中顯示了他對親友乃至學生的死亡感到哀傷。

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儒家超越死亡

儒家認為道德價值可以超越對生死的執著,並以堅守道德為人生目標。

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儒家對死亡禮儀層次

葬禮儀式是一種社會秩序制度的延續與強化。

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儒家對人生意義

追求成為有仁德的人,道德比生命更重要。

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儒家對死亡意義 (禮儀)

合乎禮儀的葬禮,承續了社會傳統與秩序。

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周文疲弊

指周朝衰微,先秦哲學家們探討如何治國。

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孔子與死亡

孔子雖然悲傷死亡,但他視道德價值比生命更重要,並藉此超越死亡。

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孔子對葬禮的態度

孔子主張葬之以禮、祭之以禮,而非厚葬。即使愛徒顏淵,孔子也堅持禮制,反對厚葬。

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三年之喪

孔子認為三年喪期是天下通行的喪期,強調守孝不僅是時間,更重要的是心境,要心安才能真正守孝。

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儒家慎終追遠

儒家重視祭祀祖先、哀悼逝者,強調對逝者的尊重和追思。

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墨家節葬

墨家主張喪禮節儉,認為喪禮過於隆重,不符合國家社會利益。

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儒家對死亡的看法

儒家認為死亡並不可怕,重要的是立身行道,實現個人價值,在死後亦有所寄託。

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未知生焉知死

孔子認為要先明白生命的意義和價值,才能理解死亡。

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殺身成仁

為仁義而犧牲生命,這是一種高尚的道德行為。

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舍生取義

為了正義而犧牲生命,這是最高的道德追求。

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安身立命

儒家認為人在世間應該安身立命,建立價值和意義。

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儒家對"天"、"命"的態度

儒家認為人應該順應天命,但人也可以透過修身養性來提高自己,達到與天合一。

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孔子與顏淵的葬禮

孔子對顏淵的葬禮,堅持了葬之以禮的原則,即使顏淵是孔子的愛徒。

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孟子的魚與熊掌

孟子用魚與熊掌的例子說明,生命與道德價值相比,道義更重要。

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孟子對生死的看法

孟子認為人人都具有道德良知,人的價值在於追求道義,死亡並不可怕。

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君子與小人

儒家認為君子注重道德修養,將生命與道義相融合,而小人則追求個人私利。

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三年之喪的意義

三年之喪不僅是時間上的守孝,更重要的是在這個期間,要思考生命的意義,並且反思自己曾經的行為。

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Study Notes

Individual Assignment (Part 1)

  • Submission deadline: October 11, 2024 (Friday, week 6) 5:00 PM
  • Submit through Turnitin
  • Submit as a PDF file

Exploring Life, Death and Human Relations in Traditional Chinese Thoughts - Lecture Four

  • Topic: Confucianism's Perspective on Life and Death
  • Purpose: To understand Confucian thought on existential issues.

How to Approach Complex Philosophical Theories?

  • Analyze the thinker's perspective on societal issues.
  • Understand how the thinker interprets and addresses these issues.
  • Examine the identified causes of the problems.
  • Analyze the solutions proposed by the thinker.
  • Evaluate the efficacy of their proposed solutions.
  • Consider alternative perspectives on the problems and solutions from other contemporary thinkers.
  • Formulate a critical assessment of the thinker's contributions.

The Rise of Pre-Qin Philosophy: The Exhaustion of Zhou's Culture

  • Topic: The era of Zhou dynasty and the development of different philosophical ideas.
  • Key figure: Mou Zongsan
  • Mou Zongsan's assertion: The rise of different philosophical schools was a response to the deteriorating situation of the Zhou Dynasty.
  • Questions: What is the Zhou Dynasty? What are the characteristics of Zhou's decline? How did different schools of thought address the problems of the time?
  • Thinkers and their approaches:
    • Confucianism: focus on moral governance
    • Mohism: emphasis on universal love
    • Daoism: advocating for harmony with nature
    • Legalism: emphasizing strict laws.

Introduction: General Overview

  • Two main perspectives on life and death are presented based on different schools of Confucian thought.
  • One perspective examines the significance of life through the concept of sheng,, or 'birth', and the other, via the concept of si, or 'death'.

Various Schools of Thought and their Perspectives on Life and Death

  • Confucianism focuses on morality and social harmony, believing that the meaning of life and death is primarily determined by maintaining ethical standards.
  • Daoism emphasizes living according to nature and the rhythm of the cosmos, implying that life and death are intertwined.
  • Mohism emphasizes social ethics based on universal love.
  • Legalism views life through laws and strict order.
  • Buddhism emphasizes enlightenment and nirvana.
  • Christianity and Islam have distinct perspectives on life, death and the soul.

Confucian Characteristics

  • Importance of the present world: Confucianism prioritizes the present world and does not emphasize supernatural powers.
  • Characteristics identified by Confucius: avoiding strange, violent or chaotic behavior, and dismissing religious beliefs about ghosts or gods.

Confucian Characteristics II

  • Emphasis on morality and ethics: Confucianism strongly emphasizes moral values and ethical principles.

Confucian Characteristics III

  • Emphasis on personal cultivation: Confucianism emphasizes that people should cultivate their moral character.
  • The Da Xue ("Great Learning") highlights the importance of personal cultivation in order to achieve harmony within the family, governance of the state, and ultimately, peace throughout the world.

Confucian Life Philosophy

  • Emphasis on the continuous cycle of life and reproduction as the highest virtue of nature.
  • The idea of continuous creation and rebirth, inherent in nature, is considered a central concept in the Confucian worldview.
  • The concept of Tiande (天德), or the virtue of Heaven, emphasizes the natural order in life and reproduction.

Confucianism's view of Life and Personhood

  • Humans are considered central to the cosmos: Confucianism views humans as the most important element of the universe, not merely subjects to natural laws or deities.
  • The nature of heaven is described to be benevolent rather than arbitrary: the concept of Heaven in Confucianism is presented as a force of order and balance, in contrast to an arbitrary or capricious being.

Confucian Life Philosophy II

  • Importance of social harmony: Confucianism emphasizes the necessity of social harmony and the importance of relationships between people.
  • Respect for elders, and the need for order in family relationships are essential concepts to maintain social harmony.

Confucian Life Philosophy III

  • Emphasis on the role of education and moral cultivation: moral uprightness is achieved through education and personal cultivation.
  • The importance of filial piety and social harmony emphasize the need for moral uprightness.

Confucian View on Death

  • Importance of rituals in mourning and remembrance: Confucius believed that proper rituals in mourning were crucial to honor the deceased and show respect for the family.

Confucius's Feelings About Death

  • Confucius expressed profound sorrow upon the death of his student Yan Hui and emphasized the importance of rituals for honoring the deceased.
  • His reactions show the deep respect and personal connection he had for his students and the importance of proper practices in mourning.

Confucius: Transcending Death

  • Confucius's philosophy is focused on the pursuit of virtues and meaning in life, not on avoiding death or gaining immortality.
  • His emphasis on pursuing ethical values, cultivating relationships and maintaining high standards in life surpasses the concept of death.

Confucian View on Death II

  • Significance of observing appropriate rituals and mourning periods: these acts are considered crucial for honoring the deceased, particularly within families.

Confucian View on Death III

  • Importance of moral character in one's life: upholding strong moral character is crucial and is contrasted with avoiding death.
  • Confucius maintained that morality is of paramount importance and far surpasses the concept of individual existence or death.

Confucius's Moral Framework

  • Emphasizing the principles of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness.
  • Actions must always adhere to the five cardinal virtues for ethical behavior and conduct.

The Confucian Perspective on Life and Death (Conclusion)

  • The significance of life for the Confucian thinker is not the avoidance of death but the pursuit of virtue; the proper moral standards should be maintained during life and death.
  • Rituals related to death are not acts to avoid death but are to honor those who have passed on.

Questions for Discussion

  • Can we transcend death?
  • How did historical figures/philosophers overcome their concerns about death?
  • What can we learn from these historical figures and philosophers?

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