传统中国思想中的生死观 (讲座四)

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Questions and Answers

孔子對於顏淵的葬禮持什麼態度?

主張以禮葬之 (correct)

強調金錢上的花費

支持厚葬顏淵

認為葬禮應簡單 (correct)

孔子認為三年之喪是通行的喪期，原因是什麼?

是為了維護社會秩序

是為了家庭經濟考量

是因為傳統習俗

是基於人性的需求 (correct)

孔子對生與死的看法是什麼?

都不需要重視

生命比死後的世界更重要 (correct)

只需關注生死的外在形式

死後的世界更值得探索

孟子認為如無法兼得生命和道義，應如何選擇?

捨生而取義 Signup and view all the answers

「未知生，焉知死」的意思是什麼?

人應先了解活著的責任 Signup and view all the answers

孔子最重視的道德理念是什麼?

仁 Signup and view all the answers

墨家對於葬禮的立場是什麼?

強調節省和功利 Signup and view all the answers

如何理解「安身立命」的概念?

修身養性，面對人生的限制 Signup and view all the answers

孔子如何看待守孝三年?

以心安為本 Signup and view all the answers

對於「捨生取義」，孟子的立場為何?

道德應高於生命 Signup and view all the answers

孔子對死亡的態度可以說是?

積極關注生死 Signup and view all the answers

根據儒家對於天的態度，如何看待命運?

命運可用努力改變 Signup and view all the answers

「心安」在三年之喪中意味著什麼?

保持內心的平靜 Signup and view all the answers

孔子對於後世的責任在於什麼?

秉持內心的道德感 Signup and view all the answers

儒家的生死觀主要分為哪兩個進路？

由生觀死和由死觀生 Signup and view all the answers

儒家重視的倫理觀點是什麼？

道德為人生的最高價值 Signup and view all the answers

儒家對死亡的看法是如何強調道德的？

道德應超越對生死的恐懼 Signup and view all the answers

孔子對於葬禮的主要態度是什麼？

按禮安葬和紀念 Signup and view all the answers

儒家對於人的看法強調了哪些特質？

人對他人和自然的責任 Signup and view all the answers

儒家的生死觀強調的主要是什麼？

有仁德的人才有優越的人生 Signup and view all the answers

在儒家看來，生命的最高美德是什麼？

生命的延續 Signup and view all the answers

哪一位思想家和其主要思想與儒家形成對比？

墨子：天志治國 Signup and view all the answers

儒家與道教的主要區別在於什麼？

對待自然的態度 Signup and view all the answers

從哪個層次看儒家對死亡的看法是從禮儀？

社會層次 Signup and view all the answers

孔子在面對死亡時表現出的情感主要是什麼？

悲傷與懷念 Signup and view all the answers

孔子如何看待生命和道德的關係？

道德高於生命 Signup and view all the answers

在儒家看來，有關死亡的看法強調了什麼道德取向？

以義為重 Signup and view all the answers

儒家的教育理念中，主要強調什麼？

道德修身 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Individual Assignment (Part 1)

Submission deadline: October 11, 2024 (Friday, week 6) 5:00 PM
Submit through Turnitin
Submit as a PDF file

Exploring Life, Death and Human Relations in Traditional Chinese Thoughts - Lecture Four

Topic： Confucianism's Perspective on Life and Death
Purpose: To understand Confucian thought on existential issues.

How to Approach Complex Philosophical Theories?

Analyze the thinker's perspective on societal issues.
Understand how the thinker interprets and addresses these issues.
Examine the identified causes of the problems.
Analyze the solutions proposed by the thinker.
Evaluate the efficacy of their proposed solutions.
Consider alternative perspectives on the problems and solutions from other contemporary thinkers.
Formulate a critical assessment of the thinker's contributions.

The Rise of Pre-Qin Philosophy: The Exhaustion of Zhou's Culture

Topic: The era of Zhou dynasty and the development of different philosophical ideas.
Key figure: Mou Zongsan
Mou Zongsan's assertion: The rise of different philosophical schools was a response to the deteriorating situation of the Zhou Dynasty.
Questions: What is the Zhou Dynasty? What are the characteristics of Zhou's decline? How did different schools of thought address the problems of the time?
Thinkers and their approaches:
- Confucianism: focus on moral governance
- Mohism: emphasis on universal love
- Daoism: advocating for harmony with nature
- Legalism: emphasizing strict laws.

Introduction: General Overview

Two main perspectives on life and death are presented based on different schools of Confucian thought.
One perspective examines the significance of life through the concept of sheng,, or 'birth', and the other, via the concept of si, or 'death'.

Various Schools of Thought and their Perspectives on Life and Death

Confucianism focuses on morality and social harmony, believing that the meaning of life and death is primarily determined by maintaining ethical standards.
Daoism emphasizes living according to nature and the rhythm of the cosmos, implying that life and death are intertwined.
Mohism emphasizes social ethics based on universal love.
Legalism views life through laws and strict order.
Buddhism emphasizes enlightenment and nirvana.
Christianity and Islam have distinct perspectives on life, death and the soul.

Confucian Characteristics

Importance of the present world: Confucianism prioritizes the present world and does not emphasize supernatural powers.
Characteristics identified by Confucius: avoiding strange, violent or chaotic behavior, and dismissing religious beliefs about ghosts or gods.

Confucian Characteristics II

Emphasis on morality and ethics: Confucianism strongly emphasizes moral values and ethical principles.

Confucian Characteristics III

Emphasis on personal cultivation: Confucianism emphasizes that people should cultivate their moral character.
The Da Xue ("Great Learning") highlights the importance of personal cultivation in order to achieve harmony within the family, governance of the state, and ultimately, peace throughout the world.

Confucian Life Philosophy

Emphasis on the continuous cycle of life and reproduction as the highest virtue of nature.
The idea of continuous creation and rebirth, inherent in nature, is considered a central concept in the Confucian worldview.
The concept of Tiande (天德), or the virtue of Heaven, emphasizes the natural order in life and reproduction.

Confucianism's view of Life and Personhood

Humans are considered central to the cosmos: Confucianism views humans as the most important element of the universe, not merely subjects to natural laws or deities.
The nature of heaven is described to be benevolent rather than arbitrary: the concept of Heaven in Confucianism is presented as a force of order and balance, in contrast to an arbitrary or capricious being.

Confucian Life Philosophy II

Importance of social harmony: Confucianism emphasizes the necessity of social harmony and the importance of relationships between people.
Respect for elders, and the need for order in family relationships are essential concepts to maintain social harmony.

Confucian Life Philosophy III

Emphasis on the role of education and moral cultivation: moral uprightness is achieved through education and personal cultivation.
The importance of filial piety and social harmony emphasize the need for moral uprightness.

Confucian View on Death

Importance of rituals in mourning and remembrance: Confucius believed that proper rituals in mourning were crucial to honor the deceased and show respect for the family.

Confucius's Feelings About Death

Confucius expressed profound sorrow upon the death of his student Yan Hui and emphasized the importance of rituals for honoring the deceased.
His reactions show the deep respect and personal connection he had for his students and the importance of proper practices in mourning.

Confucius: Transcending Death

Confucius's philosophy is focused on the pursuit of virtues and meaning in life, not on avoiding death or gaining immortality.
His emphasis on pursuing ethical values, cultivating relationships and maintaining high standards in life surpasses the concept of death.

Confucian View on Death II

Significance of observing appropriate rituals and mourning periods: these acts are considered crucial for honoring the deceased, particularly within families.

Confucian View on Death III

Importance of moral character in one's life: upholding strong moral character is crucial and is contrasted with avoiding death.
Confucius maintained that morality is of paramount importance and far surpasses the concept of individual existence or death.

Confucius's Moral Framework

Emphasizing the principles of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness.
Actions must always adhere to the five cardinal virtues for ethical behavior and conduct.

The Confucian Perspective on Life and Death (Conclusion)

The significance of life for the Confucian thinker is not the avoidance of death but the pursuit of virtue; the proper moral standards should be maintained during life and death.
Rituals related to death are not acts to avoid death but are to honor those who have passed on.

Questions for Discussion

Can we transcend death?
How did historical figures/philosophers overcome their concerns about death?
What can we learn from these historical figures and philosophers?

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Description

本次讲座探讨了儒家对生命与死亡的看法，旨在帮助学生理解这一哲学思想在存在问题上的重要性。同时，通过分析哲学家对社会问题的理解和解决方案，学生将学会批判性评估这些理论的贡献。