Settlements and Their Characteristics PDF

What makes a place suitable for settlement Salma Adeel (OCT) SLO’s Students will be able to: Explain the conditions that are suitable for a settlement Describe the functions of settlements Early Settlements Main Factors Wet point Dry Point Defense Aspects on the sides...

What makes a place suitable for settlement Salma Adeel (OCT) SLO’s Students will be able to: Explain the conditions that are suitable for a settlement Describe the functions of settlements Early Settlements Main Factors Wet point Dry Point Defense Aspects on the sides of valleys Shelter Trading point Access to resources Later settlements They needed Raw materials for industry A nearby port Fast and convenient land transport An attractive setting or landscape The functions of settlements Market town Example: Amboise, in the Loir valley, France Population 13,119 Busy agricultural market ( mainly, cattle, grapes, and cheese) Also a center of tourism due to beautiful scenery and historic castle The functions of settlement Port Example : Karachi Population : over 16 million Keamari port since late 19th century Port Qasim was built in 1970 has excellent transport connections. ( it is 15km from the national highway and 22km from Jinnah international airport.) The Functions of settlement Industrial Town Example : Khewra ( Punjab) Population: more than 34,000 Salt was discovered here, mining start in 16th century CE This business grew in late 19th century when the roads to the regions were improved. It is also a major tourist attraction The Functions of settlement Resort Example : Malam Jabba ( Swat valley, KPK) Pakistan’s only ski resort The remains of Buddhist monasteries from at least 2000 years ago, and 19th century European colonial buildings can still be seen there. Good transport connection ( road links Malam Jabba to Islamabad highway and it is only 51 km from Saidu sharif Airport. Home work Q# B 3 page # 45 Q.# E1, 2 on page # 45 Lesson 2: The Pattern of Settlement SLO’s Students will be able to: Explain that why do settlements develop particular shapes? Identify the main patterns of settlement. Give examples of some planned settlement The pattern of settlement Settlements have different shapes, sizes, and functions The shape of a settlement is influenced by  Its situation  Function The main patterns are  Nucleated or cluster  Linear or Ribbon  Dispersed  Isolated The pattern of settlement Nucleated or cluster The homes and buildings are close together around a centre. The centre could be: a market place, place of worship, where two routes meet, a river crossing, or a harbour The pattern of settlement Linear or Ribbon As homes and other buildings are built, the settlement spreads along a valley, road, railway, coast, or the banks of a river. Dispersed Homes are quite far apart. Isolated Single dwellings that are very far apart, sometimes because the land is not suitable for building on Planned Settlement It does not develop naturally like other settlement. They have a grid pattern for their roads, so that all the land is used well. They have different purposes:  Capital city, Islamabad ( Pakistan), Astana ( Kazakhstan), Brasilia ( Brazil)  Homes for workers in a large industry like, Port sunlight in England ( soap and detergent industry), Barhill, New Zealand ( Sheep farm) Pakistan’s oldest planned settlement : Harappa, Lothal, Mohenjo- Daro in the Indus valley ( Planned water supply, streets were planned, drains with wells throughout the city, houses had bathing areas and drains) Planned Settlement Brasilia ( Capital of Brazil) Founded in 1960, replaced Rio-de Janeiro. Shape is of a bird or an aeroplane. It was mainly forest, having good underground water supply City is an inland, cannot be attacked from the sea City has a main road runs along the centre of the shape, this road is the Monumental Axis. Other roads cross the Monumental axis at intersections.. This road splits the city into North and South sectors, then they further split into many numbered sectors. Artificial lake that covers 48Km2 ( to add surface water to this very dry place , and for recreation). Population is 4.646 million. Islamabad First Capital of Pakistan was Karachi ( South of Pakistan, near the cost) New capital was selected near the centre of the country (1960), near the army headquarters in Rawalpindi, and close to the Margalla pass ( gateway between Punjab and KPK) Situated on Potwar plateau, has cooler climate, shape roughly triangular. It was planned with 8 main zones, administrative, diplomatic, residential, educational, industrial, commercial, rural, and green areas. Population is 1.129 million Settlement for workers Port Sunlight village near Liverpool, UK. Was built in 1888 by a soap manufacturing company to provide homes for the workers. Site was flat marshy land between the river Mersey and a railway line, and main roads to Liverpool and Manchester. Had 800 houses for a population of 3500 ( now 1500) All the houses had gardens, there are opportunities for education, and good healthcare Art gallery is there , a small hospital, a concert hall, an open air swimming pool and church. Recap Minute paper Home Work C1, 2& 3 Unplanned settlements SLO’s Students will be able to: Differentiate between planned and settlements Give examples of planned and unplanned settlements Describe advantages and disadvantages of living in urban areas Mombasa ( Kenya. Africa) Second largest city in Kenya ( Nairobi, the capital, is the largest) Population: 1.3 million Average elevation= 50 meters Climate= tropical ( little or no rain bw Jan-March, and an average of 7-14 mm rain from April to December. Ancient times there was a trading settlement. Muslim settler named Sheshe Mvita was the first to build a town there, in 900 CE, here people are mostly Muslims. Was important trading centre for spices, gold, and ivory, trading with India and china. From 1600CE Mombasa was exporting ivory, millet, sesame, and coconuts By 19th century it was exporting tea and coffee, ivory trading is banned now. From a small settlement to metropolis It is on a flat island that is linked to the flat mainland by a causeway ( a narrow strip of land) Kilindi port for cruise and cargo ships Nyali ( the main part of Mombasa ) has large houses, hypermarkets, multiplex cinema, shopping malls, banks, schools etc. Kongowea, a densely populated area includes 15 villages. Further north is Bamburi, its wildlife park attract tourists. Some townships on the Nairobi highway still have mud houses, with corrugated iron roofs having electricity, water, and drainage problems. Changawe is the main industrial area Its call centre industry is developing fast because the main intercontinental undersea telecom cables reach the shore there Advantages and disadvantages of living in urban areas Naro Moru Small settlement on the Naro Moru river Population= 9000 Average elevation= 2200m Winter dry season, tropical savannah climate Projects by government to farm the land, now growing vegetables. Livestock such as cattle, chicken, ostrich are farmed. Main industry is tourism ( national park and mount Kenya) People have worked together on projects to improve their town Sustainable settlement SLO’s Students will be able to: Explain what is the impact of settlements on landforms. Define what is meant by sustainable settlements. Suggest some ecofriendly initiatives as an alternative city infrastructure plan. Impact of settlements on landforms Urban geomorphology studies the impact of urbanization, farming, forestry, fishing, mining, industries, communication network etc. on the natural terrain. Impact of settlements on earth: Deforestation, loss of habitat, loss of biodiversity. Evolution of traits ( alteration of beak, eat from human made bird feeder) Accelerate the epidemics, transmission of diseases in densely populated area. Increases transport of invasive species. Invasive species out competes native species. Increases regional temperature Increases soil erosion, and soil quality decreases. Changes water cycle through the biosphere and atmosphere. Sustainable settlements A sustainable settlement is a place that can exist without depleting resources and meets the needs of its people in an eco- friendly way. Eco-friendly initiatives: Plan cheap and environmentally sustainable settlements in terms of cleanliness and efficiency. Promote organic urban farming to reduce food insecurity and imports. Planting trees along transport tracks. Promoting carpooling, cheaper public transport system, paths for bike riders, and pedestrians.  Switch to clean energy (solar farms, wind turbines) Using smart technology as heating and cooling systems. Promote green infrastructure, ( natural building material) Rainwater harvesting ( catchment, transport to recharge zone, filter, stored) adopting 3Rs ( reduce, reuse, recycle) Enforce regulations and fines to reduce waste and promote cleanliness. Settlements are well prepared for natural disasters. Promote Inclusive community building Ensure that Private sector complies and will not develop anything which will change landscape drastically.