Urban and Regional Planning PDF

# Urban and Regional Planning ## "Urban" "urb" - Fiziki yapı, kabuk, beden (Physical structure, shell, body) "civitas" - Kültürel yapı, içerik, ruh (Cultural structure, content, spirit) Of, relating to, characteristic of, or constituting a city (Merriam Webster) ### Basic Variables Describing B...

# Urban and Regional Planning ## "Urban" "urb" - Fiziki yapı, kabuk, beden (Physical structure, shell, body) "civitas" - Kültürel yapı, içerik, ruh (Cultural structure, content, spirit) Of, relating to, characteristic of, or constituting a city (Merriam Webster) ### Basic Variables Describing Being a City: - Heterogeneity (Heterojenlik) - Mobility (Hareketlilik) - Competition (Rekabet) - Relationships (Ortak (anonim) İlişkiler) - Work Sharing (İş Bölümü) - Intensity (Yoğunluk) - Specialization, specialization (Uzmanlaşma, İhtisaslaşma) - Diversification (Çeşitlenme) ### The functions of cities in 3 dimensions: - Economic function - Cultural function - Administrative and political function ## "Regional" Of or relating to a particular region, district, area, or part, as of a country; sectional; local ## "Planning" ### Definition: Planning is a process of creating or maintaining a plan consideration. Planning is a process for accomplishing purposes. It helps in deciding objectives both in quantitative and qualitative terms and it is setting of goals on the basis of objectives and keeping in resources. Planning in general is a thinking and social process. Intellectual thought processes (thinking aspect) as well as policies and actions (social aspect) are needed to bridge the gap between that is likely and what is desired. ### Types/Classifications of Planning #### Physical Planning: Shall mean the rational use of land for the development purposes. ##### Factors of study: - Land Use Planning - Planning Principles - Ecological Balance - Infrastructure - Preservation/Conservation - Management - Urban Design #### Social Planning: Refers to activities concerned with planning, development, and management of social services, facilities required by specific population groups, community, town, city, province, region, or nation. ##### Factors of study: - Demography - Location - Housing - Health Services - Protective Services - Sports and Recreation #### Economic Planning: Refers to those activities concerned with uplifting the quality of life and income levels of the population through assessment of advantages from economic activities in either agriculture, industry, tourism, services, etc. ##### Factors of study: - Commerce - Industry - Tourism - Agriculture ## Questions To Be Answered 1. WHERE did the settlements choose places? (when considered within the framework of Geography - Topography) 2. WHY did they choose a place in that location? 3. Does this choice have an impact on the form of settlement? 4. HOW/WHAT LESSONS can be learned from these elections?. ## Site Selection Criteria ### Social and Economic Factors - Transportation Centers Suitable for Exchange of Goods - Regions with raw materials (labor force, etc.) ### Geographical Factors - Waterside and Deltas - Closeness to Forested Regions - Fertile Regions and Their Surroundings - Favorable Regions in Terms of Climatic Comfort Conditions ### Military Reasons - Request of Heads of State ### Geographical Conditions - Topographic Structure *It is an important reason in shaping the settlement. Distribution of Functions Shaped According to Topography* ### Geological Structure ### Climate ### Pre-Industrial Site Selection / Criteria - Physiographic (elevation, aspect, slope and landform, geomorphology) and climatic comfort/conditions, - Closeness to natural resources (fertile agricultural lands, water resources, etc.), - Defense (in a position that dominates the environment and can be easily defended), - Transport, - Leaders' preferences. ### Examples of Site Selection Criteria - **Mont Saint-Michel:** An image of Mont Saint-Michel is shown, with text in Turkish saying "Defense, Proximity to Natural Resources". The image shows several illustrations of different site selections: a river meander site, a river island site, an offshore island site, a peninsula site, a sheltered harbor site, an acropolis site. - **Machu Picchu:** An image of Machu Picchu is shown, with text in Turkish saying "Defense, Physiography, Climate", with several images of the ancient Inca city. - **Avanos:** A photograph of Avanos, Turkey is shown, with text in Turkish saying "Climate, Natural Resources, Transportation, Physiography". The image also has an illustration with four different site selections: a bridge-point site, a confluence site, a head-of-navigation site, and a portage site. - **Uçhisar, Ihlara:** An illustration of the Ihlara Valley in Turkey is shown with another image of Uçhisar Castle in Turkey. Text in Turkish says, "Defense, Proximity to Natural Resources". ## Climatic Comfort - Site Selection Basic climatic elements that determine human comfort conditions: - Heat - Radiation - Air movement (wind strength) - Humidity ### Climatic Zones: A simplified map of the world is shown, broken down into different climatic zones: Equatorial, Sub-equatorial, Tropical, Sub-tropical, Temperate, Sub-polar, and Polar. ### Settlement Advices For Climate Zones: A diagram is shown with an x-axis that shows climatic ranges from **Cold** to **Hot-damp**. The y-axis shows the **Valley-Flat**, **Slope**, **Peak**, and **Sirt**, indicating the ideal areas to build a settlement for different climate zones. Below the diagram there is a key explaining the ideal location to build a settlement for every climate zone. ### Examples of Settlement Advices For Climate Zones: - **Shetland (Kuzey İzlanda-sağ üst), Tasiilaq (doğu Grönland - yan), Kerry (irlanda)** _(Shetland (Upper right of Iceland), Tasiilaq (side of Greenland), Kerry (Ireland))_ - **İgloo (yanda), İrlanda (üstte)** _(Igloo (side), Ireland (above))_ - **Tepeköy - Gökçeada** _(Tepeköy -Gökçeada)_ - **Sicilya - İtalya** _(Sicily - Italy)_ - **Fas – Fas** _(Fes - Fes)_ - **Persopolis ve Şiraz – İran** _(Persopolis and Shiraz - Iran)_ ## After Industrialization Site Selection (19-20th century) - Closeness to Raw Material - Closeness to Transportation Facilities - Closeness to the Labor Force - Closeness to the Market - All factors and Proximity to Energy Sources to be Used in Industrial Facilities show that the settlements are positioned with an understanding that focuses on economic development. ## After the Information Technology/Revolution (IT) Site Selection (20th Century) - IT can put people away from workplaces and cities. - Closeness to the city becomes unnecessary. - Rapid developments in telecommunications speed up the escape from the center 'decentralization' trend that started. - Decentralization: Urban sprawl -urban growth (urban + sub-urban) - Flexibility in time and place is provided. A drawing of a human brain and earth is shown, connected by lines. An arrow connects the two with a question mark beside it. Text beside the brain says "Human Brain" and text beside the earth says "Global Network." ## Prehistoric Cities (Tarih öncesi kentler) - Cities became trade centers and some have religious focus - Large population - Water as a basis of urban development - Religion was power - Settlements between or closed to rivers An illustration of a prehistoric city is shown, with a city map of another city nearby. ## Cities of the Classical Period / Ancient Cities (Klasik devir kentleri / Antik kentler) - **Temples:** One of the most common building types in ancient cities is temples. - **Amphitheatres:** Amphitheatres, used for entertainment and cultural events, are among the important structures of ancient cities. - **Agoras:** Agoras are the trade, social and political centers of ancient cities. - **Walls and Castles:** Ancient cities were surrounded by walls for defense purposes. - **Houses:** In ancient cities, there are various houses for people of different classes and levels of wealth. - **Aquariums and Cisterns:** Aquariums and cisterns used for water supply are used to store and distribute water. - **Baths:** Baths are important for cleanliness and social interaction in ancient cities. - **Monuments and Statues:** Monuments and statues in ancient cities were generally dedicated to gods, important people or victories. These structures reflect the history and values of the city. - **Churches and Basilicas:** Basilicas and early churches dating back to pre-Christian times are used for religious worship. - **Roads and Bridges:** Roads and bridges were built to facilitate transportation and develop trade. ### Examples: A photograph of the Acropolis of Athens, Greece is shown. A photograph of an amphitheater in Ephesus, Turkey is shown. ## Contemporary/Modern (Industrial Age) (Endüstri çağı) The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century led to massive urbanization. The rise of new great, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from communities into urban areas. Health problems resulting from contaminated water and air, and communicable diseases. There has also been a shift to suburbs, perhaps to avoid crime and traffic, which are two costs of living in an urban area. A photograph of a densely populated city is shown. ## Industrial Age: Problems and Challenges - **Kira konutları (tenements)** _(rental housing)_ - **Altyapı & Temizlik sorunu** _(infrastructure & cleanliness problems)_ ## Industrial Age: Working Conditions - **Tehlikeli çalışma koşulları** _(Dangerous working conditions)_ - **Bant üretimi (Factory production)** _(Assembly line production)_ - **Hijyen açısından sorunlu (hygiene problem)** _(hygiene problem)_ - **Aşırı yoğun çalışma ortamı (overwork)** _(Overwork)_ ## Industrial Age: Child Workforce - Increasing number of child workers. - Long working hours. - Inadequate occupational safety measures. - Hazardous working conditions ## Post-modern Cities (Post-modern kentler) An image of a modern designed building is shown. ### Examples: - A photograph of a skyscraper is shown. - A photograph of a modern building with architectural details is shown. - A photograph of a modern building with a curved facade is shown. - A photograph of a modern building with a unique design is shown. - **Tokyo, the most populous metropolis in the world** - **Seoul, the second most populous metropolis in the world** ## Urbanization: (Kentleşme) Urbanization is a structural change, a differentiation in lifestyle and view of life. In other words, it is a concept that includes economic, social and cultural differences/diversification. It is not just a concept related to population. It can never be explained by population criteria alone. It is generally used together with the concepts of "development" and "civilization". Urbanization cannot occur without economic development. ### Urbanization Explained: 1. It is population movement. 2. It is a population change between economic segments (statu, class, etc.) 3. It is a process of social change and a new formation. 4. It is a change in the physical environment and living conditions. 5. It was a managerial organizational process. ### Factors Affecting Urbanization: 1. **The attractiveness of the city:** - Diversity of job opportunities in cities - Diversity of services offered by cities - Increase in transportation opportunities. - Communication Technologies - Incentives to develop cities - Rule of law - Freedom 2. **The unfavorable/poorly of the rural area:** - Decreasing work force in agriculture - Decreasing need for agricultural workers - Health and hygiene conditions - Difficulty accessing fundamental rights - Lack of transportation facilities - Economic deficiency ## Urbanized: (Kentlileşme) ...the reflection of the urbanization process from the social scale to the individual scale. ...toplum ölçeğindeki kentleşme sürecinin birey ölçeğine yansıması. - Political attitudes and behaviors. - Values adopted regarding solidarity and cooperation. - Organizational styles and attitudes. - Adopted and unadopted traditions. - Opinions, attitudes, and behaviors regarding education and training. - Forms of information. - Methods of seeking rights. - Ways of explaining differences in society. ## Urbanization: Benefits and Challenges The promise of jobs and prosperity, among other factors, pulls people to cities. Half of the global population already lives in cities, and by 2050 two-thirds of the world's people are expected to live in urban areas. But in cities, two of the most pressing problems facing the world today also come together: poverty and environmental degradation. Poor air and water quality, insufficient water availability, waste-disposal problems, and high energy consumption are exacerbated by the increasing population density and demands of urban environments. As the world's urban areas continue to expand, effective city planning will be crucial in addressing these and other challenges. ### Causes of Urbanization: - Hub of change - Better services - Job Opportunity - A greater variety of entertainment & - Better quality of Education ### Benefits of Urbanization: - Improvement in economy - Growth of Commercial Activities - Social and Cultural Integration - Efficient Services - Resources Utilization ### Sustainable Urbanization: Sustainable urbanization means better: - Housing - Productivity - Opportunity - Education - Health care ### Urban Metrics: A table is shown with three columns: Component, Measurement Method, and Spatial Scale. - **Component** has three rows: Structural, Agent, and Abiotic - **Structural** includes three symbols: Blue, Grey, and Green. - **Agent** includes two symbols: Human and non-human. - **Abiotic** includes three symbols: Air, Soil, and Water. - **Measurement Method** has two rows: Singular and Composite. - **Spatial Scale** has three rows: Site, Local, and System. - **Site** is shown as a smaller circle. - **System** is shown as a larger circle. Below the table, a conceptual statement reads: A conceptual framework depicting the dimensions of urban metrics. Each metric quantifies a structural, agent, or abiotic component of urban-ness using either a singular or composite measurement method at a given spatial scale and having a static or dynamic temporal nature. ## Urban Form ### The Pace of Urbanization is Increasing: A graphic shows the rate of urbanization in Africa and Asia from the year 2014 to 2050. The graphics indicate that the rate is accelerating, with Africa reaching 54% urban by 2050 and Asia reaching 64% urban by 2050. The graphic also states that every country where USAID has a presence is experiencing urban population growth. ### Key Points: - **Close to half of the world's urban dwellers reside in relatively small settlements of less than 500,000 inhabitants.** - **The fastest growing urban agglomerations are medium-sized cities and cities with less than 1 million inhabitants located in Asia and Africa.** ### Threats of Urbanization: - Intensive urban growth can lead to greater poverty, with local governments unable to provide services for all people. - Concentrated energy use leads to greater air pollution with significant impact on human health. - Automobile exhaust produces elevated lead levels in urban air. - Large volumes of uncollected waste create multiple health hazards. - Urban development can magnify the risk of environmental hazards such as flash flooding. - Animal populations are inhibited by toxic substances, vehicles, and the loss of habitat and food sources. ### Solutions: - Combat poverty by promoting economic development and job creation. - Involve local community in local government. - Reduce air pollution by upgrading energy use and alternative transport systems. - Create private-public partnerships to provide services such as waste disposal and housing. - Plant trees and incorporate the care of city green spaces as a key element in urban planning. ### Urban Form (Form): - A form is a three-dimensional geometrical figure, as opposed to a shape, which is two-dimensional or flat. - Form can be defined as the organization, arrangement, or relationship of its basic elements. - The word "form" means shape, configuration, structure, pattern, organization, and system of relations. - Form will represent the spatial pattern of elements composing the city in terms of its networks, buildings, spaces, defined through its geometry mainly. - Form means the totality of an artifact’s perceivable elements and the way those elements are united ### Urban Form (Urban Form): - The spatial pattern formed by the objects of a city: buildings, public spaces, topography, and waters. - Buildings and the spaces between them, street layouts and open spaces, skylines, and city boundaries. - Densities and distributions of people, spatial relations between social groups, the spatial markings of legal boundaries and entitlements, urban environments, and the submerged or social infrastructures that shape and segment them. - The way cities can be observed and understood in terms of their spatial pattern. - Spatial Form - - External Form, or visible shape - Internal Form, or structure - The distinct pattern of a city ### Aspects of Urban Form: 1. **Street System/Network:** - Streets define the different street blocks that constitute a city and distinguish what is public, accessible to all citizens, from what is private or semi-public. - Streets are the public and democratic space of the city, the place where we all meet with all our differences and where we all interact in social terms. - There is a wide variety of streets with different shapes and sizes, different ways of relating with the other streets in the surroundings and also with different urban functions. An illustration of a city plan is shown, with different street types: land access street, land access street, common open space, arterial street, and collector street. 2. **Plot System:** - The plots system of a city is one of the most important elements of urban form, separating the public domain and the private domain (or the different private domains). - The definition of the plots system in a given territory is an essential element of its urbanization process and has a considerable stability over time. - The subsequent stage of this urbanization process usually involves the precise definition of the different plots: - How is each plot related with the street? (what is the dimension of the plot frontage?) - What is the orientation of the plot in relation to the orientation of the street? - What is the position of each plot within the plots system? (is it in the middle or in the edge of the street block? is it located in a long side or in a short side of the street block?) - What is the shape of the plot, and what are its dimensions and proportions? An illustration shows a map of a city plan using a grid and using the plots system. 3. **Building System:** - Buildings do not have the stability in time that streets and plots. - One of the most important elements of urban form and the most visible of these elements. - The city is made of two different types of buildings: - Ordinary buildings - Exceptional buildings - The main characteristics that distinguish these two types are related to the building form but also to the building utilization. ### Building Systems: Other Important Characteristics: - The façade design (important for the urban landscape) - The position of the staircase in the interior of the building - The organization of dwellings ### Other Aspects of Urban Form: - **District** - **Neighborhood** ### Urban Form Types: - **'Regular planned'** and **'irregular organic'** forms of urban settlement. - **Organic:** Irregular in geometry - Weaving in and out of the landscape, closely following the terrain and other natural features - Linear Form: Irregular, non-geometric, 'organic', with an incidence of winding/curved streets. - **Planned:** Regularity/Symmetrical - Planned towns displays a geometry of straight lines and smooth curves, built on a directness of movement: - Gridiron form: Miletus and Priene in present-day Asia Minor - Circular form: The Greeks and Romans planned towns - Radial form ### Components of Urban Form: A graphic shows illustrations that are examples of each component: - **Size** _(Büyüklük)_ - **Shape** _(Biçim)_ - **Texture** _(Doku)_ - **Density** _(Yoğunluk)_ ### Urban Form Types (Spreiregen, 1965): An illustration shows example of the different urban form types: - **I - Yağ lekesi biçimi (sheet)** _(Oil spot form)_ - **II - Çekirdek biçimi (core)** _(Core form)_ - **III - Galaksi biçimi (galaxy)** _(Galaxy form)_ - **IV - Uydu biçimi (satellite)** _(Satellite form)_ - **V - Yıldız biçimi (star)** _(Star form)_ - **VI - Doğrusal biçim (lineer)** _(Linear form)_ - **VII - Halka biçimi (ring)** _(Ring form)_ - **VIII - Ağ biçimi (network)** _(Network form)_ ### Linear Urban Forms: - Can be found in many unplanned developments of the Middle Ages - However, they are more usually a product of the industrial revolution - They are most closely associated with the metaphor of the city as a machine. ### The Main Feature of the Linear Urban Form: - Ability to deal with the rapid efficiency of mass movement of people and goods within and between cities - Ability to deal with infinite growth ### Grid Urban Form: - **Gridiron plans** used for rapid development most obviously associated with military camps but also widely used for colonization. - The straight streets and routes which form the structure of the grid, the blocks which represents the interstices within the grid. - The grid becomes a ‘grid-iron pattern’ when it is composed of standard square. ### Radial Urban Form: - Ideal town forms - Need for regularly laid out city blocks - Routes radiating from central places and well-developed hierarchies of city systems An illustration shows an example of an "Ideal City of the Renaissance" and an example of a "Palma Radial Form." ### Circular Urban Form: - Circular geometries - Circular forms in a sense represent a natural bound for any city which is based on some central focus around which the major economic and political activity takes place. - A circular and fortified town, divided by two axes into four quarters where the pictures in each symbolize the usage of these areas. - The circle which invariable encloses and bounds development as well as focusing upon the core. - Most cities when examined in terms of their boundaries and edges, unless heavily constrained by physical features, are organized in some circular form. ### Organic Urban Form: - Most towns grew organically as the product of many individual decisions made according to local rules and circumstances. - The organic or natural feeling and appearance of the spatial composition. - The city appears to be the product of nature, growing in accretive fashion apparently without the artifice of man. ### Three Different Approaches to Collective Form: 1. **Group Form:** - A result of incremental accumulation of spatially interconnected elements along an armature, for example, a central road or topography lines. 2. **Compositional Form:** - Two-dimensional and static. 3. **Mega Form:** - A structural approach that provides large frameworks - hierarchical, open-ended, and interconnected systems - encompassing different functions and elements. ### Urban Function Areas: (KENTSEL İŞLEV ALANLARI (URBAN FUNCTION AREAS) - **KONUT ALANLARI** (LIVING AREA/SPACE) - **ÇALIŞMA ALANLARI** (WORKING AREA/SPACE) - Merkez Alanları _(Urban Centers)_ - Sanayi Alanları _(Industrial Areas)_ - **DONATI ALANLARI** (EDUCATIONAL-CULTURAL-MANAGEMENT) - **DİNLENME ALANLARI** (OPEN SPACES/RECREATION) - **ULAŞIM** (TRANSPORTATION) <start_of_image> Cities are broken down into several functional areas: - **KENTSEL İŞLEV ALANLARI** _(Urban Function Areas)_ - **KONUT** _(Housing)_ - **ÇALIŞMA** _(Working)_ - **ULAŞIM** (Transportation) - **EĞİTİM-KÜLTÜR-YÖNETİM** (Service Areas) - **AÇIK ALANLAR ** (Open Spaces/Recreation) - **EDUCATIONAL-CULTURAL-MANAGEMENT** ### Urban Function Areas - Konut Alanları (Living Area) (Housing (living) types can be grouped according to number of floors, ownership, form/mass. In housing organization: Natural, Climate, Social, Aesthetic, Technical, Economic. #### Konut Alanları (Living Area) - **Konut tipleri ve alan düzenleme:** _(Housing Types & Layout)_ - **Kat saysına göre:** _(According to the number of floors): 1-3 kat _(Low-rise)_, 4-6 kat _(Mid-rise)_, 7+ kat _(High-rise)_ - **Mülkiyete göre:** _(According to ownership_) - **Bağımsız tek aile/hane** _ (Single-family homes)_. - **Çok sahipli** _(Multi-family homes)_. - **Lojmanlar** _(Barracks, dorms)_. - **Formuna/kütlesine göre:** _(According to form/mass)_ - **Nokta** _(Point form)_. Buildings that are difficult to add to. - **Bloklar** _(Block form)_. Buildings that can be added to in different shapes and sizes. #### Konut Alanları: Planlama kolaylıkları _(Planning Ease)_ Planning ease, the rationale of distributing amenities, requires some criteria. One such is the "neighborhood unit", appearing in planning after the Radburn movement in the 1920s. A neighborhood unit is an area where daily living requirements can be accessed within walking distance, along with the population. The population size is determined by the number of children living there, as the base is a primary school serving as the main amenity. A typical neighborhood unit in Turkey is 3500-7000 inhabitants. #### Elements of a Konut Alanı _(Neighborhood)_ - **İskan alanları** _(Housing areas)_ - **Ana okul ve ilköğretim okulu** _(Kindergarten and elementary school)_ - **Açık ve yeşil alanlar, oyun yerleri, spor alanları, vb** _(Open and green areas, playgrounds, sports fields, etc.)_ - **Küçük bir alışveriş merkezi** _(Small shopping mall)_ - **Dini tesis** _(Religious facility)_ - **Toplantı yeri ve umumi tesisler** _(Meeting place and public facilities)_ - **Gerekli ulaşım alanları** _(Necessary transport areas)_. #### Konut Alanları: Examples: Illustrations are shown of various Konut Alanları layouts: - **Vüksek blok** _(High-rise building)_ - **Avlulu konut blok** _(Courtyard housing)_ - **Bitişik** _(Attached)_ - **Sira ev** _(Row house)_ - **Dáz Ev** _(Single-family home)_ - **Bahçeli Konut** _(Garden house)_ - **Yüksek Blok** _(High-rise building)_ - **Konut toplanı** _(Housing aggregate)_ ### Urban Function Areas - Çalışma Alanı (Working Area) - **MERKEZ ALANLARI** _(Urban Centers)_ - **MAX. ARAÇ VE YAYA, YAPI YOĞUNLUKLARI** _(Maximum density of vehicles, pedestrians, and buildings)_ - **KENTİN TOPLANMA VE DAĞILMA NOKTASI** _(The gathering and dispersal point of the city)_ - **KENTİN KALBİ/BEYNİ** _(Heart/Brain of the city)_ - **MIX. FONKSİYONLARIN YER ALDIĞI BÖLGE** _(The region where the mix of functions are located)_ ### Urban Function Areas - Çalışma Alanı (Working Area) - **WHAT IS URBAN CENTER?** - **MAXIMUM DENSITIES OF VEHICLE, PEOPLE AND BUILDINGS** - **AS NODE POINT** - **THE COLLECTION AND DISSOLUTION POINT OF THE CITY** - **HEART/ BRAIN OF THE CITY** - **THE REGION WHERE THE MIX. FUNCTIONS ARE LOCATED** ### Urban Function Areas - Merkez Alanları (Urban Centers) - **TİCARET (COMMERCIAL)** _(Commerce)_ - **PERAKENDE** _(Retail)_ - **TOPTAN + DEPOLAMA** _(Wholesale + Storage)_ - **BANKACILIK** _(Banking)_ - **SERBEST MESLEK HİZMETLERİ** _(Freelance services)_ - **KİŞİSEL VE TOPLUMSAL HİZMET** _(Personal and social service)_ - **YÖNETİM - KAMU HİZMET ALANLARI** (Management - Public Service Areas) - **BELEDİYE** _(Municipality)_ - **PTT** _(Post Office)_ - **POLİS** _(Police)_ - **ASKERLİK ŞUBESİ** _(Military service)_ - **BAKANLIK TEMSİLCİLERİ** _(Ministry Representatives)_ - **TURİZM - KONAKLAMA - REKREASYON** (Tourism - Accommodation - Recreation) - **OTELLER** _(Hotels)_ - **KAFE-LOKΑΝΤΑ** _(Cafes and Restaurants)_ - **SİNEMA** _(Cinema)_ - **PARK** _(Park)_ - **EĞİTİM - SOSYAL - KÜLTÜREL ALANLAR** (Education - Social- Cultural Areas) - **PRESTİJ ALANI** _(Prestige Area)_ - **CAMİ** _(Mosque)_ - **EĞİTİM KURUMLARI** _(Educational Institutions)_ - **KÜTÜPHANE** _(Library)_ - **SAĞLIK KURULUŞLARI** _(Health Organizations)_ - **MÜZE** _(Museum)_ - **ŞEHİR PARKI** _(City Park)_ - **TEKNİK HİZMETLER (TECHNICAL SERVICES)** _(Technical Services)_ - **PAZAR YERİ** _(Market Place)_ - **GARAJ, TERMİNAL, DURAKLAR** _(Garage, Terminal, Stations)_ - **İTFAİYE, İSKELE, LİMAN** _(Fire department, Pier, Port)_ - **KÜÇÜK İMALAT (MINOR MANUFACTURING)** _(Minor Manufacturing)_ - **TAMİR, BAKIM, ONARIM** _(Repair, Maintenance, Repair)_ - **KONUT** (LIVING) _(Housing)_