Planning 2 - 1st Exam Reviewer PDF

URBAN DESIGN ❖ Earliest settlements began to take shape. ❖ These settlements consisted of The History of Human Settlements...

URBAN DESIGN ❖ Earliest settlements began to take shape. ❖ These settlements consisted of The History of Human Settlements groups of houses built by the Ancient Times side of agricultural fields, shrines and burial grounds. Nomadic - Cave Dweller Man Time period up to 10,000 BC What affected the development and ❖ Earliest man did not settle growth of urban areas? anywhere as they wandered around in search of food. Favorable environment for ❖ Do not know how to construct human existence. buildings, they live in the open. Presence of fertile soil, bodies ❖ Occasionally took shelter on top of water and natural resources. of trees to protect themselves Slopes / Terrain and other forms from wild animals. of natural defenses. ❖ Later, they lived in caves by the Climate side of rivers, lakes and springs. Why River Valleys? ❖ They preferred sites protected by rivers, swamps or elevated Land was fertile terrains. Water and food can be extracted ❖ When food becomes scarce or from rivers. the gathering becomes Soft clay is good for constructing difficult, they move to another their huts (homes). location. Later, river was also used as a means of transportation. TOWARDS SETTLED HABITATION Time period up to 10,000 BC - 5,000 BC THE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ❖ Man learned to practice ❖ Division of Labor cultivation. They can now stay Since food is already at one place as they produce abundant, not all the their own food. inhabitants were required ❖ They began to settle down near to work on the fields. Thus, fields they have cultivated. This is others began to practice why they preferred fertile lands various “occupations”. and areas where water is plenty. Working population was ❖ Man learned to build huts and divided. mud houses.  ❖ Barter since they are the people Those who were not already used to traveling farmers were supplied B. Traders were recognized as food in exchange of goods leaders, as they provide they produced. protection to the community. C. They have accumulated goods Shepherds got grains in exchange for and became wealthy milk, weavers for cloth, potters for D. They have accumulated utensils, and craftsmen for tools and knowledge as they traveled implements. long distances and met many people. Later as river and land routes development for ❖ Social Stratification transportation, goods Previous “traders” became began to be exchanged a chieftain. across communities. Social Classes starts to be established. ❖ Trading With transportation, THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE reputation of some of the goods produced by ❖ New Physical Features craftsmen of particular The “Chieftain” built for villages began to travel far himself a castle which and wide. towered over the other Traders emerged as a buildings and was built at new class of people, the highest point in the trading as a new village. occupation and market The rich traders and place as a new physical wealthy farmers built their component of settlements. houses near the “Castle”. The location became new QUESTION! distinguishing feature and Which of the following statements a status symbol, as a holds true for traders in the ancient relatively poor artisans and history of settlements? peasants occupied quarters on the periphery. ANSWER: ALL TRUE The community was divided between the rich A. Early traders most probably and the poor as the two belonged to the hunting tribe, social classes occupied  different sections of the The new organization of settlements. the community resulted in The rich and the poor the subjugation and gradually grew exploitation of a large antagonistic to each other majority of peasants by a as the former became small minority of the rich more obsessed with their (called the “nobles”). property and power. There are now walls ❖ The role of the “Priests” around the settlements. Since the use of physical Man who was originally power was not enough to warding himself from ensure obedience, beasts and wild animals is religious sensibilities of the now afraid of being people were exploited. attacked by fellow “Chieftains” were also human beings. identified as the “Priests” They became ALL ❖ The walled settlements POWERFUL as the Wall around the settlement people willingly obeyed was built in addition to the whatever he commanded. one already existing around the “Castle”. DID YOU NOTICE? There are effectively curbed the physical spread How Human Settlement developed: of settlements. People living outside 1. Man’s Needs / Necessities moved in. 2. Interactions / Trades The density of the people 3. Social / Community Structure = began to rise. Physical Structure THE NEW COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Man’s Needs / Necessities ❖ Subjugation of Peasants Labor Specialization The external threat New occupation groups such as brought forth the necessity engineers, construction laborers, of internal unity, as the carpenters, soldiers – to answer people needed to defend for the needs of king. themselves from the outsiders. Interactions / Trades Advance in Civilization Man developed new skills, developed a kind of common language, learned use of new materials. Social / Community Structure = Physical Structure Restructuring of the Community New structures were built. Bigger houses, bigger temples and tombs. IT’S AN UNENDING CYCLE HISTORY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS NEOLITHIC CITIES (7000 - 9000 BC) Khirokitia (choirokoitia) ( 5500 BC ) Early settlement in Cyprus First documented without streets. Basic architectural unit was a circular structure with a flat roof. Main street heading uphill was narrow but had a wider terminal, Jericho ( 9000 BC ) which may have been a social Early settlement in Israel. spot. A well-organized community of Grew because of migration. about 3000 people. Built around a reliable source of freshwater. Only 3 hectares and enclose with a circular stone wall Overrun in about 6500 BC.  ANCIENT TIMES ( 3000 BC ) Cities of Thebes and Memphis Along the Nile River Characterized by monumental architecture. Had monumental avenues, colossal temple plazas and tombs cut from rock. Catalhoyuk (çatalhöyük) ( 7000 BC ) Early settlement in Turkey Largest Neolithic City of 10,000 people in about 13 hectares of land. An intricately assembled complex without streets. Included shrines and quarters for specialized crafts, production of paintings, textiles, metal, etc. Egyptian Civilization Rested on a new rationale for the Dependence on the Nile city that time: TRADE Built reservoirs to store water Dug canals for irrigation. ANCIENT TIMES ( 2000 - 4000 BC ) Organized labor of large number of workers. At the Fertile Crescent: cities Methods of safekeeping when were formed by the Tigris & flood occurs. Euphrates river valleys of Mesopotamia. Eridu Acknowledged as the Oldest City. Damascus Oldest Continually Inhabited City. Babylon Largest City with 80,000 inhabitants.  Archeological evidence indicates an advance civilization lived here as there were housing variations, sanitary and sewage systems. Tel-el-Amarna Example of a typical Egyptian City ANCIENT TIMES ( 1900 BC ) Comprised of the following: 1. Central Area Yellow River Valley ( China ) 2. North Suburb “Land within the passes” 3. South City Precursor of the linear city. 4. Custom’s House Anyang 5. Worker’s Village Largest city of the Yellow River Valley. ANCIENT TIMES ( 2500 BC ) Indus Valley ( Pakistan ) ANCIENT TIMES ( 800 BC ) Cities of Mohenjo - Daro and Harappa Beijing ( China ) Administrative - religious centers Founded in approximately the with 40,000 inhabitants. same location it’s in today. Imposing citadel and lower city. Present form originated in the Grid-iron layout with continuous Ming Dynasty. modifications. ANCIENT TIMES ( BC to AD ) An ideal population of about 5,000 male citizens. Mesoamerica Cities Elaborate networks of cities were built by the Zapotecs, Mextecs and Aztecs in rough, rugged lands. Teotijuacan and Dzibilchatun - largest cities. Sparta and Athens Teotijuacan Largest cities Compact urban form Never planned as a whole GREEK CLASSICAL CITIES ( 700 BC ) Integration of social and civic life Components: Acropolis, Main Greek Cities spread through the harbors, Agora Complex, Cultural Aegean Region westward to & Leisure Facilities. France and Spain. Acropolis A religious and defensive structure up on the hills with no definite geometric plan. The center of greek community life. GREEK CLASSICAL CITIES ( 400 BC ) Hippodamus ( known as Hippodamus of Miletus) The first noted urban planner Polis Introduced the grid system and The “City-State” the Agora.  ROMAN CLASSICAL CITIES (400 BC) Miletus Home of several famous philosophers and scientists such Republican Forum as Thales, Anaximander, Architectural Masses as Anaximenes, Hippodamus, and Character. Hecataeus. Full of Odd Orders Three Sections: Layout in Informal 1. For Artisans 2. For Farmers 3. For the Military Imperial Forum Urban Space as Character. Roman Cities Spacious and Open Adopted forms, but with Layout is Orderly monumental scale that had a social hierarchy. Romans as: Roman Forums Symbol of power ENGINEERS Center of Activities Built Aqueducts, public baths, Most famous Forums: drainage systems and large open ❖ Republican Forum interiors for public gatherings. ❖ Imperial Forum CONQUERORS Sienna and Constantinople Built forum after forum. Signified the rise of the church as Cities were not defensive as they a main urban design element. opted for river crossing over isolation. The rise of two privileged classes: PLANNERS 1. The Nobles They developed housing 2. The Clergy variations and other spaces. Incorporated public works and arts into the design of their Cities. Basilica ❖ Covered markets, Law courts Curia Feudalism ❖ Local Meeting Hall, Capitol Affected the urban design of most Domus towns ❖ Traditional House with Society centered on lands help Atrium by local lord and on minors. Insulae Many towns with small ❖ Three to Six Storey populations, as people fled on apartments with country estates. storefronts. MEDIEVAL AGES Decline of Roman power left many outposts all over Europe Growth revolved around fortifications and monasteries. The Christian church developed a strong organization that took powers that were usually the responsibility of governments. Mercantilism Towns were fine and intimate with Became prevalent while power of winding roads and sequenced feudal lords declined views of cathedrals and military Relatively fragmented social fortifications. organization Loose physical boundaries Development of ports and coastal areas Growth of retail outlets  Growth of major population centers such as Europe, Paris and Venice Resulted to congestion and slums and eventually, the decile of cities. THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS (15TH CENTURY) Plan of an ideal fortified city by G. Maggi. Display of Power Kings achieved unity and display Vienna of their affluence and power by Emerged as the city of culture improving and beautifying their and the arts. cities. The first “University Town” and Arts and Architecture became the “Town of Musicians” major elements of town planning and Urban Design. Accomplishments of early Geometric forms of cities were Renaissance proposed. Public Works Civil Improvement Projects Leon Battista Alberti De Architectura Treats Architecture and Town Design as a single theme. (just like Vitruvis) DEVELOPMENT OF Plan of Ideal City LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE French Regarded natural landscape as barbaric Man-made, preferably geometric creations “Absolute common of nature” English The English Renaissance Characterized by an attitude of The European planned City sympathy with nature Examples: “Tames the nature” ❖ Savannah, design by Italian James Oglethorpe. Terraced Garden is the best ❖ Charleston, Annapolis Model of gardening in the limited and Williamsburg, space. designed by Col francis Nicholson SETTLEMENTS IN THE AMERICAS Today, Savannah is the world’s largest officially recognized historical district. Medieval Organic City Taken after the “boug” (military Annapolis town) and “fauborg” (citizen’s town of the medieval ages Did not have any regular street form. Medieval Bastide Take from the French Bastide Eventually referred to as “new towns” Came in the form of grids or Government buildings were focal points radial plans of the plan, though a civic square was Reflects flexibility also provided. THE SPANISH “LAWS OF THE Williamsburg INDIES” TOWN King Philip’s City Guideline Produced three types of towns: 1. Pueblo (Civil) 2. Presidio (Military) 3. Mission (Religious) Plan was anchored by the Governor’s palace, the state capitol and the College of William and Mary Savannah Schools of Thought: The REFORM movements The SPECIALISTS The Speculator’s Town Developments were driven by speculation (guesswork) Philadelphia Designed by William Penn The “MACHINE AGE” Change of manpower to assembly lines