Weeks 7-12 Quiz 4 PDF

**Which group did Franz Boas conduct fieldwork with?**\ a) Azande\ b) Nuu-chah-nulth\ c) Kwakiutl\ d) Yanomami\ e) Trobriand Islanders\ **Correct Answer:** c) Kwakiutl\ **Explanation:** Franz Boas studied the Kwakiutl (Kwakwaka'wakw) of British Columbia, developing his theories of cultural relativis...

**Which group did Franz Boas conduct fieldwork with?**\ a) Azande\ b) Nuu-chah-nulth\ c) Kwakiutl\ d) Yanomami\ e) Trobriand Islanders\ **Correct Answer:** c) Kwakiutl\ **Explanation:** Franz Boas studied the Kwakiutl (Kwakwaka'wakw) of British Columbia, developing his theories of cultural relativism and challenging ideas of linear cultural evolution. 2. **Edward Sapir conducted fieldwork with which group?**\ a) Trobriand Islanders\ b) Nuu-chah-nulth\ c) Kwakiutl\ d) Inuit\ e) Azande\ **Correct Answer:** b) Nuu-chah-nulth\ **Explanation:** Sapir explored the relationship between language and culture through his studies of the Nuu-chah-nulth people on Vancouver Island. 3. **Bronisław Malinowski is best known for his work with which group?**\ a) Yanomami\ b) Azande\ c) Kwakiutl\ d) Trobriand Islanders\ e) Nuu-chah-nulth\ **Correct Answer:** d) Trobriand Islanders\ **Explanation:** Malinowski conducted extensive fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands, where he studied the Kula exchange and social structures. 4. **E.E. Evans-Pritchard conducted fieldwork on witchcraft and oracles among which group?**\ a) Yanomami\ b) Azande\ c) Inuit\ d) Kwakiutl\ e) Nuu-chah-nulth\ **Correct Answer:** b) Azande\ **Explanation:** Evans-Pritchard's work with the Azande focused on their belief systems, including witchcraft and oracles, to explain misfortune and reinforce social norms. 5. **Which group did Margaret Mead study to explore adolescence and cultural differences?**\ a) Samoan\ b) Yanomami\ c) Trobriand Islanders\ d) Inuit\ e) Kwakiutl\ **Correct Answer:** a) Samoan\ **Explanation:** Mead's work in Samoa emphasized how culture shapes adolescent experiences, challenging Western psychological assumptions about universal development. 6. **The Kula exchange system was extensively documented by which anthropologist?**\ a) E.E. Evans-Pritchard\ b) Ruth Benedict\ c) Bronisław Malinowski\ d) Edward Sapir\ e) Franz Boas\ **Correct Answer:** c) Bronisław Malinowski\ **Explanation:** Malinowski documented the ceremonial Kula exchange among the Trobriand Islanders, demonstrating its importance in maintaining alliances and social prestige. 7. **Alfred Kroeber conducted fieldwork with which individual or group?**\ a) Azande\ b) Nuu-chah-nulth\ c) Ishi (Yahi)\ d) Inuit\ e) Trobriand Islanders\ **Correct Answer:** c) Ishi (Yahi)\ **Explanation:** Kroeber worked with Ishi, the last known member of the Yahi people, documenting his language and cultural practices. 8. **Napoleon Chagnon is associated with his fieldwork on social structures and conflict among which group?**\ a) Yanomami\ b) Azande\ c) Inuit\ d) Kwakiutl\ e) Nuu-chah-nulth\ **Correct Answer:** a) Yanomami\ **Explanation:** Chagnon's studies of the Yanomami highlighted their kinship systems and the role of alliances in conflict and social organization. 9. **Victor Turner is known for his work with which group's rituals and rites of passage?**\ a) Azande\ b) Ndembu\ c) Inuit\ d) Yanomami\ e) Trobriand Islanders\ **Correct Answer:** b) Ndembu\ **Explanation:** Turner studied the Ndembu people of Africa, developing his concept of liminality and focusing on the transitional phases in rites of passage. 10. **Clifford Geertz analyzed symbolic systems of meaning in rituals, such as cockfights, in which society?**\ a) Azande\ b) Balinese\ c) Inuit\ d) Yanomami\ e) Trobriand Islanders\ **Correct Answer:** b) Balinese\ **Explanation:** Geertz interpreted Balinese cockfights as \"deep play,\" reflecting the society's social structures, values, and symbolic systems. 11. **E.B. Tylor's theory of animism was influenced by his study of which group?**\ a) Polynesian societies\ b) Yanomami\ c) Kwakiutl\ d) Ndembu\ e) Azande\ **Correct Answer:** a) Polynesian societies\ **Explanation:** Tylor's studies of Polynesian and other Indigenous religions informed his theory that animism stems from early human experiences of the spiritual. 12. **Lewis Henry Morgan developed his theories of kinship and social evolution through his work with which group?**\ a) Kwakiutl\ b) Yanomami\ c) Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)\ d) Azande\ e) Inuit\ **Correct Answer:** c) Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)\ **Explanation:** Morgan's work with the Haudenosaunee provided foundational insights into kinship and the evolution of societal organization. 13. **John Barker conducted fieldwork with which group, focusing on tapa cloth production?**\ a) Yanomami\ b) Azande\ c) Maisin\ d) Inuit\ e) Kwakiutl\ **Correct Answer:** c) Maisin\ **Explanation:** Barker studied the Maisin of Papua New Guinea, exploring how tapa cloth production intertwines with their cultural identity and economic challenges. 14. **Ruth Benedict's work with which group highlighted their harmonious and cooperative social organization?**\ a) Pueblo\ b) Yanomami\ c) Azande\ d) Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)\ e) Trobriand Islanders\ **Correct Answer:** a) Pueblo\ **Explanation:** Benedict studied the Pueblo people, emphasizing their cooperative and peaceful social structures, contrasting with other Native American stereotypes. 1. **Which group practices the Kula exchange, a ceremonial trading system involving shell necklaces and armbands to build alliances and prestige?**\ a) Kwakiutl\ b) Yanomami\ c) Trobriand Islanders\ d) Azande\ e) Nuu-chah-nulth\ **Correct Answer:** c) Trobriand Islanders 2. **Which group uses the poison oracle to determine the cause of misfortunes and resolve disputes?**\ a) Inuit\ b) Azande\ c) Yanomami\ d) Maisin\ e) Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)\ **Correct Answer:** b) Azande 3. **Which group uses song duels as a method of conflict resolution where disputing parties perform satirical songs?**\ a) Inuit\ b) Yanomami\ c) Trobriand Islanders\ d) Azande\ e) Nuu-chah-nulth\ **Correct Answer:** a) Inuit 4. **Which group performs tapa cloth-making rituals where women abstain from certain activities to ensure spiritual and physical harmony in their craft?**\ a) Maisin\ b) Yanomami\ c) Kwakiutl\ d) Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)\ e) Pueblo\ **Correct Answer:** a) Maisin 5. **Which group uses reciprocal feasting and potlatch ceremonies to redistribute wealth and reinforce social hierarchies?**\ a) Kwakiutl\ b) Trobriand Islanders\ c) Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)\ d) Maisin\ e) Yanomami\ **Correct Answer:** a) Kwakiutl 6. **Which group has a social structure organized around big men who gain influence through persuasion, generosity, and organizing feasts?**\ a) Trobriand Islanders\ b) Yanomami\ c) Kwakiutl\ d) Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)\ e) Azande\ **Correct Answer:** b) Yanomami 7. **Which group practices fraternal polyandry, where a woman marries multiple brothers to preserve family resources?**\ a) Yanomami\ b) Tibetan communities\ c) Kwakiutl\ d) Maisin\ e) Pueblo\ **Correct Answer:** b) Tibetan communities 8. **Which group participates in the Kula exchange and considers yam gardens a symbol of wealth and social status?**\ a) Yanomami\ b) Trobriand Islanders\ c) Kwakiutl\ d) Azande\ e) Inuit\ **Correct Answer:** b) Trobriand Islanders 9. **Which group believes in skinwalkers---half-human, half-animal beings---associated with witchcraft and misfortune?**\ a) Inuit\ b) Yanomami\ c) Navajo\ d) Azande\ e) Kwakiutl\ **Correct Answer:** c) Navajo 10. **Which group incorporates Dreamtime in their belief system, connecting spiritual creation stories to present-day land stewardship?**\ a) Pueblo\ b) Australian Aboriginals\ c) Trobriand Islanders\ d) Azande\ e) Maisin\ **Correct Answer:** b) Australian Aboriginals 11. **Franz Boas developed the theory of cultural relativism, which argues that cultures should be understood on their own terms without ranking them.**\ **Correct Answer:** True\ **Explanation:** Boas rejected hierarchical models of cultural evolution, emphasizing that no culture is inherently superior or inferior, and each must be analyzed within its context. 12. **Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of social evolution proposed three stages of societal development: savagery, barbarism, and civilization.**\ **Correct Answer:** True\ **Explanation:** Morgan's evolutionary framework categorized societies based on their technological and social complexity, a concept later critiqued for its ethnocentrism. 13. **E.B. Tylor is credited with developing the theory of cultural diffusion, which describes how cultural traits spread from one society to another.**\ **Correct Answer:** False\ **Explanation:** Tylor developed the theory of animism, explaining that early humans attributed spiritual qualities to natural objects, laying the foundation for later religious systems. 14. **Bronisław Malinowski's functionalism argued that all cultural practices and institutions serve to meet the biological or psychological needs of individuals.**\ **Correct Answer:** True\ **Explanation:** Malinowski's functionalist approach focused on how cultural elements, such as rituals or kinship, fulfill individual needs and maintain societal stability. 15. **Victor Turner introduced the concept of liminality, which refers to the transitional phase in rites of passage where participants exist between two defined social roles.**\ **Correct Answer:** True\ **Explanation:** Turner's work on rituals highlighted the importance of liminality in social transformation, particularly in the symbolic and emotional experiences of participants. 16. **Marcel Mauss's theory of gift exchange emphasizes that giving is an individual, voluntary act disconnected from social obligations.**\ **Correct Answer:** False\ **Explanation:** Mauss argued that gift-giving is a social obligation that creates relationships of reciprocity, forming the basis of social cohesion in many societies. 17. **Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf proposed that language shapes thought, a concept known as the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.**\ **Correct Answer:** True\ **Explanation:** The hypothesis suggests that the structure of a language influences how its speakers perceive and conceptualize the world. 18. **E.E. Evans-Pritchard developed the theory of structural functionalism, which analyzes how social institutions maintain societal equilibrium.**\ **Correct Answer:** True\ **Explanation:** While Evans-Pritchard's studies of the Azande focused on witchcraft, he contributed to the broader framework of structural functionalism, examining how belief systems support social order. **Which of the following findings did William Labov observe in his study on New York City's department stores?**\ a) Middle-class speakers demonstrated hypercorrection in their speech.\ b) Lower-class speakers overused the /r/ sound to appear more formal.\ c) Pronunciation of the /r/ sound had no connection to social class.\ d) Upper-class speakers avoided the /r/ sound entirely.\ e) Middle-class speakers did not alter their speech patterns in formal contexts.\ **Correct Answer:** a) Middle-class speakers demonstrated hypercorrection in their speech.\ **Explanation:** Labov found that middle-class speakers were more likely to over-pronounce /r/ in formal contexts, reflecting linguistic insecurity and aspirations for upward mobility. **What was one of the significant implications of William Labov's study on social class and language?**\ a) Language use is entirely uniform across all social groups.\ b) Speech patterns are static and do not change in formal settings.\ c) Language reflects and reinforces social stratification.\ d) Pronunciation differences are irrelevant to perceptions of social status.\ e) Hypercorrection is more common in the upper class than the middle class.\ **Correct Answer:** c) Language reflects and reinforces social stratification.\ **Explanation:** Labov's work demonstrated that language use is influenced by and perpetuates social hierarchies, as seen in the variation of /r/ pronunciation across classes. **In Labov's department store study, which class of speakers was most likely to carefully pronounce the /r/ sound in formal contexts?**\ a) Upper-class speakers\ b) Lower-class speakers\ c) Middle-class speakers\ d) Working-class speakers\ e) All groups equally\ **Correct Answer:** c) Middle-class speakers\ **Explanation:** Middle-class speakers were more likely to pronounce the /r/ sound carefully in formal situations, reflecting linguistic insecurity and a desire to emulate upper-class speech patterns. **Labov's findings suggest that hypercorrection in speech is associated with which of the following?**\ a) Confidence in one's social class\ b) Linguistic insecurity in middle-class speakers\ c) Resistance to adopting formal speech patterns\ d) Uniformity in language across all classes\ e) A deliberate rejection of upper-class norms\ **Correct Answer:** b) Linguistic insecurity in middle-class speakers\ **Explanation:** Hypercorrection occurs when middle-class speakers over-pronounce features like /r/ in an attempt to emulate upper-class norms, reflecting their social insecurities. 1. **Franz Boas's concept of cultural relativism argues which of the following?**\ a) Cultures evolve in a fixed linear progression.\ b) All cultures should be ranked based on their technological advancements.\ c) Cultures must be understood in their own terms without judgment.\ d) Universal laws govern cultural development.\ e) Language determines cultural superiority.\ **Correct Answer:** c) Cultures must be understood in their own terms without judgment.\ **Explanation:** Boas emphasized cultural relativism to counter ethnocentric ideas and highlight the importance of analyzing cultures contextually. **What key concept did Malinowski emphasize in his study of the Kula exchange among the Trobriand Islanders?**\ a) The economic inefficiency of barter systems\ b) The importance of ceremonial exchange in building social bonds\ c) The use of gift exchange to enforce hierarchical authority\ d) The need for centralized leadership in trade networks\ e) The purely materialistic nature of trade systems\ **Correct Answer:** b) The importance of ceremonial exchange in building social bonds\ **Explanation:** Malinowski's work on the Kula exchange highlighted how ritualized trade reinforces alliances and prestige. **Margaret Mead's research in Samoa challenged which Western assumption about adolescence?**\ a) Adolescence is a universally stressful and tumultuous period.\ b) Adolescent behavior is entirely shaped by genetics.\ c) Adolescents have no need for cultural guidance.\ d) Adolescence is the same across all Polynesian societies.\ e) Adolescents naturally conform to adult roles without resistance.\ **Correct Answer:** a) Adolescence is a universally stressful and tumultuous period.\ **Explanation:** Mead found that cultural practices in Samoa created a smoother transition to adulthood, challenging Western psychological theories. **What did Victor Turner's concept of "liminality" describe?**\ a) The hierarchical structure of religious ceremonies\ b) The transitional phase in rituals where participants exist between roles\ c) The economic basis of ceremonial exchanges\ d) The permanence of social roles in ritual contexts\ e) The symbolic meaning of marriage alliances\ **Correct Answer:** b) The transitional phase in rituals where participants exist between roles\ **Explanation:** Turner's concept of liminality highlights the in-between state during rites of passage, where individuals are transformed socially.