National Differences in Political Economy PDF

Political economy is about understanding how politics and economics are connected. It looks at how government decisions and policies affect the economy, like how money is made, distributed, and used in society. For example: - **Government and Markets**: How government actions, like setting taxes...

Political economy is about understanding how politics and economics are connected. It looks at how government decisions and policies affect the economy, like how money is made, distributed, and used in society. For example: - **Government and Markets**: How government actions, like setting taxes or regulations, impact businesses, jobs, and prices. - **Power and Money**: Who has control over resources (like money, land, or technology) and how that influences laws and policies. - **Different Ideas**: How various political ideas, like capitalism (free markets) or socialism (government control), lead to different economic outcomes. In short, political economy helps us understand how the decisions made by those in power affect the economy and everyone in society. A political system is the structure that organizes how a country is governed. It includes different types of governments (like democracies, monarchies, or dictatorships), institutions and laws that guide decision-making, and ways for citizens to participate in the political process POLITICAL SYSTEM Democracy: The government is elected by the citizens through elections, and there are laws that determine how decisions are made. Citizens have a voice in decisions through voting. Monarchy: Power is held by a monarch (king or queen), who may have limited authority in a constitutional monarchy or complete authority in an absolute monarchy. Dictatorship: Power is held by an individual or a small group, often with no democratic process for selecting leaders or making decisions.Institutions and Laws: Organizations such as the parliament or courts responsible for creating laws and making decisions on national issues. Citizen Participation: Ways in which citizens can engage in politics, such as voting, participating in protests, or being members of political parties. To better understand the COLLECTIVISM VIDEO MODERN SOCIALISM 1.Promotion of Equal Opportunity: Socialist countries often promote equal opportunities in education, healthcare, and employment. For example, many socialist nations have extensive public education and healthcare systems. 2.State Control of Key Sectors: In modern socialism, the government may have a significant role in owning and managing major industries, such as energy, transportation, and public services, to ensure resources are distributed fairly. 3.Expansion of Social Welfare Programs: Socialist countries frequently have extensive social welfare programs, including pensions, unemployment benefits, and other forms of support for citizens. 4.Focus on Public Welfare: Decisions in politics and the economy are often centered on improving the quality of life for everyone, rather than maximizing profits for private companies. 5.Enhanced Citizen Participation: Modern socialism may provide more opportunities for citizens to participate in decision-making processes, ensuring that policies and programs reflect the needs and interests of the entire population. Overall, modern socialism seeks to balance the role of the state and the market, aiming to reduce inequality and promote the broader well-being of society. Ka Leody de Guzman is a Filipino labor leader and politician known for his advocacy of workers' rights and social justice. He is the chairman of the Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino (BMP), a labor federation that supports and promotes the interests of Filipino workers. In the 2022 presidential election, he ran as a candidate with a platform focused on addressing issues such as labor exploitation, income inequality, and social injustice. His campaign aimed to offer a progressive alternative to the dominant political figures, advocating for policies that would benefit the working class and marginalized sectors of society. De Guzman's platform reflects his long-standing commitment to labor rights and his vision of a more equitable and just society. Communism in the Philippines emerged in the first half of the 20th century during the American colonial era of the Philippines. Communist movements originated in labor unions and peasant groups. The communist movement has had multiple periods of popularity and relevance to the national affairs of the country, most notably during the Second World War and the Martial Law Era of the Philippines. Currently, the communist movement is weaker, and considered an insurgent movement by the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy and a gradualist, reformist and democratic approach towards achieving socialism. In practice, social democracy takes the form of socially managed welfare capitalism, and emphasizes economic interventionism, partial public ownership, a robust welfare state, policies promoting social equality, and a more equitable distribution of income Individualism values individual freedom, personal responsibility, pursuit of personal goals, and the right to own private property. It encourages the pursuit of personal ambitions and protects private property. Individualism favors a government with limited powers, allowing individuals to act independently without harming others or society. Or Democracy is a system of government where power is in the hands of the people. In a democracy, citizens decide who will lead by voting. Democracy values the rights of every individual to have a voice and participate in public matters. Totalitarianism is a system of government where the state or government has total control over all aspects of citizens' lives. Under totalitarianism, people have no freedom in political, economic, cultural, or personal matters, as everything is controlled by a powerful leader or party. 1.Absolute Power of the State: The government has complete control over all institutions, including the media, education, and the economy. 2.Control of Thought and Beliefs: In totalitarianism, the government often uses propaganda, censorship, and military force to control what people think and believe. 3.Lack of Freedom: Citizens have no freedom of speech, press, or action. Human rights and freedoms are either severely limited or completely taken away. 4.Repression of Opposition: Anyone who opposes or resists the government is punished, often through arrest, imprisonment, or even death. Totalitarianism is an extremely strict and oppressive system that often leads to abuse of power and violations of human rights. Example : North Korea Which Countries Are Most Corrupt? The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index that scores and ranks countries by their perceived levels of public sector corruption, as assessed by experts and business executives. The CPI generally defines corruption as an "abuse of entrusted power for private gain". What Determines a country's level of Economic Development? (HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX) Health: Measured by life expectancy at birth, which reflects the overall health and longevity of a country's population. Higher life expectancy generally indicates better healthcare and living conditions. Education: Assessed through two indicators: Mean years of schooling: The average number of years of education received by adults aged 25 and older. Expected years of schooling: The total number of years of schooling a child entering the education system can expect to receive, assuming age- specific enrollment ratios remain the same throughout their life. Standard of Living: Evaluated by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP). This measures the average income of a country's citizens and accounts for differences in the cost of living and inflation. Health (Example Data in London) Female Category: 10.00% 9.00% 8.00% 7.00% 6.00% 5.00% 4.00% 3.00% 2.00% 1.00% 0.00% Female 0- Female 5- Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female 4 14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Health (Example Data in London) Male Category: Chart Title 12.00% 10.00% 8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% Male 0-4 Male 5- Male 15- Male 25- Male 35- Male 45- Male 55- Male 65- Male 75- Male 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 85+ Education: Chart Title 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% No qualification Lower qualification Higher qualification Apprenticeship/ Other qualification Chart Title 45.00% 30.00% 15.00% 0.00% Standard of Living: Chart Title 12.00% 10.00% 8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% 5k 0k 15k 20k 25k 30k 35k 40k 45k 50k 55k 60k 65k 70k 75k 80k 85k 90k 95k 00k 20k 40k 60k 80k 00k k+ 0- 5-1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95- 00- 20- 40- 60- 80- 20 1 1 1 1 1 Standard of Living: Chart Title 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% Mean Gross Mean Gross Mean Gross Mean Gross Mean Gross Mean Gross Mean Gross Mean Gross Mean Gross Mean Gross Mean Gross Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Family Income 0k- Income Income Income Income Income Income Income Income Income Income 15k 15k-20k 20k-25k 25k-30k 30k-35k 35k-40k 40k-45k 45k-50k 50k-55k 55k-60k >60k Standard of Living: Selected Data 300,000 251,484 250,000 200,000 193,076 150,000 100,000 50,000 39,594 - Total Population 2021 Total Households Total Cars Standard of Living: Selected Data 275,000 271,347 270,000 265,000 262,447 260,000 255,000 251,484 250,000 245,000 240,000 Total Population 2021 Total Population 2026 Total Population 2031 WHAT DETERMINES A COUNTRY’S LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT? Gross National Income (GNI) is the total amount of money earned by a nation's people and businesses GDP Gross Domestic Product - is often used to measure the economic health of a country or region. Purchasing power parities (PPPs) are the rates of currency conversion that try to equalise the purchasing power of different currencies, by eliminating the differences in price levels between countries. MARAMING PILIPINO ANG NAGSASABING BAKIT HINDI NA LANG MAG-PRINT NG MARAMING PERA PARA MATAPOS NA ANG KAHIRAPAN SA PILIPINAS? KUNG MAGP- PRINT SANA NG MAS MARAMING PERA ANG PILIPINAS AT IPAMIGAY SA MAHIHIRAP, WALA NG MAGUGUTOM NA PILIPINO. TAPOS SANA ANG PROBLEMA NG KARAMIHAN SA ATIN AT LAHAT AY MAGIGING MASAYA. Creating more money isn't a solution for increasing a country's economic strength because it can lead to a problem called Hyperinflation. Here's why: When a country prints more money without an increase in the production of goods and services, there’s more money chasing the same amount of products. This causes prices to rise. What Is GDP Per Capita? Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is an economic metric that breaks down a country's economic output to a per-person allocation. Economists use GDP per capita to determine the prosperity of countries based on their economic growth. GDP per capita is calculated by dividing the GDP of a nation by its population. Countries with a higher GDP per capita tend to be those that are industrial and developed and have smaller populations compared to others, though there are notable exceptions like the United States, which has a high population and has a high GDP per capita. How do you measure if a country is rich or poor? Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is an economic metric that breaks down a country's economic output to a per-person allocation. Economists use GDP per capita to determine the prosperity of countries based on their economic growth. GDP per capita is calculated by dividing the GDP of a nation by its population.