IT Lecture 1: Physical Therapy PDF

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Dr. AHMED HAMDY ABU-ELKASEM 1 Course Syllabus 1) Introduction to computer systems. 2) Operating systems. 3) Computer Architectures. 4) Networks, Internet and Web Applications. 5) Hands on experienc...

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Dr. AHMED HAMDY ABU-ELKASEM 1 Course Syllabus 1) Introduction to computer systems. 2) Operating systems. 3) Computer Architectures. 4) Networks, Internet and Web Applications. 5) Hands on experience on widely used office packages. 6) Basic elements of programming and data types. 7) Programming methodology and language processors. 2 Assessment: Course work = 20% Mid-term Exam = 20% Final Exam = 60% 3 References 1) Deborah Morley and Charles S. Parker, “Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow”, 15th edition, Cengage Learning, USA, 2015. 2) Anita Goel, Ajay Mittal, “Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C” , Pearson India, 2016 3) Nell Dale, and John Lewis, “Computer Science Illuminated”, 7th edition, Jones & Bartlett Learning, USA, 2020. 4  Lecture_1 outlines 1. Why Learn About Computers? 2. What is a Computer and What Does it Do? 3. History of Computer. 4. Generations of Computer. 5. Characteristics of Computer. 5  1. Why Learn About Computers? Fifty years ago, computers were used primarily by researchers and scientists. Today, computers are an integral part of our lives. Experts call this trend pervasive computing. Because of the prominence of computers in our society, it is important to understand what a computer is, a little about how a computer works, and the implications of living in a computer-oriented society. 6 1.1 Computers in the Home Home computing has increased dramatically over the last few. Use of the Internet at home to look up information, exchange e-mail, shop, …..,etc. and so forth is now the norm for many individuals. Many individuals also use a computer at home for work-related tasks. Smart homes are homes in which household tasks are controlled by a main computer in the home or by the homeowner remotely via a smartphone. 7 1.2 Computers in Education Today’s youth can be called the computing generation. Most students today have access to computers at school. Today, students at all levels are typically required to use a computer to some extent as part of their normal coursework. Computers are also used to facilitate distance learning instead of physically going to class. 8 1.3 Computers on the Job Computers were originally used as research tools for computer experts and scientists and then as productivity tools for office workers. Today, computers are used by all types of employees in all types of businesses. In essence, the computer has become a universal tool for on-the-job decision making, productivity, and communications. New jobs have been created simply because computers exist, such as jobs in electronics manufacturing, online retailing, Internet applications, and technology-related computer support. Computers are also used extensively by military personnel. 9 1.4 Computers on the Go It is common for consumers to use consumer kiosks, point-of-sale (POS) systems, and self checkout systems while in retail stores and other public locations. In addition, many individuals carry a portable computer or mobile device with them on a regular basis to remain electronically in touch with others and to access information. These portable devices are also commonly used to watch TV, download and listen to music, access Facebook pages and other social networking sites. 10  2. WHAT IS A COMPUTER AND WHAT DOES IT DO? A computer can be defined as a programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, presents the results, and stores the data or results as needed. ➤ Input—entering data into the computer. ➤ Processing—performing operations on the data. ➤ Output—presenting the results. ➤ Storage—saving data, programs, or output for future use. 11 2.1 Data vs. Information Any kind of fact or set of facts can become computer data. When data is processed into a meaningful form, it becomes information. Information processing (the conversion of data into information) is a vital activity today for all computer users, as well as for businesses and other organizations. 12  3. History of Computer Calculating Machines ABACUS was the first mechanical calculating device for counting large numbers. Slide Rule was developed by an English mathematician Edmund Gunter in the 16th century. Punch Card System was developed by Jacquard in 1801. Hollerith’s Punched Card Tabulating Machine was invented by Herman Hollerith. this is considered to be the first successful case of an information processing system replacing a paper and-pen- based system. Hollerith’s company eventually became International Business Machines (IBM). 13  4. Generations of Computer 4.1 First Generation (1946 to 1957): ✓ Hardware Technology: used vacuum tubes and magnetic drums ✓ Software Technology: written in machine language. could solve one problem at a time. ✓ Computing Characteristics: computation time was in milliseconds. ✓ Physical Appearance: were enormous in size and required a large room for installation. ✓ Application: were used for scientific applications. ✓ Examples: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) and UNIVAC(the first computer to be mass produced for general commercial use). 14 4. Generations of Computer 4.2. Second Generation (1958 to 1963): Using Transistor ✓ Hardware Technology: Transistors replaced the vacuum tubes. magnetic core technology for primary memory. magnetic tapes and magnetic disks for secondary storage. used the concept of a stored program. ✓ Software Technology: instructions were written using the assembly language ✓ Computing Characteristics: computation time was in microseconds. ✓ Physical Appearance: the size of the computer was reduced. ✓ Application: The cost of commercial production of these computers was very high, though less than the first generation computers. ✓ Examples: PDP-8, IBM 1401 and CDC 1604. 15  4. Generations of Computer 4.3 Third Generation (1964 to 1970): ✓ Hardware Technology: The third generation computers used the Integrated Circuit (IC) chips. ✓ Software Technology: keyboard and the monitor were interfaced through the operating system. different applications to run at the same time. High-level languages were used for programming. ✓ Computing Characteristics: computation time was in nanoseconds. ✓ Physical Appearance: The size was quite small compared to the second generation computers. ✓ Application: Computers were produced commercially, ✓ Examples: IBM 370, PDP 11. 16  4. Generations of Computer 4.4 Fourth Generation (1971 to present): ✓ Hardware Technology: They use the Large Scale Integration (LSI) and the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology. ✓ Software Technology: supports Graphical User Interface (GUI ). MS-DOS and MS-Windows developed. High-level programming languages for the writing of programs. ✓ Computing Characteristics: The computation time is in picoseconds. ✓ Physical Appearance: They are smaller than the computers of the previous generation. ✓ Application: available for commercial purposes. Personal computers became available. ✓ Examples: In 1981, IBM introduced the first computer for home use. In 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh. 17 4. Generations of Computer 4.5 Fifth Generation (Present and Next): The goal of is to develop computers that are capable of learning and self-organization. The fifth generation computers use Super Large Scale Integrated (SLSI) chips that are able to store millions of components on a single chip. These computers have large memory requirements. The fifth generation computers are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). They try to simulate the human way of thinking and reasoning. 18 5. Characteristics of Computer: Speed: The computer can process data very fast, at the rate of millions of instructions per second. Accuracy: Computer provides a high degree of accuracy. Diligence: When used for a longer period of time, the computer does not get tired or fatigued. Storage Capability: Large volumes of data and information can be stored in the computer and also retrieved whenever required. Versatility: Computer is versatile in nature. It can perform different types of tasks with the same ease. 19