Week 1 Anatomy - Dr. Nasir - PDF

Name of Department : Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation (English) Course Code and Name : ANATOMY (BEY 141-E) Course Week : 1 Course Day and Time : Wednsday (9:00 to 12:50) ROOM 022 (Block-B) InformationCourse Credit/ACTS :...

Name of Department : Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation (English) Course Code and Name : ANATOMY (BEY 141-E) Course Week : 1 Course Day and Time : Wednsday (9:00 to 12:50) ROOM 022 (Block-B) InformationCourse Credit/ACTS : 4 Examination Type and Gradings : Assignments and Mcqs Instructor’s Name & Surname : Dr. Nasir Mustafa E-mail & Phone: : [email protected] Instructor’s Room : 304 Block - B Office Hours : 9:00 to 18:00 GBS Link : https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/ders-detay-17-316-5675-2 ALMS Link : https://lms.gelisim.edu.tr/almsp/u/Home/Index AVESIS Link : https://avesis.gelisim.edu.tr/nmustafa  | 14 WEEKS’S COURSE CONTENTS | 1. Introduction to Anatomy and Related 9. Nervous System I Terms Introduction to Anatomy, Bones 10. Nervous System II 2. Terminology, Human Body, Topographic Anatomy 11. Circulatory System I 3. Locomotory System - Osteology 12. Circulatory System II 4. Locomotory System - Osteology 13. Respiratory System I 5. Locomotory System – Arthrology 6. Locomotory System – Myology 14. Respiratory System II 7. Locomotory System - Myology 15. General Overview 8. MID-TERM EXAM 16. FINAL EXAM  | Course Assessment | Activities could be quizzes, assignments, presentation, report, project, ………..  | NOTE | Attendance Attendance is mandatory for all scheduled lectures.  | NOTE | Assignment Deliver the assignments before the deadline.  | NOTE | Quiz Quizzes will be held online. (No excuses)  | NOTE | Be Responsible Come to class on time.  | NOTE | Be disciplined Avoid talking to friends in the class.  | NOTE | Show discipline Mobiles are not allowed in the class.  | WEEKLY LEARNING OUTCOMES | Introduction to Anatomical Terminology Understand the importance of standardized anatomical terminology in healthcare. Identify and describe the anatomical position, planes, and directions. Learn key terms for body regions (e.g., thoracic, abdominal, pelvic) and directional terms (e.g., superior, inferior, anterior, posterior). Terminology Related to Movement and Planes Explain terms related to body movements (e.g., flexion, extension, abduction, adduction). Describe anatomical planes (sagittal, coronal, transverse) and their relevance to imaging and surgery. Apply directional terms in describing anatomical structures (medial, lateral, proximal, distal). Organ Systems and Related Terminology Identify and name the major body systems (e.g., cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, nervous). Use the correct terminology to describe organs within each system. Correlate the terminology with the functions of each organ system. Terms for Describing Bones, Joints, and Muscles Identify common prefixes, suffixes, and root words used in anatomical terminology (e.g., osteo- for bone, myo- for muscle). Describe bones, joints, and muscle structures using precise terminology. Discuss terms related to bone fractures and joint dislocations. Clinical Anatomy Terms Use clinical anatomy terms (e.g., pathology terms like “lesion,” “ischemia,” “edema”) accurately. Distinguish between normal and pathological anatomical terms. Apply anatomical terminology in case studies or clinical scenarios.  | DAILY FLOW | 09:00-09:50/ 1st Hour 10:00-10:50/ 2nd Hour 11:00-11:50/ 3rd Hour 12:00-12:50/ 4th Hour  Depth and Breath Conceptual Depth and Practical Depth Thematic Breadth and Interdisciplinary Breadth Teaching Methods and Techniques Lectures: Traditional method where the instructor presents information to the class. Effective for delivering large amounts of content efficiently. Presentation: Interactive sessions that allow for deeper discussion, hands-on practice, and exploration of specific topics. Group Projects: Collaborative work that encourages teamwork and application of concepts in a practical context. Problem-Based Learning (PBL): Students work on complex, real-world problems, which helps develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Flipped Classroom: Students review lecture material at home and engage in interactive activities during class time to deepen understanding. Online Learning Modules: Use of digital platforms for delivering content, quizzes, and interactive activities that allow for flexible learning. Assessments and Feedback: Regular evaluations through quizzes, exams, and assignments, coupled with constructive feedback to guide learning progress. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Understand Anatomical Terminology: Define key positional, directional, and regional terms. Identify Body Planes: Recognize and describe anatomical planes and their relevance in imaging. Describe Body Movements: Use terms like flexion, extension, abduction, etc., to explain movements. Label Body Regions: Identify major body regions and their subdivisions. Learn Organ System Terms: Understand terminology for different organ systems and their functions. Apply Clinical Terms: Use clinical and pathological terms in case studies or clinical scenarios. Communicate Effectively: Present and explain anatomical terms clearly in written and oral formats. Interpret Medical Documents: Accurately interpret anatomical terminology in medical records and reports. Use Standard Nomenclature: Demonstrate proficiency in using the International Anatomical Nomenclature. Apply Terms in Clinical Scenarios: Integrate anatomical terms to describe patient conditions and procedures.  Anatomy means to cut the body in order to examine the parts and there relations to one another. “anatomia, anatome” Latin and Ancient Greek origin. ana = up temnein, tome = to cut Anatomy means “cutting up, cutting through”.  The term human anatomy comprises a consideration of the various structures which make up the human organism. Human anatomy deals with the structure of the human body. Dissection is a technique whereas, anatomy is a wide field of study.  The main subdivision of anatomy are listed below. Cadaveric anatomy is the studied on dead bodies usually with the naked eye (microscopic or gross anatomy). This can be done by one of the two approaches. In Regional the body is studied in parts like upper limb, lower limb, thorax, abdomen, head and neck. In Systematic anatomy, the body is studied in systems like skeletal system (osteology), muscular system (myology), articulatory system (arthrology), vascular system (angiology), nervous system (neurology), respiratory, digestive, urogenital and endocrine system (splanchnology). The locomotor system includes osteology, arthrology, and myology.  Types of Anatomical Studies Descriptive or Systemic Anatomy:- The method of studying the body by systems, such as auditory and respiratory systems. Regional Anatomy:- The study of the body by regions, such as the thorax and abdomen. Applied or Clinical Anatomy:- Emphasizes structure and function as they relate to diagnosis and treatment. Types of Anatomical Studies  Types of Anatomical Studies Surface Anatomy:- the visualization of structures that lie beneath the skin. It is an essential part of the study of regional anatomy and the primary means by which clinicians use anatomical knowledge in treating patients Developmental Anatomy:– the study of anatomy from conception to adulthood Comparative Anatomy:– the study of anatomy across the animal kingdom, animal models, etc. Pathological Anatomy – the study of abnormal structures or systems  Cytology :– study of structure and function of cells Histology :– microscopic study of cells and tissue Osteology :– study of structure and function of bones Myology :– study of structure and function of muscles Arthrology :– study of structure and function of joints Angiology :– study of structure and function of blood vessels and lymph system Neurology :– study of nervous system  (i) Axial skeleton It consists of all the bones which lie on the central axis of the body. The main frame-work of the body. Skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs constitute our axial skeleton. (ii) Appendicular skeleton The bones which are attached with axial skeleton form the appendicular skeleton. Shoulder bones (scapula), bones of arms (hummers, radio-ulna, carpals, etc.), hip bones (pelvic girdle) and bones of legs (femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals etc.) form the appendicular skeleton. LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION: Life processes of the human body are maintained at several levels of structural organization. These include the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and the organism level. Structure Definition A structure composed of two or more Organ types of tissues that perform a function. A group of cells working together for a Tissue specific function. Cell The basic unit of life. BODY CAVITY: A body cavity is a fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects internal organs. Human body cavities are separated by membranes and other structures. Body Cavity Organ contains Cranial Cavity Brain Spinal Cavity Spinal Cord Thoracic Cavity Heart and Lungs Abdominal Cavity Digestive Organs Pelvic Cavity Reproductive Organs, Bladder, Rectum BODY REGIONS: In the study of human anatomy, the body is often organized into regions defined areas that include body parts in proximity to one another. Region Description Head (Cephalic) Includes the skull and face. Neck (Cervical) Connects the head to the trunk. Trunk Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis Arms: Shoulders, Arms, Elbows, Upper Extremities Forearms, Wrists, Hands Legs: Hips, Thighs, Knees, Legs, Lower Extremities Ankles, Feet  "HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS" 1.Skeletal System: The system consist of bones and cartilages. 2.Muscular System: Organ system consisting of skeletal , smooth & cardiac muscles. 3.Excretory System: Controls the blood volume by removing water that's produced by blood cells. 4.Endocrine System: Is like an informational signal like the nervous system. 5.Integumentary System: An organ system that protect the body from damages example skin. "HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS" "HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS" 6.Reproductive System: System of organs which work together for reproduction. 7.Respiratory System: Made up of structures and organs that help move oxygen into & out the lungs. 8.Circulatory System: An organ system that keeps blood & lymph circulation from transporting nutrients. 9.Digestive System: Our digestive system has the digestive tract & the accessory organs. 10.Nervous System: Each day every one of us is bombarded by thousands of stimuli. Anatomy General Anatomy Medical Terminology  Body Planes Sagittal plane (or) Median Plane:- - Divides the body into right and left halves. Transverse plane:- Divides the body into superior and inferior halves. Frontal (Coronal) plane:- Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves. Anatomical Direction  Plane Description Sagittal (Median) Plane Divides the body into right and left parts. Frontal (Coronal) plane Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Transverse Plane Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.  Anatomical Direction Anterior-------- Towards the front Posterior------- Towards the back  Anatomical Direction Superior-------- Towards the head Inferior--------- Towards the feet Anatomical Direction Medial---------- Towards the Median Plane Lateral---------- Away from median Plane  Anatomical Direction Proximal----- Structure closer to the beginning of the extremity Distal--------- Structure farther from the beginning of the extremity  Anatomical Direction Superficial-- Nearer to the surface Deep--------- Farther from the surface  Positions of the body o The supine position of the body is lying on the back. o The prone position is lying face downward. Term Definition Superior Toward the head or upper part of the body. Inferior Away from the head or lower part of the body. Anterior Toward the front of the body. Posterior Toward the back of the body. Medial Toward the midline of the body. Lateral Away from the midline of the body. Proximal Closer to the point of attachment or origin. Distal Farther from the point of attachment or origin. Superficial Toward the surface of the body. Deep Away from the surface of the body. Supination Palm or sole faces upward or forward. Pronation Palm or sole faces downward or backward. MOVEMENT  Movement Flexion------- Decrease in the angle of a joint. Extension--- Increase in the angle of a joint.  Movement Abduction--- Movement away from the midline of the body. Adduction--- Movement toward the midline of the body.  Movement Dorsiflexion------ Flexion of the foot at the ankle. Plantar Flexion-- Extension of the foot at the ankle.  Movement Inversion -------- Sole of the foot turned inward. Eversion---------- Sole of the foot turned outward.  Movement Supination------- Palms upward Pronation-------- Palms downward  Movement Rotation--------- Pivot motion about the long axis of the body Combination of Circumduction-- Abduction,Adduction and Rotation  Movement Medial Inward rotation Rotation--------- Lateral Rotation--------- Outward rotation BODY MOVEMENT: Movement is the change in the position of a body part with respect to the whole body. It is one of the significant features of all living beings. Movement Description Flexion Decreasing the angle between body parts. Extension Increasing the angle between body parts. Abduction Movement away from the midline of the body. Adduction Movement toward the midline of the body. Elevation Lifting a body part superiorly. Depression Moving a body part inferiorly. Circumduction Circular movement of a body part. Opposition Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips.  ARTERIES:- Those blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart except pulmonary artery.  VEINS:- Those blood vessels which carry deoxygenated blood towards heart except pulmonary vein.  Arteries Veins 1. Artery walls have a thick Vein walls have thin muscles muscle and elastic tissue layer. and are less elastic. 2. Valves are not present. Valves present to prevent back. 3. Cross section is circular. Cross section is oval. 4. Fluid and white blood cells can Fluid and white blood cells pass through artery wall. cannot pass through vein wall.  Arteries Veins 5. Flow is away from heart. Flow of blood is towards heart. 6. Arteries have oxygenated Deoxygenated blood blood (Except in pulmonary (Except in pulmonary veins) arteries). 7. Rapid flow. Slow flow. 8. High pressure. Low pressure. 9. Pulse strong. No pulse.  CAPILLARIES:- Capillaries are the network of microscopic connecting arterioles to venules.  ANASTOMOSIS:- Anastomosis is a pre-capillary or post-capillary communication b/w the neighboring vessel.  ORIGION:- The end of the muscle which is relatively fixed during its contraction. INSERTION:- The end of the muscle which move during its contraction.  Tendon:- A tendon is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension.  Ligament:- In anatomy, a ligament is the fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones and is also known as articular ligament.  BELLY:- The flashy and contractile part of muscle. Aponeurosis:- The flattened tendon.  Raphe:- The fibrous band made up of interdigiting fiber of tendon & aponeurosis. The line of union of two contiguous, bilaterally symmetric structures. Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic vessels form an extensive and complex interconnected network of channels, which begin as "porous" blind-ended lymphatic capillaries in tissues of the body and converge to form a number of larger vessels, which ultimately connect with large veins in the root of the neck. Nerve plexuses Nerve plexuses are either somatic or visceral and combine fibers from different sources or levels to form new nerves with specific targets or destinations.  Common Terms abdominal = region between thorax and pelvis. antebrachial = the forearm. antecubital = the front of elbow. axillary = the armpit. brachial = the upper arm. celiac = the abdomen. cephalic = the head. cervical = the neck. costal = the ribs. cubital = the elbow. femoral = the thigh. gluteal = the buttock. lumbar = the lower back.  Common Terms digital = pertaining to the fingers or toes. dorsal = relating to the back or posterior side of the body. glossal = relating to the tongue. inguinal = the groin region. mandibular = pertaining to the lower jaw. nasal = relating to the nose. occipital = pertaining to the back of the head. orbital = relating to the eye socket. palmar = relating to the palm of the hand. plantar = pertaining to the sole of the foot. popliteal = the area behind the knee. radial = relating to the lateral side of the forearm (thumb side). sacral = pertaining to the sacrum, located at the base of the spine. sural = relating to the calf (posterior lower leg). thoracic = pertaining to the chest region. tibial = relating to the shin (anterior lower leg). umbilical = pertaining to the navel. Terms Used in Applied Clinical Anatomy The suffix “itis” means Inflamation. E.g= appendicitis, tonsillitis, arthritis. The suffix “ectomy” means removal from the body. E.g= Tonsillectomy, gastrectomy. The suffix “oma” means Tumor. E.g= Lipoma, Osteoma, carcinoma. Lesion:- Injury or pathological chang in the tissue. Odema:- Swelling due to accumulation of fluid in the extra cellular space. SIGN:- Finding of the doctor on the patient. SYMPTOMS:- are the subjective complain about his disease.  Terms Used in Applied Clinical Anatomy -algia: Pain – E.g.: Neuralgia (nerve pain), myalgia (muscle pain). -itis: Inflammation – E.g.: Appendicitis, tonsillitis, arthritis. -ectomy: Removal from the body – E.g.: Tonsillectomy, gastrectomy. -oma: Tumor – E.g.: Lipoma (fat tumor), osteoma (bone tumor), carcinoma (cancerous tumor). -osis: Condition or disease – E.g.: Sclerosis (hardening), nephrosis (kidney disease). -pathy: Disease or disorder – E.g.: Neuropathy (nerve disease), cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease).  Terms Used in Applied Clinical Anatomy -rrhea: Flow or discharge – E.g.: Diarrhea (abnormal discharge of fluid from the intestines), rhinorrhea (nasal discharge). -emia: Blood condition – E.g.: Anemia (deficiency of red blood cells), leukemia (blood cancer). -plasia: Development or formation – E.g.: Hyperplasia (increased cell production), dysplasia (abnormal growth or development). -gram: Record or picture – E.g.: X-ray (radiographic image), electrocardiogram (record of heart electrical activity). -scope: Instrument for viewing – E.g.: Microscope (instrument for viewing small objects), endoscope (instrument for viewing inside the body). -centesis: Surgical puncture to remove fluid – E.g.: Amniocentesis (removal of amniotic fluid), thoracentesis (removal of fluid from the pleural space). CLAVICLE HUMERUS RADIUS AND ULNA CARPLE BONES HIP BONES FEMUR Tibia and Fibula TARSAL BONES  BONES Bone is a connective tissue that is hard and rigid due to calcium salts. The connective tissue (collagen Fibers) make it tough. It is subjected to disease and heals after a fracture.  BONES Bone has living tissue it is highly vascular with a constant turnover of its calcium content. It has greater regenerating power. The skeleton includes bone and cartilage which form the main frame work of the body.  JOINT A Joint is the junction between two or more bones. It is a device to permit movements. TYPES OF JOINT:- 1) Fibrous Joint 2) Cartilaginous Joint 3) Synovial Joint  SYNOVIAL JOINTS Synovial joints are the most mobile type of joint. CHARACTERISTICS:- The articular surface are covered with hyaline cartilage. Articular cartilage is avascular, non nervous and elastic. Lubricated with synovial fluid. SYNOVIAL JOINTS  SYNOVIAL JOINTS Between the articular surface, there is a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid. The cavity is divided by articular cartilage and meniscus. The joint is surrounded by an articular capsule which is fibrous. Synovial fluid lubricates the joint and nourishes the articular cartilage. The viscosity of the fluid is due to hyaluronic acid secreted by the cells of the synovial membrane. SYNOVIAL JOINTS  | WHAT TO TAKE HOME? | Key takeaways from the Anatomy Fundamentals course: Basic Anatomy Knowledge: Understanding the body’s structure and organ systems. Directional and Positional Terms: Using anatomical terms to describe body positions and movements. Tissue Types: Recognizing the four major tissue types and their functions. Musculoskeletal System: Identifying bones, muscles, and joints, and their role in movement. Application of Terminology: Accurately using anatomical terms in academic and clinical settings.  | | QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Questions: Are you confident using anatomical terminology? Do you need clarification on any topics? Is the course pace comfortable for you? Are there areas you'd like to explore more? How can we support your learning better? Suggestions: Use interactive tools like 3D models. Encourage group discussions for complex topics. Provide additional learning resources. Include more practice quizzes and case studies. Gather regular feedback to meet learning needs.  | RECOMMENDED WEEKLY STUDIES | Day 1: Review anatomical positions, planes, and directions. Day 2: Study body regions and movements (e.g., flexion, extension). Day 3: Learn terminology for organ systems (e.g., cardiovascular, digestive). Day 4: Focus on clinical and pathological terms. Day 5: Apply terminology through quizzes and case studies. Day 6: Recap the week’s material and practice with tests or summaries. Day 7: Light review and active recall of key concepts. This plan ensures steady progress and effective learning through daily focus on different topics.  | REFERENCES | Gray's Anatomy for Students – Detailed anatomy textbook. Terminologia Anatomica – Standard for anatomical terms. Human Anatomy & Physiology – Comprehensive guide to body systems. Atlas of Human Anatomy – Visual reference for anatomy. Essential Clinical Anatomy – Combines clinical applications with anatomy.  | ABOUT THE NEXT WEEK | Next Week’s Topic: Introduction to Anatomy and Anatomy of Bone In the upcoming week, we will delve into the foundational concepts of anatomy, focusing on the structure and function of bones. This introduction is crucial for understanding how the skeletal system supports and protects the body.  ………….. – ………………………… Since course presentations are private, using the texts and images contained herein on social media or else without permission from the course instructor is against the regulations Law No. 6698.