Chapter 1 (The Human Body- An Orientation) PDF

CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Human Anatomy Orientation An Overview of Anatomy Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body Physiology –...

CHAPTER 1 The Human Body: An Human Anatomy Orientation An Overview of Anatomy Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body Physiology – the study of body function An Overview of Anatomy Branches of anatomy Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy (histology) Surface anatomy Anatomical terminology Based on ancient Greek or Latin Provides standard nomenclature worldwide The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Chemical Level – atoms form molecules Over 90% of body = 4 atoms Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits 50 – 100 trillion Red blood cell, neuron, etc. Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Organ level discrete structure more than one tissue liver, brain, heart, etc. Organ system organs working together digestive- esophagus, stomach, intestine Organismal level– the result of all simpler levels working in unison The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Atoms Molecule Organelle Smooth muscle cell 1 Chemical level 2 Cellular level Atoms combine to Cells are made up form molecules. of molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascular system 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of Heart similar types of cells Blood Blood vessel vessels (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 6 Organismal level 5 Organ system level The human organism Organ systems consist of is made up of many different organs that work organ systems. together closely. Gross Anatomy – An Introduction Anatomical position—a common visual reference point Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body Gross Anatomy – An Introduction Directional terminology— refers to the body in anatomical position Standardized terms of directions are paired terms Orientation and Directional Terms (referenced to anatomical position) Orientation and Directional Terms Orientation and Directional Terms Regional Terms Axial region Appendicular Cephalic (head) region Upper limb Nasal Acromial Oral Brachial (arm) Cervical (neck) Antebrachial Axillary (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Abdominal Umbilical Pollex Palmar Digital Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Crural (leg) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) Digital Hallux (a) Anterior/Ventral Regional Terms Cervical (neck) Vertebral Gluteal Popliteal Posterior/Dorsal Body Planes and Sections Coronal (frontal) plane vertical divides body into anterior and posterior Body Planes and Sections Median (midsagittal) plane vertical in midline divides body into left and right Body Planes and Sections Transverse plane Horizontal divides body into superior and inferior Body Planes and Sections Body Planes and Sections Body Cavities and Membranes Mucous membranes - line passages that communicate with the air open to outside e.g. respiratory and alimentary tracts have cells and associated glands that secrete mucus Serous membranes – line passages that are closed to outside Dorsal and ventral cavities Each containing internal organs Body Cavities and Membranes Cranial cavity (contains brain Dorsal body Thoracic cavity cavity (contains heart and lungs) Vertebral cavity Diaphragm (contains spinal cord) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity Dorsal body cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive Ventral body cavity organs, and rectum) (a) Lateral view Body Cavities and Membranes Cranial cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Vertebral cavity Superior Thoracic mediastinum cavity Pleural (contains cavity heart and Pericardial lungs) cavity within the mediastinum Ventral body Diaphragm cavity Abdominal cavity (thoracic and (contains digestive Abdomino- abdominopelvic viscera) pelvic cavities) cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (b) Anterior view Body Cavities and Membranes Serous cavities – space lined by a serous membrane 2 layers Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa – covers visceral organs Body Cavities and Membranes Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) Body Cavities and Membranes Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial cavity with serous fluid Visceral pericardium Body Cavities and Membranes Lung Ribs Parietal pleura Pleural cavity with serous fluid Visceral pleura Diaphragm Body Cavities and Membranes Anterior Visceral peritoneum Liver Peritoneal cavity (with serous fluid) Stomach Parietal peritoneum Kidney (retroperitoneal) Wall of Posterior body trunk Abdominal Regions Liver Diaphragm Spleen Right Left Epigastric Gallbladder Stomach hypochondriac hypochondriac region region region Ascending colon of Transverse colon large intestine of large intestine Small intestine Descending colon Right Left of large intestine Umbilical lumbar lumbar Cecum Initial part of region region region Appendix sigmoid colon Urinary bladder Right iliac Hypogastric Left iliac (inguinal) (pubic) (inguinal) (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the region region region superficial organs (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes Abdominal Quadrants Right upper Left upper quadrant quadrant (RUQ) (LUQ) Right lower Left lower quadrant quadrant (RLQ) (LLQ) (c) The four abdominopelvic quadrants