Farming of Crops and Fish in the Salty Southern Region PDF

FARMING OF CROPS AND FISH IN THE SALTY SOUTHERN REGION PAGE- 111 1. What kind of farming is done nearest to sea? (1) Ans- the soil nearest to sea has more salt in it and it is not very good for agriculture. More of Aman paddy was cultivated here in the earlier times. Now,...

FARMING OF CROPS AND FISH IN THE SALTY SOUTHERN REGION PAGE- 111 1. What kind of farming is done nearest to sea? (1) Ans- the soil nearest to sea has more salt in it and it is not very good for agriculture. More of Aman paddy was cultivated here in the earlier times. Now, some of the high yield paddy is cultivated here. 2. Why it is easy to cultivate Aman paddy nearest to sea? (1) Ans- More of Aman paddy was cultivated nearest to sea because the plants were thick and the chaff was long. So, it is easy to cultivate this type of paddy in regions where water remains stagnant. 3. What kind of fruits and vegetables grow nearest to sea? (2) Ans- More coconuts grow in this region. There are also other fruit bearing trees like Sabeda. The guavas of Baruipur are popular. Watermelons and betel leaves are also famous. Chilly, sunflower, corn and khesari are also cultivated along with green leafy vegetables. Cashew nuts are cultivated near Digha. 4. What are embankments (bheri)? (1) Ans- An embankment is an uplifted earthen structure constructed along the river channel to artificially reduce the size of the floodplains by constricting floodwaters to a narrow stretch. The land outside the embankment is supposed to be safe from floods. 5. Why have embankments been made? (1) Ans- Embankments have made to hold water and farm fish. 6. What kind of aquatic organisms are cultivated at the embankments? (2) Ans- There are many types of fish— parshey, tyangra, pabda along with different types of prawns— tiger- prawns and lobsters. Other fish like rui (rohu), mriguel, sharputi and katla are also bred. Fish from these embankments are tasty. 7. What kind of fish is caught from the sea? / What is the main livelihood of people from this region? (1) Ans- Many people from this region catch fish from the sea. They go to sea with their boats. There are also trawlers for catching fish. They catch fish like— Sardine, Hilsa (Ilish), varities of chanda fish, bhola and lotey. 8. Where is Haldia and Digha situated? (1) Ans- Haldia and Digha are situated on the coast of Bay of Bengal. VARIETIES OF FISH PAGE- 113 1. What are the fishes that used to fill rice fields before using chemical fertilisers and insecticides? (2) Ans- Before the use of chemical fertilisers and insecticides, paddy fields were filled with fish like— mourola, puti, rui, mriguel, koi, pakal, shingi, magur, khalshey, phalui etc. 2. Name some fish that used to live longer? (1) Ans- Fish like koi, chang, shingi, magur, shoal, shaal etc. used to live longer. 3. What is fry? (1) Ans- Fry refers to life (growth) stage of fishes that are recently hatched. This is generally after the yolk sac has been absorbed and almost or entirely disappeared. 4. What are jiol fish? (2) Ans- Jiol fish are a type of fish that remains alive in the air for a certain period because they have a lung-like secondary respiratory organ. Examples- Magur, Koi, Shingi etc. 5. Which fish can jump a little using its tail? (1) Ans- Chang fish can jump a little using its tail.  MORE TYPES OF FISH PAGE- 114 1. Why we are not able to eat sarputi fish anymore? (1) Ans- We are not able to eat sarputi fish anymore because the number of sarputi fish has decreased. They are on verge of extinction. 2. Name some fishes whose number has decreased? (1) Ans- Some fishes whose number has decreased are as follows— sarputi, nyadosh, kharshula etc. 3. How can we save fish? (2) Ans- Actions that can help prevent and reduce the risk to fish are as follows— protect and restore free-flowing rivers and critical habitats; improve water quality; halt harmful overfishing, sand mining, and invasive species; and remove obsolete dams. FISH OF NEAR EXTINCT OR ENDANGERED SPECIES PAGE- 115 1. What are endangered species? (1) Ans- An endangered species is a type of organism that is threatened by extinction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching, invasive species, and climate change. 2. Name some endangered fish species? (1) Ans- Some endangered fish species are as follows— Khalsey, nyadosh, shoal, boal, koi etc. 3. Why we should stop catching endangered fish? (2) Ans- Each species that is lost triggers the loss of other species within its ecosystem. Every organism on this earth has a unique place in the food chain that contributes to the ecosystem in its own way. When a species becomes endangered, it is a sign that the ecosystem is slowly falling apart. So, to maintain ecological balance we should stop catching endangered fish. 4. What actions should be made to protect endangered fish species? (2) Ans- To protect endangered fish species first we should make a list of these fish. It would be even better if we could find out where they breed. Then we must inform the head of panchayat. They will put up a sign there saying “Fishing Prohibited”. 5. What is the other name of nyadosh? (1) Ans- The other name of Nyadosh is Indian leaf fish.  SAVE THE NEAR EXTINCT FISH PAGE- 116 1. Why it is important to sustain endangered fish? (1) Ans- In order to keep the environment of waterbodies healthy, all species of fish should be protected. Otherwise the food chain will be disrupted. 2. What is food chain? (1) Ans- A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms where each organism serves as a source of food for the organism at the next trophic level, demonstrating the transfer of energy and nutrient in an ecosystem. 3. What are predatory fish? (1) Ans- Predatory fish are carnivorous fish that actively prey upon other fish or aquatic animals. Examples- Shoal, Shaal, Boal etc. 4. Define pisciculture? (1) Ans- Fish farming, also known as pisciculture is the practice of rearing, cultivating, processing and selling of fish species on large scale that are consumed by human beings. 5. What is the importance of pisciculture? (3) Ans- The importance of pisciculture are as follows— Meeting Global Seafood Demand: Pisciculture is essential in fulfilling the worldwide need for seafood, ensuring a steady and controlled fish supply. Conservation of Wild Fish: By cultivating fish in controlled settings, pisciculture reduces pressure on wild fish populations, promoting balanced ecosystems. Food Security: Pisciculture enhances food security, particularly in areas with limited access to fresh seafood, by offering a dependable source of protein-rich fish. Quality and Safety: Fish farming allows for precise control over the quality and safety of the produced fish, ensuring proper feeding practices and standards. 6. What are various types of pisciculture? (3) Ans- Different types of pisciculture are as follows— Monoculture: In this system, only one type of fish is farmed. It ensures high production and quality, and examples in India include shrimp farming.  Polyculture: Also known as composite or mixed fish farming, polyculture involves raising different fish species in a shared pond. It’s beneficial when the species have different feeding habits. Monosex Culture: This type focuses on growing either female or male fishes of a species. An example is Tilapia. Each culture type serves specific purposes in fish farming. 7. Why we should use fishing nets with bigger meshes? (1) Ans- We should use fishing nets with bigger meshes because the small mourala fish will not be caught in the net. 8. Which fish can eat the fry of rui and katla fish? (1) Ans- The shoal, shaal and boal fish can eat the fry of rui and katla fish. 9. Which fish are found in water in which weeds grow? (1) Ans- Koi, kholshey and nyadosh fish are found in water in which weeds grow. Bele, magur and shingi can also be kept along with them. FISHING PAGE- 117 1. What is fishing net? (1) Ans- A fishing net is a net used for fishing. Some fishing nets are also called fish traps, for example fyke nets. Fishing nets are usually meshes formed by knotting a relatively thin thread. 2. What are meshes? (1) Ans- Meshes are knots made in the threads in a net that are tied together. 3. What is ghuni? (2) Ans- It is a trap like fishing gear fully made up of bamboo. Bamboo pieces are chopped into very thin sticks and then tied up with nylon thread and made a basket shaped fishing trap. These are used in shallow and flowing water in ponds and lakes. Ghuni is kept under the flowing water over night. Fishes once enter into the trap can't come out. Since it is placed horizontally on the bottom, most of the bottom dwelling fishes like Channa sp, Anabas sp, Carias sp are caught by this gear. 4. What is polo? (2) Ans- It is a basket like fishing gear made up of fully chopped bamboo. The gear has an opening on the top and gradually widen to the broader base at the bottom. It is used in shallow ponds, lakes and flowing water. The fish are surrounded and then scooped up by hand. Generally air breathing fishes like Channa sp, Anabas sp, etc. which stay in stagnant muddy water are caught.  TIGERS IN THE FOREST PAGE- 120 1. Define forest? (2) Ans- A forest is a community of trees, shrubs, herbs, and associated plants and organisms that cover a considerable area. The word "Forest" is derived from Latin word 'foils' means meaning outside the village boundary or away from inhabited land. 2. What animals are found in the forest? (2) Ans- There is elephants, tigers, foxes, rabbits, snakes, wild boars, monkeys, deer, bisons, one- horned rhinoceros, leopards, squirrels, wild cats, chameleons in the forest. 3. What plants are found in the forest? (2) Ans- Different types of plants are available in different kind of forests. In some forests there are sal, teak, Radhachura, palash, eucalyptus and in some other forests there are pine trees, oak, fir, birch, and rhododendron. In some forests there are sundari, garan, hetaal and in some other forests there are chaanp, chiloni, lali, arjun, haritaki, mango and litchi. WHAT DO WE GET FROM THE FOREST? PAGE- 122 1. How are the plants of the forests helpful to us? (3) Ans- The plants of the forests are helpful to us in many ways— Source of oxygen: Plants use carbon dioxide and release oxygen during the process of photosynthesis. Due to this forests are one of the key sources of oxygen production. Source of food: All the living being depends on plants whether directly or indirectly for food. Source of other human needs: Plants are an essential and valuable resource, which provide us with wood for doors, windows etc, spices from the bark of trees, medicines from bark, leaves etc. Prevent soil erosion: They help prevent soil erosion. Shelter for animals: A large number of animals and other soil organisms are present in forest areas, therefore, have a habitat rich in flora and fauna. Reduce wind speed: Large trees present in forest areas block the wind and help reduce wind speed. 2. Name some trees in the forest that are very tall. (1) Ans- Some very tall trees in the forest are— coconut, sal and palm tree. 3. Name some trees in the forest that have soft stems. (1) Ans- Banana and papaya have soft stems. 4. Name a climber that can be found in the forest. (1) Ans- Yam bean (shakalu) is a climber that can be found in the forest. 5. What is evergreen forest? (2) Ans- An evergreen forest is a forest made up of evergreen trees. i.e., plant which has foliage that remains green and functional throughout the year. CHARACTERS: 1) The heights of the trees can reach up to 60 meters and above. 2) The forest appears green throughout the year. 3) This region has abundant vegetation of all kinds of shrubs, herbs, and creepers. 6. What is deciduous forest? (2) Ans- A deciduous forest is a type of forest dominated by trees that lose their foliage at the end of the growing season. The term deciduous means “temporary” or “tending to fall off” (from the Latin dēciduus, meaning “falling off”). 7. What is the difference between evergreen forest and deciduous forest? (3) Ans- EVERGREEN FORESTS DECIDUOUS FORESTS Evergreen forests are so dense that sunlight does The deciduous forests are not as dense as in not reach the ground. case of Evergreen forest. Trees of Evergreen forests shed their leaves at In case of deciduous forests they have a different times of the year. particular time for their leaves to shed. Evergreen forests are found in the areas which Deciduous forests are found in a large part of receive heavy rainfall. the country. Evergreen forests are found in Andaman and Deciduous forests are found in Madhya Nicobar Island, part of North eastern states and a Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh Bihar, Jharkhand, narrow strip of the Western slope of the Western Chhattisgarh, Orissa and in parts of Ghats. Maharashtra. Important evergreen trees are mahogany, ebony Important deciduous forest trees are sal, and rosewood. teak, peepal , neem and sheesham. 8. Name three things found in forests that are useful for us? (1) Ans- Forests provide wood, medicines and paper that are useful for us. LOST FORESTS AND NEW FORESTS PAGE- 123 1. Why did people start cutting trees? (1) Ans- People started cutting down trees to make land for cultivation. 2. Why did the kings in earlier times maintain a strict vigilance of the forests? (2) Ans- In earlier times, the kings used to maintain a strict vigilance of the forests because— Wood was obtained from the forest. Elephants were captured from the forest that was used in warfare. 3. Why were the towns and cities developed? (2) Ans- When the population started increasing, the demand for agricultural land increased. So it became necessary for humans to settle in newer regions. That's why the towns and cities were developed. 4. Why do wild animals come to human establishments? (1) Ans- Due to the shrinkage of forest areas, the animals come to human establishments and destroy homes and property, including the crops. 5. How did people create fruit orchards? (2) Ans- Fruits became expensive, so people stopped cutting the fruit bearing trees. Many started planting fruit trees in the fields— guava, banana and mango trees. Initially, both crops and fruits were cultivated. Then those became fruit orchards. 6. How did people begin to make new forests? (2) Ans- Due to the high price of wood, many people stopped cutting the small trees. Some planted sal and teak tee near the ponds. Some went one step ahead and started planting the trees of the forest in their own backyards or fields. In this way, people started to make new forests. 7. What is sustainable development? Ans- Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the quality of the environment for future generations or the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 8. What is community forestry? (1) Ans- Community forestry refers to forest and tree management activities undertaken either individually or cooperatively by the local people, either on their own or on leased private lands for the benefit of the entire community.