Fish Farming Part 1 2024 PDF

Marine Biology and Conservation Farming the Sea: Ecological Disaster?...

Marine Biology and Conservation Farming the Sea: Ecological Disaster? Part 1. Practices & Problems BI2MBC Autumn 2024 Dr Graham Luke  Types of AquacultureWe could also categorise as 1. Flooded fields or ponds Marine, brackish or fresh 2. Tidal lagoons or pens water 3. Cages – floated in shallow coastal areas, 1 and 2: Typically lochs, fjords developing nations 4. Cages floated in open sea 3 to 6: Typically First 5. In-land artificial world nations ponds/tanks Local and Small Scale, 6. Flow systems https://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/aquaculture/aquaculture_methods_en (aquaponics) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/mariculture Extensive, Semi-Intensive, * See slide notes for definitions of these categor Intensive* Marine aquaculture in Bronze age Israel/Egypt 3,500ya. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32468-1 Sparus aurata (Gilithead seabream) migrates between near-shore, inshore (lagoons) and open sea environments.  Traditional: Tidal or flood lagoons (natural or man- made), ponds, lakes - managed as low intensity natural fish farms http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1014080.stm Hawaii Bolivia Cypress A development of fish traps  Medieval British Fish Ponds “stews” Ranged from single simple ponds to complexes of a dozen ponds (breeding and rearing to maturity). Some were substantial (the two ponds at Fleet approximately 200acres). Low intensity but actively managed and stocked (limited production) – A high status luxury product tews (from the French estuier – to keep or enclose)  Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture IMTA - combining the culture of different crops utilising by-products of one to help support or sustain another Fish in paddy-fields is a simple example  Other Ancient Aquaculture – 3,500ya history Chinampas – “floating gardens” (Aztec, but more ancient) http://www.fao.org/americas/noticias/ver/en/c/111 8851/ https://www.thearchaeologist.org/blog/chinampas -the-ancient-aztec-floating-gardens-that-hold-pro mise-for-future-urban-agriculture  Old …are still relevant, especially in Practices… developing nation subsistence situations. Introduction of old, lowtech practices to new regions   Aquaculture/Mariaculture is Ancient The Problems of Upscaling Small localised scale – small localised issues.  The Problems of Upscaling ENVIRONMENTAL ESCAPE SUESTAINABILITY DISEASE & WELFARE  The Problems of Upscaling ENVIRONMENTAL ESCAPE Methodology SUESTAINABILITY DISEASE & WELFARE The Problems of Upscaling ENVIRONME NTAL Hi Tech – Low Tech Funded - underfunded Environmental Issues of Offshore Aquaculture. a)Pollution from waste food and excrement b)Microbial infectious agents c)Pollution from antimicrobials, anti- biotics, anti- parasitics, cleaning chemicals. d)Macro-Pollution (e.g. broken nets, plastics etc) The view under a good (?) fish-farm pen Solid waste – food, excrement, scales, blood, dead fish: sediments under and around the Ammonia cages. Nitrogen and phosphate ~15-52 Kgs of waste per meter pollution leads to per year has been recorded. eutrophication, algal blooms leading to further anoxia. High BOD High concentration H2S in anaerobic sea water => pH4 It decomposes anaerobically and  Per tonne of farmed salmon, 55 Kg of N and 4.8 Kg of P goes into the marine environment. 49,600 tonnes of salmon produce as much N as the untreated sewage from 682,000 people and as much P https://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/ as the sewage from 216,000 aquaculture/ people Reading Pop. ~350k (data from Suzuki Foundation)  Mar. Drugs 2017, 15(6), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/md15060 158 level antibiotic use to enhance growth – an outlawed practice in EU. sively high-level antibiotic use to prevent epidemics of (for e.g.) furunc  The Problems of Upscaling ENVIRONMENTAL ESCAPE SUESTAINABILITY DISEASE & WELFARE The Problems of Upscaling ESCAPE “Every year millions of fish escape from aquaculture facilities worldwide “ https://www.seachoice.org/info-centre/aquaculture/escapes/ “In Norway, at any given time, there are about 400m farmed fish and only 500,000 wild fish.” The Guardian Escape Issues of Aquaculture: Invasive, Genetic, Pathogenic Invasive competition with native populations Breeding (of highly inbred or GM fish) with native species Reducing gene pool diversity Non-viable traits in the “wild” population Loss of adaptability Spread of diseases / parasites to wild populations  Scale of Risk “…nearly a third of marine ecoregions of the world are to some extent at risk from the impacts of fish escapes.” Global assessment of ecological risks associated with farmed fish escapes  The Problems of Upscaling ENVIRONMENTAL ESCAPE SUESTAINABILITY DISEASE & WELFARE The Problems of Upscaling DISEASE & WELFARE  Disease, Parasitism and Treatment Most fish farming is High density Monoculture Highly inbred stock Corporate profit driven Associated welfare and ethical consideration rasites – notably Lepeophtheirus salmonis - e Sea louse (a copepod) & amoebic gill disea rganophosphate Chemical pest control iological control alternatives. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/apr/01/is-farming-salmon-bad-for-the-envir p://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104966 onment ps://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12194 https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/oct/29/campaigners-call-for-temporary-ban-on  doi: 10.3354/aei00007 The Chile disaster “Uncontrolled and rapid spread of infectious salmon anaemia in the intensively farmed Chiloe Sea was the main reason for the collapse of the Chilean industry in 2008–2009, leading to an economic loss exceeding the total earnings since farming started in Chile” “Current estimates suggest that between one third to a half of fish and shrimps put into cages or ponds are lost to poor health management before they reach marketable size.” Blue Frontiers Asia – especially Thailand – got BIG in Shrimp Shrimp farming – responsible for destruction of 38% of world’s mangroves.  EMS / AHPNS pathogenicity rly Mortality Syndrome / Acute Hepato Pancreatic Necrosis Syndrom rally infected Vibrio parahaemolyticus (produces a potent toxin) China 2009 Vietnam 2010 Malaysia 2011 Thailand 2012 Spread via Infected live feeds Infected seed-stock Indonesia has effective controls  EMS / AHPNS pathogenicity- Up to 70% mortality rly Mortality Syndrome / Acute Hepato Pancreatic Necrosis Syndrom rally infected Vibrio parahaemolyticus (produces a potent toxin) China 2009 Thailand shrimp production Vietnam 2010 2011 : 600,000 tonnes Malaysia 2011 2014 : 189,080 tonnes Thailand 2012 65% drop Spread via Infected live feeds Loss of £5.01b Infected seed-stock $1b annual loss across region Indonesia has effective controls  The Problems of Upscaling ENVIRONMENTAL ESCAPE SUESTAINABILITY DISEASE & WELFARE The Problems of Upscaling SUSTAINABI LITY The Problems of Upscaling SUSTAINABI LITY 5kg of mackerel to make 1kg of Salmon  The Problems of Upscaling SUSTAINABI LITY 5kg of mackerel to make 1kg of Salmon Best practice – 80-90% of feeds plant/non-capture sources Soybean and other plant sources Sustainability (Catch a fish to feed a fish…) “Whereas small-scale fishing used to be geared towards feeding the population, a large part of the catches is now directed towards factories that produce fishmeal..” https://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/sep/15/net-loss-the-high-price-of- salmon-farming  The Problems of Upscaling ENVIRONMENTAL ESCAPE SUESTAINABILITY DISEASE & WELFARE  The Problems of Upscaling ENVIRONMENTAL ESCAPE Methodology and Mitigation SUESTAINABILITY DISEASE & WELFARE  Current Best Practice Expensive First World Solutions Driven by Regulation Driven by Consumer Preference  Lying Fallow Needed to allow the sea floor to recover Prevent disease and parasite spread In Scotland typically 5 weeks One Mediterranean site with heavy (strong currents) pollution full recovery ~ 2 years. Poor practice in Chile - repeated catastrophic results Finfish https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47644284_The_effectiveness_of_fallowing_strategies_in_d isease_control_in_salmon_aquaculture_assessed_with_an_SIS_model Square = Active Salmon crisis in Chile DOI: 10.5950/0738-1360-24.4.405 ; https://phys.org/news/2017-07-chile-salmon-industry-current.html ; Triangle = Inactive/Fallow  Vaccines https://www.who.int/features/2015/antibiotics-norway/en/ “Today, Norway has the largest tonnage of farmed salmon in the world and probably the lowest use of antibiotics,” Dr Midtlyng says. Consider the arithmetic, he adds. “Norway’s people use roughly 50 000 kg of antibiotics a year. In salmon, we are using only 1 000 kg altogether to treat sickness, even though the salmon population has more than twice the biomass of human beings Fixed pen design – Hi Tech