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CHAPTER 1 Key Ideas: PHILOSOPHY Tabula Rasa (Blank Slate): The idea that people are Definition: The study of knowledge, reality, and born with no innate ideas; exp...

CHAPTER 1 Key Ideas: PHILOSOPHY Tabula Rasa (Blank Slate): The idea that people are Definition: The study of knowledge, reality, and born with no innate ideas; experiences shape who they existence through rational thinking. become. Derived from Greek words "Philos" (love) and "Sophia" Experiences and Perceptions: The foundation of a (wisdom). person’s identity and behavior. Aims to answer questions about the nature of man and DAVID HUME (1711-1776) the world. Description: A Scottish philosopher and historian, THE GREEKS known for his empiricism and skepticism, which focused Definition: Ancient Greek thinkers who moved away on sensory experiences as the source of knowledge. from myths and used logic to understand reality, Key Ideas: including the question of the self. Impressions: Direct experiences from the senses. PHILOSOPHERS Ideas: Memories or thoughts based on those SOCRATES (470-399 BC) impressions. Description: A classical Greek philosopher, considered Bundle of Impressions: Hume believed the self is just a the father of Western philosophy. He is known for his collection of experiences and impressions. method of questioning and focus on self-knowledge. Disagrees with previous philosophers: Rejected the Key Ideas: idea of a separate, spiritual self. Know oneself: Understanding oneself is key to living a IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) happy life. Description: A German philosopher who combined The unexamined life is not worth living: Reflecting on elements of empiricism and rationalism to argue that the life is necessary for it to have meaning. mind actively shapes experiences. Dualism: Belief that humans are made of two parts: Key Ideas: body (physical) and soul (spiritual). Transcendental Apperception: The mind's ability to Body: The physical part, imperfect and temporary. combine experiences and form a sense of self. Soul: The spiritual part, perfect and eternal. Mind regulates impressions: Kant believed the mind PLATO (428-347 BC) organizes and gives meaning to sensory experiences. Description: A student of Socrates and teacher of Self as the seat of knowledge: The self is not just a Aristotle, Plato founded the Academy and wrote reaction to experiences but also a source of extensively on politics, justice, and the nature of the soul. understanding and identity. Key Ideas: SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) 3 Parts of the Soul: Description: An Austrian neurologist and the founder of Appetitive soul: The part driven by desires and physical psychoanalysis, Freud focused on the unconscious mind needs (food, drink, sleep, sex). and its influence on behavior. Spirited soul: The part that is courageous and wants to Key Ideas: act on what is right. Structure of Personality: Rational soul: The thinking part that plans for the future Id: The basic, instinctual part of the personality that and makes decisions. seeks immediate satisfaction. ST. AUGUSTINE (354-430 BC) Superego: The moral part, which follows social rules Description: A Christian philosopher and theologian, and values. who integrated Plato’s ideas with Christian doctrine, Ego: The rational part that balances the demands of the emphasizing the relationship between man and God. id and the superego. Key Ideas: Personality development: Shaped by experiences in Understanding of self: Linked to our relationship with early life. God. GILBERT RYLE (1900-1976) Body and soul: The body dies on Earth, but the soul Description: A British philosopher and proponent of lives eternally in spiritual bliss with God. behaviorism, Ryle denied the existence of a separate, Doubting life means living: The more one questions internal self. life, the more it proves that they are truly alive. Key Ideas: RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650) Behaviorism: The self is not something inside a person Description: A French philosopher, mathematician, and but is shown through behavior. scientist, often referred to as the father of modern Ghost in the Machine: Metaphor suggesting the mind is philosophy. He is known for his methodical doubt and the not a separate, internal entity; the self is just how we act. concept of mind-body dualism. PAUL CHURCHLAND (1943-present) Key Ideas: Description: A Canadian philosopher known for his work Methodical Doubt: A process of continuous questioning on eliminative materialism and neurophilosophy, focusing to find what cannot be doubted. on the brain as the basis for understanding behavior and Cogito Ergo Sum: "I think, therefore I am" – the act of the self. thinking is proof of existence. Key Ideas: Dualism (Body and Mind): The body is a machine, and Eliminative Materialism: Common-sense notions about the mind is the thinking part that controls it. the mind (like thoughts and emotions) are incorrect and JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) will be replaced by scientific explanations. Description: An English philosopher and physician, Neurophilosophy: Behavior and emotions should be Locke is considered the father of liberalism and is known explained by studying the brain’s neurological functions. for his theories on mind and government. MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY (1903-1961) Game Stage: Understanding rules in games teaches Description: A French philosopher, known for his work adherence to social norms. on phenomenology, which emphasizes perception and Anthropology the body's role in shaping experience. Anthropology is the study of humankind, examining Key Ideas: cultural, social, and environmental factors influencing Phenomenology of Perception: The mind and body are human development. unified in experiencing the world. The Self and Person in Contemporary Anthropology Body: Receives and integrates experiences through Self: Internal, personal sense of identity, shaped by perception. experiences and beliefs. Perceived World: The result of these integrated Person: Socially constructed identity, influenced by perceptions. cultural norms and social roles. People and the World: Enable us to experience cultural Traditional Views aspects and relate to others. Identities were once seen as stable, with fixed roles CHAPTER 2 based on gender or social class. Sociology Cultural norms dictated strict societal roles with little Sociology is the scientific study of human society personal change (e.g., gender roles, class roles). focusing on social behavior, relationships, interaction, The Self Embedded in Culture and culture. The self-acts as a symbolic representation of culture. Uses empirical investigation and critical analysis to Culture: Shared beliefs, values, and customs of a group understand social order and change. that influence how members perceive the world. The Self as a Product of Modern Society Socialization: The process of learning societal norms The self is shaped by modern societal conditions and and values through family, peers, education, and media. institutions. Conclusion Socialization and Identity Formation: Sociology explores how modern social structures and Institutions like family, schools, and media shape self- interactions shape the self. identity. The self is influenced by social expectations, roles, Social norms and values learned from these institutions norms, and cultural values. influence how we see ourselves. Sociology and anthropology offer insights into how we Multiple Roles and Expectations: understand human identity and behavior within society. People juggle multiple roles (e.g., student, worker) with CHAPTER 3 different expectations, leading to a complex self-identity. The Self as Cognitive Construction Influence of Media and Technology: William James: Social media impacts self-perception through curated American philosopher and psychologist, first to offer a online personas. psychology course in the U.S. Globalization and Cultural Exchange: Known as the "Father of American Psychology." Exposure to global cultures (e.g., influence of Korean Key Contribution: Conceptualized the self as a complex culture in the Philippines) enriches local identities. cognitive construct with two main aspects. George Herbert Mead Concept of Self: American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist; Self: The individual's awareness of their own existence developed symbolic interactionism. and identity. His theory of the social self explains that self emerges Two aspects: from social interactions. "I" (Acting Self): The self that acts, experiences, and is Self-awareness: Develops through interaction, aware of itself. This is the subjective, conscious aspect recognizing how others see us (e.g., feeling of the self. embarrassed when judged by others). "Me" (Sense of Identity): The self as an object of "I" and "Me": perception and reflection. This is the objective, "I": The spontaneous, unorganized aspect of the self observable aspect of the self, including our beliefs, (e.g., dancing freely without caring about others' values, and experiences. opinions). Parts of the Empirical Self: "Me": The internalized societal norms and expectations 1. Material Self: (e.g., hesitating to dance due to fear of judgment). Objects and possessions labeled as “mine” Self-image: (e.g., wardrobe). These objects are seen as Self-image is the part of the "me" that reflects how extensions of the individual's identity. individuals perceive themselves based on how they think 2. Social Self: others view them. Derived from interactions with others; reflects It develops through interactions with others and how others see us. It is the part of the self that internalizing societal expectations. is formed through social interaction and how Example: A student praised for being smart by teachers we perceive ourselves in relation to others. and classmates may develop a self-image of being 3. Spiritual Self: intelligent, shaped by others' perceptions. Core self; more stable and intimate than the Development Stages: other selves. This is the inner, subjective self, Preparatory Stage: Language allows individuals to including our thoughts, feelings, and beliefs. communicate. Play Stage: Role-playing helps develop self- consciousness. Global vs. Differential Models Key Concepts: Global Models: Focus on overarching theories Attachment Bonds: Deep emotional connections that applicable to many individuals, providing a provide security and comfort. general framework for understanding Internal Working Models: Mental representations of psychological phenomena. oneself, others, and relationships that guide expectations Freudian Psychoanalysis: and interactions. Psychoanalysis: A set of psychological Attachment Behaviors: Actions used to maintain theories and methods of therapy founded by proximity to caregivers, such as crying, clinging, or Sigmund Freud. following. Key Concepts: Secure Base: A caregiver who is consistently Unconscious Mind: A reservoir of thoughts, responsive and available, providing a safe haven for feelings, and memories that are not accessible exploration. to conscious awareness. Separation Anxiety: Distress experienced when Early Childhood Experiences: These separated from the primary caregiver. experiences shape personality and mental Types of Attachment Styles: health. 1. Secure Attachment: Interpersonal Relationships: The influence of Behavior: Children feel confident exploring their relationships on behavior and mental health. environment when the caregiver is present. They may Cognitive-Behavioral Theory (CBT): show distress when the caregiver leaves but are quickly CBT: A widely used psychological approach that focuses comforted upon their return. on the connection between thoughts, feelings, and Caregiver Role: Caregivers are responsive, consistent, behaviors. and attuned to the child’s needs, providing a reliable Key Concepts: source of comfort and safety. Thoughts Influence Emotions and Behaviors: Our 2. Insecure-Avoidant Attachment: thoughts directly affect our feelings and actions. Behavior: Children tend to avoid or ignore their Changing Maladaptive Thoughts: By identifying and caregiver, showing little emotional response when the changing negative or distorted thoughts, we can improve caregiver leaves or returns. They may seem independent emotional well-being and behavior. but often suppress their need for comfort. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Caregiver Role: Caregivers may be emotionally Hierarchy of Needs: A motivational theory that posits unavailable, unresponsive, or rejecting, leading the child that human beings have a series of needs that must be to downplay their need for attachment. fulfilled in a specific order. 3. Insecure-Ambivalent (or Anxious-Resistant) Attachment: Key Concepts: Behavior: Children exhibit clinginess and intense anxiety Basic Needs: Physiological needs (e.g., food, water, when separated from the caregiver. They are difficult to shelter) must be met before higher-level needs can be comfort upon reunion and may show ambivalence or addressed. resistance to the caregiver’s attempts at soothing. Self-Actualization: The highest level of need, involving Caregiver Role: Caregivers may be inconsistent in their the realization of one's full potential. responses, sometimes attentive and other times Differential Models: Focus on individual differences, neglectful, leading to uncertainty and anxiety in the child. exploring how and why people vary in their behaviors, 4. Insecure-Disorganized Attachment: emotions, cognition, and personality. Behavior: Children display confused, contradictory Trait Theory: behaviors and may seem disoriented or fearful in the Trait: A stable characteristic that influences behavior. presence of the caregiver. They may approach the Key Concepts: caregiver but with apprehension or show freezing Personality Traits: Relatively enduring patterns of behavior. thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Caregiver Role: Often, these caregivers may have been Five-Factor Model (FFM): A widely accepted trait model abusive, neglectful, or themselves disoriented, leading to that identifies five core personality dimensions: a breakdown in the child’s ability to form a coherent 1. Openness to Experience: Reflects attachment strategy. intellectual curiosity, creativity, and preference The Self in Western and Eastern Thoughts for novelty. Western Thoughts: 2. Conscientiousness: Relates to self- Self: Seen as an autonomous entity, separate and discipline, organization, and dependability. distinct from others. 3. Extraversion: Measures outgoingness, Emphasis: Individualism, personal responsibility, and energy, and sociability. self-reliance. 4. Agreeableness: Indicates compassion, Frank Johnson's 4 Categories: cooperation, and harmony in relationships. Analytical: Emphasizes reason and logic. 5. Neuroticism: Refers to emotional instability, Monotheistic: Belief in one God. anxiety, and moodiness. Individualistic: Focus on personal goals and Attachment Theory achievements. Developed by John Bowlby: Explores the bonds Rationalistic: Reliance on reason and logic. formed between individuals, particularly the emotional connections between children and their primary caregivers. Eastern Thoughts: Three Concepts in Confucianism: Self: Understood as relational, interconnected with 1. Junzi: The ideal self, formed through education, others, society, and the universe. virtue, and the guidance of a virtuous teacher. Emphasis: Collectivism, social harmony, and 2. Ren: Benevolence, humaneness, and compassion interconnectedness. towards others. BUDDHISM 3. Li: Refined manners, rituals, and protocols that govern religion and philosophy that developed from the social interactions and honor ancestors. teachings of the Buddha (Sanskrit: “Awakened One”), a Five Relationships: teacher who lived in northern India between the mid-6th Ruler-Subject: Defines the relationship between those and mid-4th centuries BCE (before the Common Era). in power and those who are governed. Spreading from India to Central and Southeast Asia, Father-Son: Emphasizes filial piety and respect for China, Korea, and Japan, Buddhism has played a central elders. role in the spiritual, cultural, and social life of Asia, and, Elder Brother-Younger Brother: Focuses on order and beginning in the 20th century, it spread to the West. respect within the family. HINDUISM Husband-Wife: Defines the roles and responsibilities is the oldest religion in the world, originating in Central within marriage. Asia and the Indus Valley, still practiced in the present Friend-Friend: Highlights the importance of mutual day. The term Hinduism is what is known as an exonym respect and loyalty. (a name given by others to a people, place, or concept) Social Construction of Self and derives from the Persian term Sindus designating Western Thought: those who lived across the Indus River. Understanding of the Self: The self is not Confucianism predetermined but shaped by social interactions and Focuses on social relationships, community, and ethical experiences. conduct. Key Figures: Taoism Sigmund Freud: “The ego is not master in its own Emphasizes living in harmony with nature, balance, and house.” (The self is influenced by unconscious desires the "Tao" (the underlying principle of the universe). and drives.) Individualistic vs. Collective Self Jean-Paul Sartre: “Man is nothing else but what he Individualistic Self: makes of himself.” (Individuals create their own identities Definition: Defined by personal traits, goals, and through choices and actions.) achievements. Conclusion: Values: Uniqueness, self-sufficiency, independence, and Differences autonomy. Western thought: Emphasizes individualism, personal Focus: Personal rights, freedom, and self-expression. autonomy, and scientific investigation. Collective Self: Eastern thought: Focuses on relational and communal Definition: Identity based on group membership and aspects of the self, interconnectedness, and spiritual social roles. development. Values: Group harmony, social responsibility, and CHAPTER 4 cooperation. The Physical and Sexual Self Focus: Group goals, solidarity, and social obligations. The Physical Self Implications of Individualism vs. Collectivism Definition: The tangible aspects of our being, including Identity body structure, attributes, appearance, health, and Individualist: Personal, defined by individual traits and physical capabilities. It encompasses our physical form, goals. how we move through the world, and how we perceive Collectivist: Social, defined by connections with others our bodies. and group membership. Influences: What Matters: Genetics: Inherited traits that determine our basic Individualist: ME - Personal achievements and physical characteristics. fulfillments; my rights and liberties. Lifestyle Choices: Activities, diet, exercise, and habits Collectivist: WE - Group goals and solidarity; our social that impact our physical health and appearance. responsibilities and relationships. Environmental Factors: Exposure to pollutants, Disapproves of: climate, and social influences that shape our physical Individualist: CONFORMITY. development. Collectivist: EGOTISM. Impact: The Self Through Spiritual Development in Confucian Thought Movement and Interaction: Our physical self shapes Confucius' Philosophy: how we move, interact with our environment, and engage Focus: Establishing social order and harmony through in physical activities. ethical conduct. Self-Perception: Our physical self-influences how we Belief: Unchecked selfish desires threaten social order. perceive ourselves, our self-esteem, and our body Definition of the Self: A person within society who image. exhibits refinement, compassion, and a commitment to Body Image: How we perceive and feel about our social harmony. physical appearance. It is a complex interplay of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to our body. Body image can have a significant impact on our mental and emotional well-being. The Self as Impacted by the Body skin color, perpetuating harmful stereotypes and Body as the Source of Sensation: Our bodies provide inequalities. the initial source of sensory experiences, shaping our The Sexual Self perception of the world. Through our senses, we gather Definition: Encompasses our sexual orientation, information about our surroundings and develop a sense desires, expressions, and identities within society. It is a of self within the world. complex and multifaceted aspect of our being, shaped by Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives: personal experiences, cultural context, and societal William James norms. Emphasized the body as the source of sensation, Impact: Shapes relationships, intimacy, and emotional essential for personality development. He believed that connections. Our sexual self influences how we relate to our bodily experiences and sensations contribute to the others, experience intimacy, and understand the formation of our sense of self. emotional connections we form with others. Erik Erikson Influences: Highlighted the role of bodily organs in early Personal Experiences: Our individual experiences with development, contributing to competence and self- sexuality, including relationships, education, and efficacy. He proposed that mastering bodily functions in personal values, shape our understanding of our sexual early childhood is crucial for developing a sense of self. control and self-confidence. Cultural Context: Cultural norms, beliefs, and values Social Significance of the Physical Self surrounding sexuality influence how we express and Our bodies convey social status, subculture membership, understand our sexual selves. and personal identity. We communicate nonverbally Societal Norms: Societal expectations and attitudes through our appearance, clothing, and body language, about sexuality can impact our self-perception and how conveying information about ourselves to others. we navigate our sexual identities. Impact of Culture on Body Image and Self-Esteem Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics and the Cultural Norms: Shape ideals of beauty, influencing Human Reproductive System how we perceive ourselves and our bodies. These Secondary Sex Characteristics: Physical traits that norms vary widely across cultures and time periods, emerge during puberty, distinguishing males from reflecting different values and aesthetic preferences. females and preparing them for reproduction. These Body Modification Practices: Reflect diverse cultural changes are triggered by hormonal changes and mark values and perceptions of beauty. the transition from childhood to adulthood. Examples include: Hormones: Chemical messengers produced by Neck Rings (Omo Tribe, Ethiopia): Used to elongate endocrine glands, regulating various bodily functions, the neck, signifying beauty and social status. including reproduction. Foot Binding (China): A historical practice that involved Testosterone: The primary male sex hormone, binding the feet to create small, delicate feet, considered influencing sexual behavior and reproductive functions. It a sign of beauty and elegance. is produced primarily by the testes. Scarification (Various Cultures): Involves cutting or Estrogen and Progesterone: The primary female sex branding the skin to create patterns or designs, often hormones, regulating the menstrual cycle and sexual used for ritualistic or decorative purposes. desire. They are produced primarily by the ovaries. Media Influence: Perpetuates unrealistic beauty Oxytocin: Often called the "love hormone," it enhances standards, often portraying idealized images that can bonding and emotional connection during intimate create unrealistic expectations and contribute to body encounters. It is produced in the hypothalamus and dissatisfaction. The media's portrayal of beauty can lead released by the pituitary gland. It plays a role in social to negative thoughts and emotions about one's body, bonding, emotional connection, and reproductive potentially contributing to eating disorders and body behaviors in both sexes. dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics in Males and Social Comparison: Comparing ourselves to idealized Females images can exacerbate negative body image and Males: feelings of inadequacy. When we constantly compare Growth of facial, chest, and body hair. ourselves to others, especially those presented as Deepening of the voice as the larynx grows and vocal "perfect" in the media, it can lead to feelings of inferiority cords thicken. and dissatisfaction with our own bodies. Increased muscle mass and strength. The Importance of Beauty Broadening of shoulders and narrowing of hips. Subjective and Culturally Constructed: Beauty is not Enlargement of the penis and testes. absolute but varies across cultures and time periods. Increased production of sebum, leading to acne in some What is considered beautiful in one culture may not be cases. considered beautiful in another. Females: Beyond Physical Appearance: Beauty encompasses Development of breasts. inner qualities, talent, charisma, kindness, and Widening of the hips for potential childbirth. intelligence. True beauty goes beyond physical Growth of pubic and underarm hair. attributes and includes a person's character, personality, Increase in body fat, particularly in the hips, thighs, and and contributions to the world. buttocks. Eurocentrism: The tendency to prioritize European Onset of menstruation (menarche), indicating beauty standards can lead to colorism and reproductive maturity. discrimination. This can result in individuals within the same race being treated differently based solely on their The Human Reproductive System 3. Orgasmic Phase: Peak of sexual arousal, Function: Produces, nurtures, and delivers gametes characterized by intense pleasure and muscle (sperm and egg cells) for reproduction. contractions. This is the climax of the sexual response Puberty: The period of sexual maturation, typically cycle. beginning between ages 9-14 in males and 8-13 in 4. Resolution Phase: Gradual return to the pre-aroused females. state. The body relaxes and returns to its normal Male Reproductive System: physiological state. Testes: Produce sperm and testosterone. The Basic Biology of Sexual Behavior Epididymis: Stores sperm until they mature. Hormonal Influence: Testosterone and estrogen play a Vas Deferens: Transports sperm from the epididymis to significant role in regulating libido and sexual desire. the urethra. These hormones influence sexual motivation and Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, and Bulbourethral behavior. Glands: Produce seminal fluid, which nourishes and Neurotransmitters: Dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin protects sperm. contribute to sexual arousal, pleasure, and bonding. Penis: Delivers sperm into the female reproductive These neurochemicals play a role in the emotional and system. physical aspects of sexual experience. Female Reproductive System: Evolutionary Perspective: Sexual behavior has been Ovaries: Produce eggs (ova) and hormones (estrogen shaped by the need for reproduction and species and progesterone). survival. Evolutionary pressures have favored behaviors Fallopian Tubes: Transport eggs from the ovaries to that promote successful reproduction. the uterus; fertilization typically occurs here. Understanding the Chemistry of Lust, Love, and Attachment Uterus: A muscular organ where a fertilized egg Love: A complex mix of emotions, behaviors, and implants and develops into a fetus. beliefs associated with strong feelings of affection, Cervix: The lower part of the uterus that opens into the protectiveness, warmth, and respect. Love can be vagina. expressed in various ways, including romantic love, familial love, and platonic love. Vagina: The birth canal and the organ that receives Lust: Driven by the desire for sexual gratification, sperm during intercourse. Erogenous Zones stimulated by sex hormones. Lust is the initial attraction and desire for sexual pleasure. Definition: Areas of the body that are particularly sensitive to stimulation, eliciting pleasure. These zones Attraction: Involves brain pathways associated with vary from person to person, and what is considered reward behavior, releasing dopamine and erogenous can change over time and with experience. norepinephrine, creating feelings of giddiness and euphoria. Attraction is the feeling of being drawn to Psychosexual Stages: Freud's theory of psychosexual someone, often accompanied by intense feelings of development identifies erogenous zones associated with excitement and interest. each stage, suggesting that different areas of the body Attachment: Driven by feelings of security and become sources of pleasure at different stages of development. permanence in a relationship, influenced by past experiences. Attachment is the deep emotional bond Variety of Erogenous Zones: Individuals have different that forms between individuals, providing a sense of sensitivities and preferences. What is considered security and stability in a relationship. erogenous for one person may not be for another. CHAPTER 5 Five Psychosexual Stages (Freud) Sexual Behaviour and Gender/Sexual Diversity 1. Oral Stage: (Birth to 18 months) Focus on oral Sexual diversity/Gender and Sexual Diversity (GSD): satisfaction (e.g., sucking, biting, chewing). The mouth is the primary source of pleasure. Refers to all the diversities of sex characteristics, sexual 2. Anal Stage: (18 months to 3 years) Focus on anal orientations, and gender identities. sensations and control (e.g., toilet training). The anus Adolescence: A time for physical changes and becomes a source of pleasure and control. increased sexual behavior. 3. Phallic Stage: (3 to 6 years) Focus on genital Human sexual behavior: Any activity, solitary, by pair, exploration and awareness of sexual differences. The or by group, which involves sexual arousal. genitals become a source of pleasure and curiosity. Sexual arousal: Humans are constantly exposed to 4. Latency Stage: (6 years to puberty) Sexual impulses sexual stimuli, such as seeing attractive people or sexual are repressed; focus on social and intellectual themes through media. development. Sexual interest is dormant during this Types of Sexual Behavior stage. Sociosexual Behavior: A sexual behavior involving 5. Genital Stage: (Puberty to adulthood) Mature sexual more than one person. development and the ability to form intimate Solitary Behavior: Self-masturbation or self-stimulation relationships. The genitals become the primary source with the intention of causing sexual arousal, a feeling of of sexual pleasure, and individuals seek to fulfill their pleasure, and often resulting in orgasm. sexual desires in healthy and fulfilling relationships. Sexual Arousal Understanding the Human Sexual Response  Definition: The feeling of being turned on sexually. Four Phases: When aroused, physical and emotional changes occur, 1. Excitement Phase: Increased arousal, blood flow to including erection or engorgement of the genitals, and genitals, and physiological changes. The body prepares wetness in the vulva, vagina, or penis tip. for sexual activity. Benefits: 2. Plateau Phase: Continued intensification of arousal. 1. Relieves stress. Physiological changes become more pronounced. 2. Lowers blood pressure.  3. Improves infertility in men. Physical changes: Involuntary muscle contractions, ejaculation in 4. Lowers the chance of cancer in men. men, vaginal contractions in women, and a release of sexual 5. Increases libido and relieves menstrual cramps in tension. women. Psychological experience: Strong sense of happiness, pleasure, Gender and Sex and relief from tension. Gender: Socially constructed roles, behaviors, Resolution Phase expressions, and identities of girls, women, boys, men,  Definition: The final stage where the body returns to its and gender-diverse people. normal state after orgasm. Gender is how people identify. Physical changes: Relaxation, return to normal heart rate, blood Sex: Categorized as female or male but with variations in pressure, and muscle tension. Men experience a refractory period, biological attributes and how they are expressed. Refers while women may experience multiple orgasms. to biological physical differences. Psychological experience: Calmness, well-being, and a sense of Sexual Orientation closeness with a partner. Sexual orientation: An enduring personal pattern of What is STI? romantic or sexual attraction to persons of the opposite STI (Sexual Transmitted Infections) are illnesses that sex, the same sex, or more than one gender. pass from one person to another through sexual contact, Types of Homosexuality but they can be prevented. Lesbian: A homosexual woman or girl. How are STI’s Spread? Bisexual: A person who experiences emotional, STI’s are spread by the exchange of bodily fluids romantic, and/or sexual attractions to more than one sex Breast Milk or gender. Blood Gay: A person characterized by sexual or romantic Vaginal Fluids attraction to people of one's same sex. Semen Transgender: A person whose gender identity differs Sexual Contact (vaginal, oral & anal) from the sex the person was identified as having at birth. Sharing of Needles Queer: Describes sexual and gender identities other Mother to Child than straight and cisgender. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and Abstinence transgender people may identify with the word queer. waiting or refraining from all forms of sexual activity Asexual: A person who experiences no sexual attraction effective in preventing pregnancy and sexually to others. transmitted disease. Pansexual: Sexual, romantic, or emotional attraction Condoms- toward people of all genders or regardless of their sex or A thin latex sheath that is placed over the penis and gender identity. prevents sperm from entering the vagina. Heterosexuality 86 - 97% effective in preventing pregnancy Heterosexuals: Sexually or romantically attracted to and sexually transmitted infectionsally transmitted infection. people of the opposite sex. Heterosexual men are Condoms ( Barrier Method ) attracted to women, and heterosexual women are A method of birth control that puts a physical wall attracted to men. (barrier) between the sperm and egg so they cannot join. The Sexual Response Cycle Condoms are an example of a barrier method. Human sexuality: An important part of life that affects What’s are the difference between Viral & Bacterial Infections? physical, emotional, and social well-being. Viral Infection Bacterial Infections Sexual response cycle: Includes four stages – excitement, plateau, Cannot be cured Can be cured orgasm, and resolution, explaining how bodies and minds react But symptoms can be And treated with an during sexual activity. treated by medicine antibiotics Excitement Phase Sexually Transmitted Infections  Definition: The first stage of the sexual response cycle, VIRAL INFECTIONS: occurring when the body reacts to sexual stimulation  GENITAL HERPES (physical touch or mental triggers like thoughts, feelings,  GENITAL WARTS - HPV or visual stimuli).  HIV/AIDS Physical changes: Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and GENITAL GENITAL WARTS HIV/AIDS muscle tension. Penile erection in men, vaginal lubrication, and HERPES - HPV swelling of the clitoris in women. Cause: Herpes Cause: Human Cause: The virus Psychological experience: Heightened excitement and simplex type 2 papillomavirus HIV eagerness for sexual activity. (HSV-2) Symptoms: Symptoms: Flu- Plateau Phase Symptoms: Painless warts that like symptoms,  Definition: A stage of ongoing sexual excitement, Painful, itchy can develop 3 decreased immune preparing the body for orgasm. blisters in the weeks to 6 months system over time Physical changes: The penis becomes fully hard, vaginal walls genital area, flu- after exposure to which increases expand and produce more fluid, with increased muscle tightness, like symptoms, an infected person. the risk of other heart rate, and blood pressure. burning when They can itch or infections. Psychological experience: Focus on sexual pleasure, urinating during an burn as they grow. Individuals infected anticipation of orgasm. outbreak, or no Treatment: There with HIV may be a Orgasm Phase symptoms. is no cure, but carrier for ten or  Definition: The climax of the sexual response cycle, Treatment: There topical medication, more years before representing the peak of sexual pleasure. is no cure, but freezing, or showing the medication can surgery can be symptoms.  relieve symptoms used to treat the Treatment: There Consumer culture: Refers to a social and economic order that during an warts. Once is no cure, but HIV encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever- outbreak. someone has the can be treated with increasing amounts. Prevention: virus, it can anti-viral drugs Characteristics of Consumer Culture Abstinence from reoccur at any which slow the Materialism sexual contact or time. progression of the Advertising and Marketing using condoms Prevention: virus in the body. Social Status during sexual Abstinence from Prevention: Planned Obsolescence activity. sexual contact or Abstinence from Globalization using condoms sexual contact, Digital Influence during sexual abstinence from Environmental Impact activity. sharing needles, or The Role of Consumer Culture using condoms Self-expression: Products are used to express identity. during sexual Social comparison: Judging oneself relative to others based on activity. material possessions. Sexually Transmitted Infections Brand loyalty: Emotional attachment to certain brands. BACTERIAL INFECTIONS: Status and prestige: Using products to signify one's social status.  GONORRHEA Cultural narratives: Products reflect societal values and stories.  CHLAMYDIA Fluid identities: Consumer choices allow for changing personal  SYPHILIS identity. GONORRHEA CHLAMYDIA SYPHILIS Digital identity: Online consumerism shapes self-perception. Cause: Bacteria Cause: Bacteria Cause: Syphilis is Contraception: (Neisseria Symptoms: caused by a spiral  Seeks to prevent pregnancy by using methods that are gonorrhoeae) Burning during shaped bacterium transitory and allow fertility to be restored after stopping. Symptoms: Men urination, called treponema Sterilization: A permanent method to prevent pregnancy. may notice a discharge, females pallidum. Contraceptive Methods discharge and may have mild or Symptoms: Effectiveness levels: painful urination. no symptoms. Stage one Very effective: 0–0.9 pregnancies per 100 women per Women often have Treatment: This painless lesions. year. no symptoms, but can be cured with Stage two-body Effective: 1–9 pregnancies per 100 women per year. later may develop a antibiotics. rash and flu-like Moderately effective: 10–19 pregnancies per 100 women discharge. Prevention: symptoms. Stage per year. Abdominal pain and Abstinence from three-rash, fever Less effective: 20+ pregnancies per 100 women per year fever. sexual contact. symptoms Natural Contraception Treatment: This Condom use it disappear, but if Fertility Awareness Methods (FAMs): can be cured with engaging in sexual untreated the Calendar method: Tracking menstrual cycle to estimate fertile antibiotics, but activity. disease can still days. some strains of cause serious Basal body temperature (BBT): Measuring daily body bacteria are drug damage. temperature, which rises after ovulation. resistant. Treatment: This Cervical mucus method: Observing changes in cervical mucus, Prevention: can be cured with which becomes thinner/stretchy during ovulation. Abstinence from antibiotics. Withdrawal (Coitus Interruptus): Pulling out the penis before sexual contact. Prevention: ejaculation to prevent sperm from entering the vagina. Condom use it Abstinence from Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM): Breastfeeding delays engaging in sexual sexual contact. ovulation and menstruation (effective only in the first six months activity. Condom use it after birth with exclusive breastfeeding). engaging in Abstinence: Avoiding intercourse during fertile periods or entirely. sexual activity. Artificial Contraception Parasitic Insects Hormonal methods: This image focuses on pubic lice, commonly known as Birth control pills, contraceptive patches, vaginal rings, injections, "crabs." It covers the cause, symptoms, treatment, and and implants. prevention of this parasitic infection. Barrier methods: - Cause: Parasitic insects (lice) Condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and spermicides. - Spread by: Sexual contact, bed linens, towels, and clothing. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): - Symptoms: Itching in the genital area, visible nits (lice eggs) or Copper IUD (releases copper to block sperm) and hormonal IUD crawling lice. (releases progestin to thicken cervical mucus and prevent - Treatment: MUST use HOT water and the hot dryer cycle wash ovulation). all clothes and bedding. Over the counter and prescription Emergency contraception: medication is available. Consult your doctor for side effect. Morning-after pill (delays ovulation or prevents fertilization), Copper - Prevention: Abstinence from sexual contact. IUD (used within five days of unprotected sex). The Material and Economic Self Sterilization: "I shop, therefore I am": A famous artwork by Barbara Tubal ligation (fallopian tubes cut/tied for women), vasectomy (vas Kruger exploring the relationship between consumerism deferens cut for men). and materialism in modern society. It implies that consumerist society is driven by desire and immediate gratification.