Philosophy PDF

PHILOSOPHY Framework — Provides an overall picture of the concepts that we have. Terms such as Philosophy - The study of the ideology, worldview, and isms, all r...

PHILOSOPHY Framework — Provides an overall picture of the concepts that we have. Terms such as Philosophy - The study of the ideology, worldview, and isms, all refer to fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, the frameworks we establish with the and existence, especially when concepts we have. considered as an academic discipline - structured way of thinking about a (Oxford Languages). particular issue or area of study. It provides a set of concepts, Its etymology comes from philos, which theories, and principles that help means, “love” and sophia, which means us analyze and understand “wisdom.” With this etymology, we can complex ideas. define philosophy as “love of wisdom.” Reflection is stepping back, and listening The Challenge of Concepts to yourself and other people, it gives us and Frameworks space to think. Two types of knowledge: Primary Features of Philosophy A Posteriori (Empirical knowledge): Articulation –your ideas are tied together knowledge based on experience (whether in clear, brief and readily understandable your own experience or the observations and language. experiments of others). (After experience) Argument – your ideas have supported A priori knowledge: knowledge that is reason from other ideas, principles, and independent of (“before”) any experience. observations to establish your conclusions and overcome contradictions. Holistic Point of View - looks at all aspects of the given situation. Analysis – your ideas are examined through their various components. Partial Point of View - Looks at only a limited number of aspects of a given Synthesis – your ideas are put together in situation. a single, unified vision. Fields of Philosophy Concept — Gives form to our experience of the Metaphysics: the theory of reality and the world in our mind. (refers to a general ultimate nature of all things. (Ex. Are time and idea or thought. It helps us understand space real things, or are they just ways we and talk about different things, like understand our experiences?) "happiness," "justice," or "truth.) Examples: DOG, GOD The aim of metaphysics is a - Through concept we are able comprehensive view of the universe,an to articulate our thoughts and overall worldview. One part of make our thoughts Metaphysics is a field sometimes comprehensible to others. called ontology, the study of “being,” an attempt to list in order of priority the  various sorts of entities that make up the universe. minute observances of small details. Ethics: the study of good and bad, right Philosophers to Know and wrong, the search for the good life, and the defense of the principles and rules Socrates - one of the founders of Western of morality. philosophy and contributed to the Socratic Method. Its aim is to expose contradiction - It is therefore sometimes called in one’s thought by asking question after moral philosophy, although this is question. Through this method, one will be but a single part of the broad field able to arrive at a firm, justifiable of ethics. conclusion. Epistemology: the study of knowledge, Plato – well-known for his work The including such questions as “What can we Republic, which describes that a know?” and “How do we know anything?” and “philosopher king should be a leader “What is the truth?” to achieve the so-called wise society”. Logic (or philosophical logic): the study of Aristotle – contributed the deductive the formal structures of sound thinking and reasoning or method. It uses facts, rules, good argumentation. and definitions to reach logical conclusions. Philosophy of religion (or philosophical theology): the philosophical study of Thales - he believed that through proper religion, the nature of religion, the nature observation and reason one can understand of the divine, and the various reasons for seasons, weather conditions, and anything believing (or not believing) in God’s about the material world. existence. - “What is the basic material of the Political (or sociopolitical) philosophy: cosmos?” His conclusion to this the study of the foundations and the question is WATER. nature of society and the state; an attempt to formulate a vision of the ideal society Rene Descartes (I THINK, THEREFORE, I and implement ideas and reforms in our AM.) - He sought to answer a fundamental own society to better achieve this. question, “What is that one knowledge that I can be certain of? Aesthetics (a subset of which is the philosophy of art): the study of the nature - This process led him to conclude that of art and the experiences we have when no knowledge can be certain except we enjoy the arts or take pleasure in one- Cogito ergo sum. nature, including an understanding of such concepts as “beauty” and “expression.” Definition of Terms The process of doing philosophy should not be mistaken for the Filipino activity of Truth - A statement or a fact of what the Pamimilosopiya or pedantry where a world is. person displays useless knowledge or  best guarantee that you know Belief - Refers to the acceptance that a what is going on around you. statement is true or that something exists. It is considered a firmly held opinion or conviction. METHODS OF PHILOSOPHY Two Kinds of Truth: 1. Philosophy as Speculation/Speculative Thinking Empirical Truth: - knowledge based on experience - Speculation comes from the (whether your own experience or the Latin word specula which means observations and experiments of “watch tower.” In this method, others). insights begin and are formed. - It allows a person to broaden his Necessary Truth: perspective by encouraging him - knowledge that is independent of to see a bigger picture of any (“before”) any experience. given situation by using his experience as a source of Nature of Truth knowledge. 2. Philosophy as Critical Correspondence Theory of Truth Thinking/Analysis - A belief is true if there exists an - This method questions, analyzes appropriate entity, a fact, that can be and examines any and all validated in this world. Truth propositions that may be acquired corresponds with the existing world. through speculation. - Through critical analysis, Coherence Theory of Truth insight is validated, if it is consistent with itself and with the world - Insists that a belief is true if and only if it is part of a coherent system of belief. (kung may sense, Modes of Critical Analysis not contradicting, holistic view, and logical yung sinasabi) Logical – philosophical problems are solved through a careful analysis of the Pragmatic Theory of Truth logical structure of a philosophical claim. It is reduced in the simplest form called elementary sentences and is validated Holds that a belief is true if it has benefit through observations. and is useful to believe it. (if a belief proves useful and works in everyday situations, it’s seen as true.) Linguistic – the meaning of words is analyzed for their clarity and consistency to Rationality means thinking and avoid ambiguity. acting in accordance with reason, it is the most efficient way to comprehend the world, and the  3. Philosophy as a Reflective Inquiry - It is a process of analyzing and making judgments about what happened. By doing reflective thinking, we are going to assess what we know and what we need to know.