Midterm Study Notes (1) PDF

CHAPTER 1 Communication Definitions ● ● Communication: Generates meaning by sending and receiving symbolic cues Encoding and decoding: the internal cognitive process of sending, receiving and understanding a message ● Environmental noise: physical noise present during communication ○ E.g: others ta...

CHAPTER 1 Communication Definitions ● ● Communication: Generates meaning by sending and receiving symbolic cues Encoding and decoding: the internal cognitive process of sending, receiving and understanding a message ● Environmental noise: physical noise present during communication ○ E.g: others talking, cars, Construction ● Semantic noise: interference in the encoding and decoding process resulting in different interpretations ○ lack of understanding, Clarity, confusion of words and meaning ○ not providing clear or complete instructions ■ Eg: telling someone to run every day but they don't know how long or how fast to run ● Physical contexts: includes environmental factors and how they may affect communication ○ the size, the layout, temperature or lighting ● Psychological context: mental and emotional factors that may affect communication ○ stress, anxiety, depression and many other ● Social context: stated rules or unstated norms ○ Being truthful, being clear ● Relational context: previous interpersonal history and relationship with a person ● Cultural context: Aspects of identity ○ Culture, gender, sexuality, pronouns, ethnicity, class, ability ● Communication ethics: the process of negotiating and reflecting on our actions and communication regarding what we believe is right or wrong ● Communication competence: effective and appropriate communication patterns and the ability to adapt and use that knowledge in context ○ Self-monitoring ○ Mindful communication Types of communication ● Verbal ● Non-verbal ● Written AIDET ● Acknowledge ● Introduce ● Duration ● Explanation ● Thank you Forms of communication ● Intrapersonal ○ Communication that is internal within your own head ■ reflective thinking, imagination, recall and memory ■ triggered by internal and external stimuli ● Interpersonal ○ communication between people who mutually influence each other ■ build, maintain, and end relationships ■ Goal oriented ■ Should be good at conflict resolution ● Group ○ Communication between three or more people to achieve the shared goal ■ intentional and has a purpose and is formal ■ typically not voluntary ■ interpersonal communication often happens within group communication Communication models ● Transmission model: linear one-way process, and the sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver ○ focused on the send ○ has a Target or endpoint and is not ongoing ○ receiver either understands or does not understand ○ the model takes into account noise ■ Eg: The radio host speaking does not know if the receiver got it or not ■ computer-mediated communication: digital Virgin of transmission model ● Eg: texting ● Interaction model: Participants alternate positions of sender and receiver by sending messages and receiving feedback in physical and psychological context ○ this model is more interactive and two-way ○ many messages are sent at a time, and many may not have been received ■ this is acknowledged in this model ○ can be unintentional ○ this model is not effective nor ineffective ○ takes physical and psychological context into account ● Transaction model: generates social realities within a social relational and cultural context ○ creates relationships, forms relationships, shapes them and engages them ○ constructs social realities ○ simultaneously senders and receivers ○ decode non-verbal communication while verbally communicating ○ complete understanding of ○ cont accounts for contextual influences outside of a single interaction ■ social, relational, and cultural context Why do communication models matter ● Gives new perspectives ● Amount of time devoted to communication ● Increases effectiveness CHAPTER 3 Communication rules ● Semantic ○ The meaning of a word can change based on the context ■ Eg: the word fly means many different things in the English language ● Syntactic ○ how we use words and form sentences ○ grammar, punctuation, and structure of our sentences ○ rules can vary based on background and culture ● Pragmatic ○ interpreting messages by analyzing the interaction together ■ “I love you” vs “I LOVE YOU” can be interpreted differently Level of abstraction ● Concrete abstraction ○ Tangible items like things you can touch, count, name, and identify in time ○ Eg: 10 000, concrete floors, ten o’clock ● Abstract concepts ○ no physical or spatial constraints ○ have no direct representation in the physical world ■ Eg: wealth Biases in language ● Race ● Gender ● Age ● Sexual orientation ● Able-ness Improving language ● Repetition ● Group similar words together ● Build vocabulary ● Read ● Language adaptation ○ ability to alter one's choices of words in a competent manner ● Check for understanding ○ T - talk ○ ○ Definitions ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● A - Ask questions P - Prepare to listen Denotative: ○ This is the dictionary definition of a word that most people are familiar with, and all agree on the meaning ○ Eg: dog, butterfly etc Connotative: ○ Subjective word definition; the word May mean something different from what you meant ○ Eg: if someone says baby, they could be referring to their own child or infant or could be referring to their pet Jargon: ○ Specialized or technical speaking that only certain people or groups understand ○ Eg: medical terminology Colloquialism: ○ Informal words in communication ○ These words may vary based on the region ■ Eg: saying “wanna” in America instead of “want to” ■ Being blue means to be sad Idioms: ○ Expressions or figures of speech that can't be understood just by looking at a particular word ○ Eg: a breath of fresh air means refreshing Cliche: ○ Ideas or Expressions that are overused so they have lost their meanings ○ Eg: happily ever after Improper language: ○ Not proper or correct language ○ Eg: vulgarity and cursing and or swearing Ambiguous language: ○ Needs others to know what we mean without saying it ○ Eg: customers are our best ingredients meaning they love their customers Euphemisms: ○ Makes language unclear; this is ” sugar coating” the message and is a politer way of saying something Relative language: ○ Based on personal experience and perception ○ Eg: $100 to one person might be a lot and may not be a lot to another Static evaluation: ○ Things are not constant ○ Eg: “Max is bad” Max may have been bad a few years ago but maybe good now CHAPTER 4 Definitions ● Paralanguage: ○ Vocal effects ○ Eg: speaking rate, volume, tone, pitch ● Complementing: ○ nonverbal behaviours combined with verbal communication to create emphasis ○ Eg: saying “I'm excited” while jumping up and down ● Contradicting: ○ Verbally saying one thing, but the non-verbal communication is saying something else and vice versus ○ Eg: saying, “im fine,” but body language says you are not fine ● Accenting: ○ Non-verbal communication that emphasizes a word ○ Eg: slams their hand down on the table while saying “no” ● Repeating: ○ Non-verbal communication that repeats and reinforces the words ○ Eg: nodding your head while saying yes ● Regulating conversational flow: ○ Pitch ○ Eye contact ○ Leave-taking behaviour ● Substituting: ○ Substitute verbal for non-verbal in certain situations ○ Eg: language barriers, loud places, quiet places, talking badly about someone or something ● Relational indicators: ○ Tie signs ○ Non-verbal cues that communicate intimacy and connection between two people ○ Eg: wedding ring, tattoo, holding hands ● Immediacy behaviours: ○ Verbal and non-verbal behaviours that lessen the real or perceived physical and psychological distance between communicators ○ Eg: smiling, nodding, eye contact, politeness, professional touch ● SURETY model: ○ Sit ○ Uncross legs ○ Relax ○ Eye contact ○ Touch ● ● ● ● ○ Your intuition Haptics: ○ The study of communication through touch Chronemics: ○ The study of how time affects communication Personal presentation: ○ Physical characteristics and artifacts that we surround ourselves with Non-verbal communication ○ Conveys important interpersonal and emotional messages ○ more involuntary than verbal ○ more ambiguous ○ more credible and reliable Kinesics ● Refers to gestures ○ Adaptors ■ Touch behaviors and movements that typically indicate arousal anxiety or uneasiness ○ Emblems ■ gestures with specific agreed-upon meaning ■ Eg: sign language or thumbs up and many others ○ Illustrators ■ Gestures to illustrate the verbal meaning ■ Eg: spreading your hands apart to demonstrate the size of something like a fish Vocalics ● Pitch ● volume or intensity ● speaking rate ● Tone ● verbal fillers Proxemics ● The study of how space and distance influence communication ○ public space ■ 3 M or 12 ft ○ social space ■ 1-3 M or 4 to 12 ft ○ personal space ■ 1.5 M or 0 to 4 ft ○ intimate space ■ less than 1 M or 0 to 1 and 1/2 ft Territoriality ● The drive to take up space ○ primary territories ■ marked and understood that these are exclusively theirs ● Eg: or someone's yard, house, desk, or room ○ secondary territories ■ do not belong to us or them but are associated with us or them ● Eg: an unassigned seating plan with a desk, but everyone sits in the same spot and is known that that is theirs ○ public territories ■ these territories are open to all people Trauma-Informed Approach ● Assuming that everyone has some sort of trauma, we need an understanding for ○ physical and emotional safety ○ choice and control ○ empowerment ● To achieve this, we must do the following ○ Actively listen ○ Use AIDET ○ Keep confidentiality ○ Make no assumptions ■ Only open-ended questions ○ Have empathy ○ Dont force them to disclose their trauma ○ The patient sets the pace for the interview ○ Be respectful Relational Inquiry ● Nurses must avoid viewing patients on an individual level ● Involves these communication practices ○ Intrapersonal ■ Communicating with a patient that allows you to assess what is occurring within all the people involved ○ Interpersonal ■ Communicating with a patient allows you to assess all the people involved, among and between ■ How they behave in a situation ■ Identifying priorities ○ Contextual ■ Communicating with a patient allows you to assess what is occurring around the people and the situation involved ● To achieve this, we must do the following: ○ Critically think ○ ○ ○ ○ Medical issues Social determinants of health Actively listen Clinical reasoning The interview ● Subjective data ○ information that the client, family, and friends have shared with you ● Secondary data ○ data from family, friends, care providers, or other healthcare providers ● Objective data ○ factual information that you have collected from observations, measurements, and diagnostic procedures Types of questions ● Closed-ended questions ○ direct questions you ask when needing precise information ○ yes,and no questions ● open-ended questions ○ invite client to share descriptive answers and open up about experiences from their perspective ● probing questions ○ questions and statements that allow you to gather more subjective data based on a client's response ■ Eg: tell me more or how did that affect you Therapeutic communication ● Intended to develop an effective interpersonal relationship between nurses and patients that supports the patients well-being using: ○ Holistic care ○ Patient-centered care ○ Quality Care Emotions ● Primary emotions ○ These emotions are Universal ○ Happy ○ Sad ○ Angry ○ Afraid ○ Disgust ● secondary emotions ○ These are developed through socialization and culture ○ Processed by different parts of the brain that requires higher order of thinking ○ ○ Not as reflective More influenced by negative thoughts ■ Guilt ■ Gossip ■ Embarrassment ■ Love ■ Shame ■ Jealousy ■ Pride ■ Envy What shapes emotional responses ● Culture ● Values ● Beliefs ● Attitudes ● Perceptions Complexity of responses ● Physiological response ○ everything that is going on in the body ■ Heart ratw ■ Adrenaline ■ Cortisol ■ Blood pressure ● Non-verbal reactions ○ Blushing ○ Sweating ○ Posture ○ Expresstions ○ Vocal tone ● Cognitive interpretations ○ how we interpret people ○ are they: ■ Shy ■ Awkward ■ Happy ■ Have a good or bad impulse control ● Verbal expression ○ Anger ○ Tone ○ Social intelligence ○ Competence