Tourism Platforms - Far Eastern University PDF

TOURISM POLICY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT ( TRM1104 ) Section 6 – 6:00PM – 7:30PM September 17, 2024  SOCIAL ADVOCACY JUSTICE TOURISM KNOWLEDGE PLATFORMS BASED (Jafari 2001) CAUTIONARY ADAP...

TOURISM POLICY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT ( TRM1104 ) Section 6 – 6:00PM – 7:30PM September 17, 2024  SOCIAL ADVOCACY JUSTICE TOURISM KNOWLEDGE PLATFORMS BASED (Jafari 2001) CAUTIONARY ADAPTANCY ADVOCACY PLATFORM ▪ Advocacy platform sees tourism as a good thing and have positive impacts on the economy, the environment and society ADVOCACY PLATFORM ▪ That tourism can be used to generate foreign exchange, create employment, modernize the country, and uplift the conditions of the poor. ADVOCACY PLATFORM ▪ That tourism is a “clean industry” because it does not produce smoke that pollutes the environment ▪ Tourism also revitalizes cultural traditions ADVOCACY PLATFORM ▪ The world is able to maintain peace through mutual understanding that is created by tourism ▪ Such are the core beliefs of tourism advocates ADVOCACY PLATFORM ▪ Given these beliefs, tourism should be pursued enthusiastically. ▪ The end result of this advocacy is “mass tourism” ADVOCACY ▪ Laissez Faire Theory ▪ Modernization Theory ▪ Trickle-down Theory ▪ Neoliberal Theory ▪ Laissez Faire Theory ✓ French for “leave it be” theory assumes that an industry such as tourism, will function best when it is left solely to market forces ✓ This means that government does not intervene in terms of policy, plans, regulations, guidelines, codes or standard ▪ Laissez Faire Theory ✓ This theory tend to encourage the growth of tourism businesses but an emphasis on the economic returns (profit & taxes), that has caused the rapid deterioration of many destinations due to abusive and environmental exploitation. ▪ Modernization Theory ✓ Assumes that tourism contributes to the economic progress and transformation of “traditional” societies into modern ones. ✓ Tourism improves standard of living of the residents through the transfer of technology, improvement of knowledge and skills, and the adaption of “Western culture”. ▪ Modernization Theory ✓ International tourism creates demands for imported goods and services, more efficient transportation systems, and comfortable lodging facilities. Such upgrading also benefits the local residents ✓ However, the advocates of modernization tend to think of new as better that old. This can lead to destruction of heritage-rich places or old buildings in favor of “modern structures”. Local cultures may disappear. ▪ Trickle-down Theory ✓ Similar to modernization, this theory assumes that any form of economic growth will lead to the improvement of living conditions of all. ✓ Everyone benefits from tourism growth from the hotel manager to the cigarette vendor. ✓ Related to this theory is the concept of “multiplier effect”, where the value of the original tourist expenditure seems to become greater as the money passes hands among the different sectors of the economy.  MULTIPLIER EFFECT CONCEPT  MULTIPLIER In other words, the tourist expenditure not only supports EFFECT CONCEPT the tourist directly but helps indirectly to support many other businesses In this way, money may be said to be used several times and to spread into various sectors of the economy. In summary, the money paid by the tourist may be used several times and after a long series of transfers over a given period of time, passes through all sectors of the national economy, stimulating each in turn throughout the process. ▪ Neoliberal Theory ✓ The economy functions best when there is minimal government intervention. ✓ This theory accepts the idea of government regulation but rejects government competing with the private sector by being a business operator itself. ✓ In the context of Philippine tourism, neoliberalism would manifest in the deregulation of the airline industry and the privatization of government- controlled tourism assets. CAUTIONARY PLATFORM ▪ Views tourism as a bad thing & decries the negative effects of mass tourism. ▪ Tourism jobs are low- paying and very seasonal. CAUTIONARY PLATFORM ▪ Interaction between tourists and residents can lead to “xenophobia”, which is the “excessive & irrational fear/anger toward anything “foreign” CAUTIONARY PLATFORM ▪ Tourism results in exploitation of vulnerable group such as the poor, women & children & minorities. ▪ Tourism pollutes and contributes to the loss of biodiversity. CAUTIONARY PLATFORM ▪ Given these assumptions, tourism should not be pursued at all. CAUTIONARY ▪ Dependency Theory ▪ Doxey (1975) irritation index ▪ Dependency Theory ▪ States that tourism can actually worsen the “Third World” countries because the “First World” countries exploit the resources of the latter ▪ Destinations depend on foreign countries for technology know-how and products to satisfy the demands of international tourists ▪ Dependency Theory ▪ In the process, the local economy suffers from leakages in the form of repatriated income, imports, royalties and management services. ▪ To some extent, dependency theorist regard international tourism as a form of modern-day colonialism and should not be pursued. ▪ Doxey (1975) irritation index ▪ States that resident’s attitudes toward tourism will deteriorate over the destination life cycle. ▪ Doxey predicts that resident’s feelings will change from euphoria, apathy, annoyance and finally antagonism as tourism moves from introduction, growth, maturity and decline stages. ▪ Doxey (1975) irritation index ▪ A related concept is social carrying capacity , which has something to do with the ability of residents of a destination to tolerate and manage the social effect of visitations. ▪ Planners must incorporate measures to prevent undue stress on the host residents brought about by the influx of tourists. ADAPTANCY PLATFORM ▪ This platform acknowledges that mass tourism has negative impacts, but these can be minimized or avoided with “alternative tourism” (Jafari 1999). ADAPTANCY PLATFORM ▪ Which refers to low- volume, low impact forms of tourism. ▪ There are 2 sets of what may constitute alternative tourism: ADAPTANCY PLATFORM 1. Oriented to the environment: ▪ Eco-tourism ▪ Soft tourism ▪ Green tourism ADAPTANCY PLATFORM 2. Socially oriented: ▪ Volunteer tourism ▪ Accessible tourism ▪ Ethnic tourism ▪ Responsible tourism ▪ Community-based tourism ▪ Pro-poor tourism KNOWLEDGE-BASED PLATFORM ▪ Views tourism from a holistic perspective; not just from the impacts and forms of but in terms of underlying structures and functions. KNOWLEDGE-BASED PLATFORM ▪ This platforms supports a critical analysis of tourism and is not inclined to labeling certain forms o tourism KNOWLEDGE-BASED PLATFORM ▪ Under this platform, mass tourism, when managed properly, may be sustainable, while eco-tourism when mis- managed, may be unsustainable. KNOWLEDGE-BASED PLATFORM ▪ In other words, any form of tourism is neither innately bad nor good. ▪ Sustainable tourism development concept, whose principles include the need for education & research, conforms to this platform. SOCIAL JUSTICE PLATFORM ▪ That the main purpose of tourism is to be an agent of positive change and to defend the weak. ▪ Forms of tourism that exhibit these principles are accessible tourism (tourism for persons with disabilities).  APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING NO PLANNING ▪ Many destinations start out with no tourism planning at all. ▪ Planning may not be seen as necessary when the place has underdeveloped supply and demand, or where visitation rates are so small as to not perceive any impact from it. ▪ Tourism may not be seen as a priority industry. AD-HOC PLANNING ▪ Ad-hoc planning is planning only as the need arises. ▪ In this case, planning is done on a piecemeal basis and there is no established tourism agenda at all. ▪ Ad-hoc planning is related to issue-based planning, whereby planning is driven by issues that emerge from to time to time. INTEGRATED TOURISM PLANNING ▪ When tourism is developed and planned as an integrated system within itself and as part of an overall tourism plan and total development patterns in the area. ▪ This implies that tourism must be compatible with existing economic activities and the values of the local residents. INTEGRATED TOURISM PLANNING ▪ Practical illustration of integrated planning in tourism is reflected in the transportation system in the UK, whereby airports, trains and bus lines are within the walking distance s of each other. ▪ One can easily buy a day pass on the hop-on/ hop-off buses which will take you around the London. BOOSTERIST APPROACH ▪ Sees tourism as a positive for economic development. ▪ Its primary goal is to maximize tourism revenues through mass tourism. ▪ The main strategies are to expand tourism physical capacity and conduct heavy international promotion campaigns. BOOSTERIST APPROACH ▪ Primary indicator of success are increasing tourist arrivals and receipts on the demand side and number of hotel rooms and air seats on the supply side.  Public-Private Industry-led Sector-led Development Government-led Development Market-led Development Product-led Development Product-led or market-led Development ▪ This approach suggest that the key to successful tourism program is to provide infrastructure, facilities, and amenities to tourist. ▪ “Build it and they will come” ▪ Construct a theme park or a water resort in the middle of nowhere and people will find their way to it for as long as the attraction is of high quality. Government-led approach ▪ Put the government at the center of the planning and development. ▪ There are 2 types of government-led approaches: 1. Central planning approach where the national level agencies carry out all functions related to tourism planning and development. Tourism can be used by government for political ends. 1. North Korea is an example of a country with a centrally planned tourism development. Its government owns all hotels, restaurants, resorts, and the flag carrier Koryo Airlines, and tourism buses. North Korea controls the movement of tourists inside the country by requiring all tour groups or individual tourist to have a local tour guide with them 24hours a day. Government-led approach 2. Devolved planning approach, whereby local government units assume control of tourism planning & development for their respective jurisdiction. In the Philippines, the devolution of tourism functions was mandated by Republic Act 7160, known as the Local Government Code of 1991. Middle Path Approach (Bhutan Model) ▪ The opposite of boosterism is low volume, high- yield tourism, which is Scheyvens (2007) called the “middle path approach” of Bhutan where strict controls are imposed on the types and volume of tourism to maximize revenue but minimize the adverse effects of tourism religion, culture and the environment. Middle Path Approach (Bhutan Model) ▪ In the Kingdom of Bhutan, tourists are required to spend a high minimum amount of money per day of visit, which eliminates the entry of the budget tourists. ▪ Because budget travelers comprise of bulk of the market, they can potentially alter the culture of the Bhutanese if there were no restrictions. Environmental Approach ▪ Environmental approach works best when the place being considered for tourism development is endowed with natural attractions of outstanding beauty; remote; beyond the reach of commercial electric and water services; or protected by laws, such as protected areas and ancestral domains of indigenous people. ▪ Many areas in Palawan fit this description. Environmental Approach ▪ Palawan is the only province in the Philippines to have a special law called the “Strategic Environmental Plan (RA 7611) ▪ The law specifically mentions the imposition of total commercial logging ban in old growth and residual forests. Environmental Approach ▪ Carrying capacity is one of the most important concepts in environmental planning. ▪ Carrying capacity is defined as the “maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment, and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitor’s satisfaction “ Environmental Approach ▪ Physical capacity is the “maximum number of tourists that can fit on a site at any given time and still enable people to move; the number of people that can fit in a site without causing irreversible damage to the environment.” ▪ The capacity limits vary from place to place. Environmental Approach ▪ Another useful concept in tourism planning is the Limit of Acceptable Change (LAC). ▪ The LAC approach attempts to delimit the conditions that are deemed ideal for an area and sets up management strategies to achieve the conditions. ▪ Unlike the carrying capacity concept, which tries to establish ceiling values, LAC tries to set a range (minimum & maximum values) for a given factor in terms of social, ecological, physical and economic impacts which are considered as acceptable. Ecotourism Approach ▪ It is defined by the DOT (2002) as “a form of sustainable tourism within a natural and cultural heritage area where community participation, protection and management of natural resources, culture and indigenous knowledge and practices, environmental education and ethics as well as economic benefits are fostered and pursued for the enrichment of host communities and satisfaction of visitors. ▪ Ecotourism emphasizes the environmental and cultural dimensions of sustainability. Social Approach ▪ Social approach to tourism planning emphasize the role of stakeholders in the tourism planning process ▪ It is concerned with directing the benefit and control of resources toward the community and other vulnerable groups. ▪ Ecotourism emphasizes the environmental and cultural dimensions of sustainability. Stakeholder/Participatory Approach ▪ Puts people at the center of the planning process. ▪ It is an approach in which each relevant stakeholder has a say in the deliberation and decision-making process. ▪ Stakeholders refer to groups of people, or entities, or individual within a place who have an interest in tourism because they will be affected by a decision to develop or not develop tourism. Stakeholder/Participatory Approach ▪ Stakeholder also refers to the government at all levels, business owners, non-governmental organizations, religious groups, schools, indigenous people, local resident, etc. ▪ Stakeholders refer to groups of people, or entities, or individual within a place who have an interest in tourism because they will be affected by a decision to develop or not develop tourism. Community-based tourism Approach ▪ CBT is tourism that is owned and/or managed by communities and intended to deliver wider community benefit. ▪ The core idea of CBT is allowing a community to have control over a tourism enterprise. The Pro-poor Approach ▪ Pro-poor tourism (PPT) is defined as “tourism that generates net benefits for the poor” ▪ PPT assumes that the trickle-down effect of liberal style of tourism does not happen automatically. ▪ As such, interventions from the government or other agencies are needed to channel the benefits of tourism to the poor. Fair Trade Tourism ▪ Fair trade is a trading partnership, based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade. ▪ Fair trade organizations are engaged actively in supporting producers, awareness raising and campaigning for changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade Fair Trade Tourism ▪ Fair trade tourism adheres to the basic principles of fair trade which includes paying fair wages and working conditions, fair purchasing and operations, equitable distribution of benefits and respect for human rights, culture, and the environment.  Formative Assessment No. 2 In your opinion, which approach is suitable in the planning and development of Manila City’s tourism areas? Please provide photos and references to support your explanation.  Formative Assessment No. 2 Deadline for submission: Friday, Sept. 24, 2024 up until 11:00PM only. FA2 submission to be made via Teams (Ma. Fe Garcia) in PDF format. Please follow below FA2 heading: Name: Subject code: Section: Formative Assessment 2 FA 2 - Rubrics: Criteria Total Points clarity of explanation of personal 20 opinion. Overall organization of thoughts 5 Compliance with the given 5 instructions TOTAL 30 Group No. 4