TPPD Reviewer Midterm 1 PDF

Approaches to Tourism Development can be minimized or avoided with and Planning “alternative tourism” (Jafari 1999), which refers to low-volume low TOURISM PLATFORMS...

Approaches to Tourism Development can be minimized or avoided with and Planning “alternative tourism” (Jafari 1999), which refers to low-volume low TOURISM PLATFORMS impact form of tourism-antithesis of A platform is a common theme shared by mass tourism. each batch of studies on tourism. - There are two sets of what may A platform is very similar to the concept constitute alternative tourism. One of paradigm (perspective or set of ideas), is oriented to the environment, and which is a way of looking at the nature of the other one to society. something, identifying the issues which are most important to consider, and 4. Knowledge-based platform thinking of ways to solve those issues. - Views tourism from a holistic perspective; not just from the THE FIRST FOUR PLATFORMS impacts and forms but in terms of ENUMERATED COME FROM JAFARI the underlying structures and (1999), WHILE THE LAST ONE IS CITED functions. This platform supports a FROM TODES (2011) critical analysis of tourism and is not inclined to labeling certain 1. Advocacy platform forms of tourism. - Sees tourism as a good thing and - Sustainable tourism development celebrates tourism’s positive concept, whose principles include impacts on the economy, the the need for education and environment, and society. research, conforms to the - Tourism can be used to generate knowledge-based platform. foreign exchange, create employment, modernize a country, 5. Social justice platform and uplift the conditions of the - Embraces “participatory process poor. involving open dialogue; inclusivity, - Tourism is a “clean industry” resource distribution equity, because it does not produce equality, pro-poor planning; gender smoke that pollutes the sensitivity; responsiveness to environment. diversity” (Todes 2011). - Tourism planners must be 2. Cautionary platform conscious of their roles as “agents - Views tourism as a bad thing and of social change” (Lew 2007). decries the negative effects of mass tourism that the advocacy TOURISM DEVELOPMENT THEORIES platform has engendered. - Tourism results in cosmetic ADVOCACY PLATFORM development, where poverty is concealed by high-rise hotels, new Laissez Faire Theory airports, and shopping complexes. Laissez Faire (French for “leave it be”) - Tourism jobs are low-paying and theory assumes that an industry, such as very seasonal. tourism, will function best when it is left solely to market forces. This is also known 3. Adaptancy platform as liberal economic theory. This means - Acknowledges that mass tourism that the government does not intervene in has negative impacts but these terms of policy, plans regulation, intensify. Doxey predicts that resident’s guidelines, codes, or standards. feelings will change from euphoria, apathy, annoyance, and finally antagonism as ADVOCACY THEORIES: tourism moves from introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stages. MODERNIZATION THEORY NO PLANNING as applied to tourism assumes that tourism contributes to the economic Many destinations start out with no progress and transformation of “traditional” tourism planning at all. Planning may not societies in modern ones. Tourism be seen as necessary when the place has improves the standard of living of the underdeveloped supply and demand, or residents through transfer of technology, where visitation rates are so small as to improvement of t knowledge and skills, not perceive any impact from it. and the adoption of “Western culture”. Tourism may not be seen as a priority TRICKLE–DOWN THEORY industry. Sometimes, there may be felt Related to modernization theory is the need to plan but a destination or local trickle-down theory. This theory assumes government unit may not have the that any form of economic growth will lead capacity in terms of planning skills or to the improvement of the living conditions budget to invest in tourism. of all. Everyone benefits from tourism growth from the hotel manager to the AD-HOC PLANNING cigarette vendor. is planning only as the need arises, such as planning in preparation for a town fiesta NEOLIBERAL THEORY or when an important visitor is coming. Neoliberal theory of development posits Planning may be in the form of preparing that the economy functions best when the welcome party and the meals, as well there is minimal government intervention. as the itinerary for the special guest. CAUTIONARY THEORIES: Ad-hoc planning is related to issue-based planning, which is planning driven by DEPENDENCY THEORY issues that emerge from time to time and states that tourism can actually worsen the the search for solutions to those issues light of “Third World” countries because (Dredge & Jenkins 2007). the “First World” countries exploit and siphon off the resources of the latter. INTEGRATED TOURISM PLANNING Tourism is seen as creating dependencies is when tourism is developed and planned by the “periphery”(developing nations) on as an integrated system within itself and the “core” (developed countries). as part of an overall tourism plan and total development patterns in an area IRRIDEX THEORY (Chaisawat n.d.). This implies that tourism Doxey’s Irritation Index model (Irridex must be compatible with existing model) is a theory about the social economic activities and the values of the impacts of tourism. It states that resident’s local residents. attitudes toward tourism will deteriorate over the destination life cycle as the negative consequences of tourism BOOSTERIST APPROACH Boosterism sees tourism as a positive “Know the customer and satisfy them”. force for economic growth. Its primary goal This is the key to success in tourism is to maximize tourism revenues through according to the demand-led approach. mass tourism. Demand-led approach is akin to Kotler’s marketing orientation. The main strategies are to expand tourism physical capacity and conduct heavy BUREAUCRATIC/GOVERNMENT-LED international promotion campaigns. APPROACH Bureaucratic approach puts the PRODUCT-LED DEVELOPMENT Government at the center of planning and “Build it and they will come”. Product-led development. It is the primary and approach suggests that the key to multi-tasking actor. successful tourism program is to provide infrastructure, facilities, and amenities to TWO TYPES OF BUREAUCRATIC tourists. Construct a theme park or water APPROACHES resort to nowhere and people will find their way to it for as long as the attraction is of Central planning approach is where the high quality. national-level agencies carry out all functions related to tourism planning and SPATIAL PLANNING APPROACH development. is a type of product-led tourism planning, but on the wider scale. It is focused on Devolved planning approach is where “destination layout and design” and breaks local government units assume control of down tourism into spatial units such as tourism planning and development for gateways (main access point, such as an their respective jurisdictions. airport), communities, access, routes, attraction complexes (Dredge & Jenkins MIDDLE PATH APPROACH (BHUTAN 2007). MODEL) The opposite of boosterism is low volume, Gunn and Var (2002, in Chaisawat n.d.) high-yield tourism, which Scheyvens identifies three spatial units in tourism. (2007) called the “middle path approach” of Bhutan where strict controls are (1) site scale, (2) destination scale, and (3) imposed on the types and volume of regional scale. tourism to maximize revenue but minimize the adverse effects of tourism religion, SPATIAL UNITS IN TOURISM culture, and environment. Site scale refers to planning at the level ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH of individual tourism property like hotel, Environmental approach works best when resort, or restaurant. the place being considered for tourism development is endowed with natural Destination scale is the planning of attractions of outstanding beauty; remote; tourism in a community and its beyond the reach of commercial electric surrounding areas. and water services; or protected by laws, such as protected areas and ancestral Regional scale is planning at the level domains of indigenous people. of province, region, or country. DEMAND-LED APPROACH Carrying Capacity is one of the most COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM important concepts in environmental is “tourism that is owned and/or managed planning. by communities and intended to deliver wider community benefit” (Armstrong Capacity limits cited by the WTO (1983 in 2012). The core idea of CBT is allowing a Inskeep 1991) expressed in visitors per community to have control over a tourism day per hectare (10,000 square meters) enterprise. are: forest park: 15 pax or less Community-based tourism is an example high density picnicking: 300-600 of transactive planning approach, which is low-density picnicking: 60-200 “based on social learning theory and golf: 10-15 transactive (interpersonal) interaction. fishing/sailing: 5-30 hiking: 40 persons per day per kilometer PRO-POOR APPROACH of trail Pro-poor tourism (PPT) is defined as “tourism that generates net benefits for the Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) is poor” (Ashley, Roe, & Goodwin 2001). In another useful concept in tourism this approach, “the needs of the poor are planning. The LAC approach attempts to prioritized over externally-oriented growth delimit the conditions that are deemed imperatives” (Potter 1999 in Scheyvens ideal for an area and sets up management 2007). strategies to achieve the conditions. FAIR TRADE TOURISM ECOTOURISM APPROACH The fair trade movement is “a response to It is defined by the DOT (2002) as “a form the failure of conventional trade to deliver of sustainable tourism within a natural sustainable livelihoods and development and cultural heritage area where opportunities to people in the poorest community participation, protection and countries of the world” (World Fair Trade management of natural resources, culture Organization 2009). Thus in essence, fair and indigenous knowledge and practices, trade tourism is akin to pro-poor tourism. environmental education and ethics, as well as economic benefits are fostered Fair trade is a trading partnership, based and pursued for the enrichment of host on dialogue, transparency and respect, communities and satisfaction of visitors. that seeks greater equity in international Ecotourism emphasizes the environmental trade. and cultural dimensions of sustainability”. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM APPROACH SOCIAL APPROACH Tourism should be developed without Social approaches to tourism planning damaging natural or cultural resources so emphasize the role of stakeholders in the that those will come after us may also tourism planning process. have the opportunity to enjoy them. Sustainable tourism development is PARTICIPATORY/STAKEHOLDER supported by the triple bottom line of APPROACH environmental conservation, social justice, puts people at the center of the planning and economic viability. Sometimes, this process. It is an approach in which each triple bottom line is known as relevant stakeholder has a say in the People-Place-Profit. deliberation and decision-making process. GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM and visual degradation of the environment. According to UNEP and UNWTO (2005), 10. Biological diversity – the support for sustainable tourism development has 12 the conservation of natural areas, main goals. These habitats, and wildlife and minimizing goals reflect a multi-dimensional damage to them. perspective and address concerns of 11. Resource efficiency – the various stakeholders. minimization of use of scarce and non-renewable resources. 1. Economic viability – the long-term 12. Environmental purity – the viability and competitiveness of tourism minimization of all forms of pollution destinations and enterprises. and waste generation by tourism 2. Local prosperity – the maximization enterprise and visitors. of the economic contribution of tourism, particularly the proportion of PLANNING POLICY DIRECTIONS spending retained locally. 3. Employment quality – the level of The (tourism) development policy must pay, working conditions, and emanate from the national level. availability of work opportunities to all Tourism policy should aim to achieve the without discrimination. following goals: 4. Social equity – the widespread and - Economic benefits fair distribution of economic and social - High-quality visitor satisfaction benefits, and opportunities available to - Sustainable utilization of natural and the poor. cultural resources 5. Visitor fulfillment – the provision of - Enhanced community quality of life safe, satisfying and fulfilling - There should be a balance of social, experience to visitors, available to all economic, and environmental goals. without discrimination. - Tourism planning must enlist the 6. Local control – the engagement and cooperation, assistance, and inputs from empowerment of local communities in constituencies. planning and decision-making of tourism - The roles of various tourism entities must development in consultation with other be clarified. stakeholders. - Slow-paced indigenous tourism is best. 7. Community well-being – the enhancement of the quality of life in PLANNING PROCESSES local communities, as indicated by social structures and access to resources, Planning must be systemic and amenities, and life support systems, and integrated. the absence of social degradation or Market-supply match is essential. exploitation. Markets (push) and supply (pull) 8. Cultural richness – the respect for and factors are important. enhancement of the historic heritage, Capitalize on the special attributes authentic culture, traditions, and of an area. distinctiveness of host communities. Not all areas are suitable for 9. Physical integrity – the maintenance tourism development. and enhancement of the quality of Planning is a continuous process. landscapes, and avoiding the physical Natural and cultural resources provide the foundation (for tourism  development) but they have Establish national tourism capacity limits. Thus, they should objectives that reflect the unique be protected through careful site character, opportunities, and design and management. constraints in a destination. Develop a shared vision of what TOURISM DEVELOPMENT type of tourism is wanted and how to achieve the goal. Urban and rural areas depend on Establish a policy framework to each other for tourism growth. achieve those objectives. Clustering is superior to dispersal Develop in collaboration with because it facilitates better crowd others, guidelines, policies, and control, more efficient use of practices for both new tourism infrastructure, and results in time projects and the management of saving for tourists. ongoing tourism activities. Services depend on attractions. Work with the educational Develop tourist attractions first, institutions and other organizations then provide the services needed in education, training, and by the tourists. development programs. Transportation requires special Provide a long-term commitment to planning; engineering and move from the current situation to technology must be supplemented a more attractive future position. with understanding of travel market segments. LAWS RELEVANT TO TOURISM Short-stay and longer-stay tourism PLANNING should be both developed as they complement each other. Short-stay RA 9593: TOURISM ACT OF 2009 tourists engage in passive Overall tourism policy of the activities in tour circuits while Philippine Government. longer-stay tourists engage in National Tourism Organization repetitive and active pursuits. machinery. TOURISM PLANNING NEEDS (CIRCA RA 7586: NATIONAL INTEGRATED 1988) PROTECTED AREAS ACT 1992 (NIPAS) The need for research, training, Tourism may be allowed in and education. Learning about protected landscapes or tourism should start at an early age seascapes for people to learn about the opportunities presented by tourism PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1151 and how they can fully enjoy Section 4 of PD 1151 states that tourism and avoid the negative “… all agencies and effects. instrumentalities of the national government, including government FOR TOURISM TO BE SUSTAINABLE, owned and controlled corporation THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD (GOCCs), as well as private UNDERTAKE THE FOLLOWING corporation, firms and entities MEASURES, ACCORDING TO shall prepare, file and include in MCKERCHER (2003): every action, project or undertaking which significantly  affects the quality of the RA 9003: PHILIPPINE ECOLOGICAL environment a detailed SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF statement on … the 2000 environmental impact of the provides for the adoption of a proposed action, project comprehensive solid waste undertaking”. management program, which will set guidelines and targets for solid PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1586 waste avoidance and volume Establishing an Environmental reduction through source reduction Impact Statement System, and waste minimization measures, Including Other Environmental including composing, recycling, Management Related Measures re-use, recovery, green charcoal and Other Purposes process and others before 1978 collection. RA 9729: CLIMATE CHANGE ACT OF REPUBLIC ACT 9710: THE MAGNA 2009 CARTA OF WOMEN RA 9729 was enacted in line with The law emphasizes the value of the United Nations Framework gender equality and women Convention on Climate Change. empowerment. RA 9729 was a response to address the vulnerability of the RA 8371: THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ Philippines to the impacts of RIGHTS ACT OF 1997 climate change The law protects the rights of indigenous peoples (IPs) on their RA 7611: STRATEGIC ancestral lands. ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN (SEP) FOR PALAWAN ACT RA 7277: MAGNA CARTA FOR This law is quite unique because DISABLED PERSONS while it is a national law, it is Some provisions of RA 7277 have specific to the province of implications for tourism planning Palawan, which is regarded as the and development. Specifically, they Philippines’ last frontier. refer to tax incentives provided to private entities that employ RA 8749: THE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 Persons with Disability (PWDs) aims to maintain a healthy quality of air by controlling air pollution from vehicles, industrial plants, and area sources (coal or wood burning). RA 9275: PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT 2004 aims to prevent pollution of water bodies from land-based sources ( e.g., wastewater discharge).