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Questions and Answers
What is a primary advantage of modernization in relation to international tourism?
What is a primary advantage of modernization in relation to international tourism?
Which statement best describes the trickle-down theory in tourism?
Which statement best describes the trickle-down theory in tourism?
How does the multiplier effect conceptually operate within the tourism economy?
How does the multiplier effect conceptually operate within the tourism economy?
What does neoliberal theory emphasize regarding government intervention in the economy?
What does neoliberal theory emphasize regarding government intervention in the economy?
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Which consequence is often linked to the advocates of modernization when new structures replace old ones?
Which consequence is often linked to the advocates of modernization when new structures replace old ones?
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What does the cautionary platform suggest about mass tourism?
What does the cautionary platform suggest about mass tourism?
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How is the economic growth from tourism expected to benefit individuals in the local economy?
How is the economic growth from tourism expected to benefit individuals in the local economy?
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What aspect does neoliberal theory reject in regard to government involvement in tourism?
What aspect does neoliberal theory reject in regard to government involvement in tourism?
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What term describes the excessive and irrational fear or anger toward anything foreign that can arise from tourist-resident interactions?
What term describes the excessive and irrational fear or anger toward anything foreign that can arise from tourist-resident interactions?
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What does Dependency Theory suggest about the impact of tourism on Third World countries?
What does Dependency Theory suggest about the impact of tourism on Third World countries?
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According to Doxey's irritation index, how do residents’ attitudes toward tourism typically change over time?
According to Doxey's irritation index, how do residents’ attitudes toward tourism typically change over time?
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What is the social carrying capacity related to tourism?
What is the social carrying capacity related to tourism?
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What is the primary critique of mainstream tourism as identified in the document?
What is the primary critique of mainstream tourism as identified in the document?
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Which of the following is NOT a stage in Doxey's irritation index progression?
Which of the following is NOT a stage in Doxey's irritation index progression?
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Which form of tourism is emphasized as a potential solution to the negative impacts of mass tourism?
Which form of tourism is emphasized as a potential solution to the negative impacts of mass tourism?
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Which type of tourism is specifically geared towards environmental consciousness?
Which type of tourism is specifically geared towards environmental consciousness?
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What is one outcome of tourism dependency as described in Dependency Theory?
What is one outcome of tourism dependency as described in Dependency Theory?
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What is a key principle of the knowledge-based platform in tourism?
What is a key principle of the knowledge-based platform in tourism?
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Which form of tourism aims to be an agent of positive change and uphold social justice?
Which form of tourism aims to be an agent of positive change and uphold social justice?
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What characterizes ad-hoc planning in tourism?
What characterizes ad-hoc planning in tourism?
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Which of the following types of tourism is included under the socially oriented category?
Which of the following types of tourism is included under the socially oriented category?
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In the context of sustainable tourism, how are educational and research needs viewed?
In the context of sustainable tourism, how are educational and research needs viewed?
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Which type of tourism can potentially become unsustainable if not managed well?
Which type of tourism can potentially become unsustainable if not managed well?
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Which of the following best defines the adaptancy platform in tourism?
Which of the following best defines the adaptancy platform in tourism?
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What is required of tourists in North Korea during their visit?
What is required of tourists in North Korea during their visit?
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What legislation mandates the devolution of tourism functions in the Philippines?
What legislation mandates the devolution of tourism functions in the Philippines?
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What is the purpose of the Middle Path Approach in Bhutan tourism?
What is the purpose of the Middle Path Approach in Bhutan tourism?
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Which of the following describes the environmental approach to tourism development?
Which of the following describes the environmental approach to tourism development?
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What is one main requirement for tourists under Bhutan's Middle Path Approach?
What is one main requirement for tourists under Bhutan's Middle Path Approach?
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What concept is emphasized as particularly important in environmental planning for tourism?
What concept is emphasized as particularly important in environmental planning for tourism?
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What is a defining feature of Palawan's environmental approach to tourism?
What is a defining feature of Palawan's environmental approach to tourism?
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Which of the following is a potential risk posed by budget travelers in Bhutan?
Which of the following is a potential risk posed by budget travelers in Bhutan?
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What does carrying capacity refer to in tourism?
What does carrying capacity refer to in tourism?
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How does physical capacity differ from carrying capacity?
How does physical capacity differ from carrying capacity?
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What is the primary goal of the Limit of Acceptable Change (LAC) approach?
What is the primary goal of the Limit of Acceptable Change (LAC) approach?
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Which of the following best describes ecotourism?
Which of the following best describes ecotourism?
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What is a key focus of the social approach in tourism planning?
What is a key focus of the social approach in tourism planning?
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How does the stakeholder/participatory approach contribute to tourism planning?
How does the stakeholder/participatory approach contribute to tourism planning?
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Which aspect is emphasized by ecotourism?
Which aspect is emphasized by ecotourism?
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In the context of tourism, which strategy does the Limit of Acceptable Change (LAC) primarily utilize?
In the context of tourism, which strategy does the Limit of Acceptable Change (LAC) primarily utilize?
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Study Notes
Modernization Theory
- Tourism can lead to modernization with imported goods, better transportation, and improved lodging.
- Positive impacts can benefit local residents.
- However, modernization can result in the destruction of heritage and local cultures.
Trickle-Down Theory
- Tourism growth is assumed to benefit everyone through economic gains.
- This includes everyone from hotel managers to vendors.
- The "multiplier effect" expands the value of tourist spending through multiple sectors of the economy.
Neoliberal Theory
- Minimal government intervention leads to the best economic outcomes.
- Government regulation is acceptable, but competing with the private sector in business is not.
- This ideology can be seen in airline industry deregulation and privatization of tourism assets.
Dependency Theory
- Tourism can worsen conditions in developing countries due to exploitation by developed countries.
- Destinations rely on developed countries for technology and products to meet tourist demands.
- This dependence leads to economic leakages through repatriated profits, imports, royalties, and management services.
- International tourism is viewed as a form of modern colonialism.
Doxey's Irritation Index (1975)
- Resident attitudes toward tourism deteriorate over a destination's life cycle.
- Attitudes progress from euphoria to apathy, annoyance, and eventually antagonism as tourism passes through introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stages.
- The concept of social carrying capacity relates to a destination's ability to tolerate and manage the social impacts of tourism.
- Tourism planners must implement measures to prevent excess stress on the host population due to tourist influx.
Adaptancy Platform
- Acknowledges the negative impact of mass tourism but suggests alternatives to minimize them.
- Alternative tourism aims to reduce tourism volume and its impact.
Alternative Tourism Types
- Environmentally oriented: Eco-tourism, soft tourism, green tourism
- Socially oriented: Volunteer tourism, accessible tourism, ethnic tourism, responsible tourism, community-based tourism, pro-poor tourism
Knowledge-Based Platform
- Views tourism holistically beyond its impacts and forms, focusing on underlying structures and functions.
- Supports critical analysis of tourism and does not label specific forms as good or bad.
- Properly managed mass tourism can be sustainable, while poorly managed eco-tourism can be unsustainable.
Sustainable Tourism Development
- A concept aligned with the knowledge-based platform, emphasizing education and research.
Social Justice Platform
- Tourism should actively seek to create positive change and defend the vulnerable.
- Accessible tourism for people with disabilities falls under this platform.
Approaches to Tourism Planning
No Planning
- Many destinations lack any tourism planning.
- Planning may be considered unnecessary in places with underdeveloped supply and demand or low visitation rates.
- Tourism may not be seen as a priority industry.
Ad-hoc Planning
- Planning occurs only when needed.
- Planning occurs on a piecemeal basis, with no established tourism agenda.
Government-led Approach
- National governments take the lead in planning and development, often using a top-down approach.
- Example: North Korea's requirement for local guides for all tourists.
Devolved Planning Approach
- Local governments manage tourism planning and development within their jurisdictions.
- In the Philippines, this was established by Republic Act 7160 (Local Government Code of 1991).
Middle Path Approach (Bhutan Model)
- Focuses on low-volume, high-yield tourism.
- Strict controls regulate tourist types and volume to maximize revenue while minimizing negative environmental, cultural, and religious impacts.
Middle Path Approach (Bhutan Model)
- Tourists in Bhutan are required to spend a high minimum daily amount, excluding budget travelers.
- Budget travelers are seen as a potential threat to Bhutanese culture.
Environmental Approach
- Best suited for destinations with outstanding natural beauty, remoteness, limited infrastructure, or protected areas.
- Examples: Many areas in Palawan, Philippines.
Environmental Approach
- The Strategic Environmental Plan (RA 7611) in Palawan imposes a commercial logging ban.
- The concept of carrying capacity is crucial for the environment.
- Carrying capacity is the maximum number of visitors a destination can handle without causing environmental harm or reducing visitor satisfaction.
- Physical capacity refers to the maximum number of people that can fit in a space without causing crowding or damage.
- The Limit of Acceptable Change (LAC) sets acceptable ranges for factors that affect social, ecological, physical, and economic impacts.
Ecotourism Approach
- Sustainable tourism in natural and cultural heritage areas.
- Emphasizes environmental and cultural sustainability.
- Focuses on community participation, resource protection, indigenous knowledge, environmental education, and ethical practices.
Social Approach
- Emphasizes stakeholder involvement in tourism planning.
- Aims to direct benefits and resources towards the community and vulnerable groups.
Stakeholder/Participatory Approach
- Places people at the center of the planning process.
- All relevant stakeholders are involved in decision-making.
- Stakeholders include any group or individual with an interest or impact from tourism development.
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Description
Explore the various theories regarding the impact of tourism on modernization and economic development. This quiz covers aspects of Modernization, Trickle-Down, Neoliberal, and Dependency theories, examining both positive and negative consequences. Test your understanding of how these theories explain the dynamics of tourism and its effects on local cultures and economies.
