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What is a primary advantage of modernization in relation to international tourism?
Which statement best describes the trickle-down theory in tourism?
How does the multiplier effect conceptually operate within the tourism economy?
What does neoliberal theory emphasize regarding government intervention in the economy?
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Which consequence is often linked to the advocates of modernization when new structures replace old ones?
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What does the cautionary platform suggest about mass tourism?
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How is the economic growth from tourism expected to benefit individuals in the local economy?
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What aspect does neoliberal theory reject in regard to government involvement in tourism?
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What term describes the excessive and irrational fear or anger toward anything foreign that can arise from tourist-resident interactions?
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What does Dependency Theory suggest about the impact of tourism on Third World countries?
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According to Doxey's irritation index, how do residents’ attitudes toward tourism typically change over time?
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What is the social carrying capacity related to tourism?
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What is the primary critique of mainstream tourism as identified in the document?
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Which of the following is NOT a stage in Doxey's irritation index progression?
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Which form of tourism is emphasized as a potential solution to the negative impacts of mass tourism?
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Which type of tourism is specifically geared towards environmental consciousness?
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What is one outcome of tourism dependency as described in Dependency Theory?
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What is a key principle of the knowledge-based platform in tourism?
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Which form of tourism aims to be an agent of positive change and uphold social justice?
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What characterizes ad-hoc planning in tourism?
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Which of the following types of tourism is included under the socially oriented category?
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In the context of sustainable tourism, how are educational and research needs viewed?
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Which type of tourism can potentially become unsustainable if not managed well?
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Which of the following best defines the adaptancy platform in tourism?
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What is required of tourists in North Korea during their visit?
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What legislation mandates the devolution of tourism functions in the Philippines?
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What is the purpose of the Middle Path Approach in Bhutan tourism?
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Which of the following describes the environmental approach to tourism development?
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What is one main requirement for tourists under Bhutan's Middle Path Approach?
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What concept is emphasized as particularly important in environmental planning for tourism?
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What is a defining feature of Palawan's environmental approach to tourism?
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Which of the following is a potential risk posed by budget travelers in Bhutan?
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What does carrying capacity refer to in tourism?
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How does physical capacity differ from carrying capacity?
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What is the primary goal of the Limit of Acceptable Change (LAC) approach?
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Which of the following best describes ecotourism?
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What is a key focus of the social approach in tourism planning?
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How does the stakeholder/participatory approach contribute to tourism planning?
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Which aspect is emphasized by ecotourism?
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In the context of tourism, which strategy does the Limit of Acceptable Change (LAC) primarily utilize?
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Study Notes
Modernization Theory
- Tourism can lead to modernization with imported goods, better transportation, and improved lodging.
- Positive impacts can benefit local residents.
- However, modernization can result in the destruction of heritage and local cultures.
Trickle-Down Theory
- Tourism growth is assumed to benefit everyone through economic gains.
- This includes everyone from hotel managers to vendors.
- The "multiplier effect" expands the value of tourist spending through multiple sectors of the economy.
Neoliberal Theory
- Minimal government intervention leads to the best economic outcomes.
- Government regulation is acceptable, but competing with the private sector in business is not.
- This ideology can be seen in airline industry deregulation and privatization of tourism assets.
Dependency Theory
- Tourism can worsen conditions in developing countries due to exploitation by developed countries.
- Destinations rely on developed countries for technology and products to meet tourist demands.
- This dependence leads to economic leakages through repatriated profits, imports, royalties, and management services.
- International tourism is viewed as a form of modern colonialism.
Doxey's Irritation Index (1975)
- Resident attitudes toward tourism deteriorate over a destination's life cycle.
- Attitudes progress from euphoria to apathy, annoyance, and eventually antagonism as tourism passes through introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stages.
- The concept of social carrying capacity relates to a destination's ability to tolerate and manage the social impacts of tourism.
- Tourism planners must implement measures to prevent excess stress on the host population due to tourist influx.
Adaptancy Platform
- Acknowledges the negative impact of mass tourism but suggests alternatives to minimize them.
- Alternative tourism aims to reduce tourism volume and its impact.
Alternative Tourism Types
- Environmentally oriented: Eco-tourism, soft tourism, green tourism
- Socially oriented: Volunteer tourism, accessible tourism, ethnic tourism, responsible tourism, community-based tourism, pro-poor tourism
Knowledge-Based Platform
- Views tourism holistically beyond its impacts and forms, focusing on underlying structures and functions.
- Supports critical analysis of tourism and does not label specific forms as good or bad.
- Properly managed mass tourism can be sustainable, while poorly managed eco-tourism can be unsustainable.
Sustainable Tourism Development
- A concept aligned with the knowledge-based platform, emphasizing education and research.
Social Justice Platform
- Tourism should actively seek to create positive change and defend the vulnerable.
- Accessible tourism for people with disabilities falls under this platform.
Approaches to Tourism Planning
No Planning
- Many destinations lack any tourism planning.
- Planning may be considered unnecessary in places with underdeveloped supply and demand or low visitation rates.
- Tourism may not be seen as a priority industry.
Ad-hoc Planning
- Planning occurs only when needed.
- Planning occurs on a piecemeal basis, with no established tourism agenda.
Government-led Approach
- National governments take the lead in planning and development, often using a top-down approach.
- Example: North Korea's requirement for local guides for all tourists.
Devolved Planning Approach
- Local governments manage tourism planning and development within their jurisdictions.
- In the Philippines, this was established by Republic Act 7160 (Local Government Code of 1991).
Middle Path Approach (Bhutan Model)
- Focuses on low-volume, high-yield tourism.
- Strict controls regulate tourist types and volume to maximize revenue while minimizing negative environmental, cultural, and religious impacts.
Middle Path Approach (Bhutan Model)
- Tourists in Bhutan are required to spend a high minimum daily amount, excluding budget travelers.
- Budget travelers are seen as a potential threat to Bhutanese culture.
Environmental Approach
- Best suited for destinations with outstanding natural beauty, remoteness, limited infrastructure, or protected areas.
- Examples: Many areas in Palawan, Philippines.
Environmental Approach
- The Strategic Environmental Plan (RA 7611) in Palawan imposes a commercial logging ban.
- The concept of carrying capacity is crucial for the environment.
- Carrying capacity is the maximum number of visitors a destination can handle without causing environmental harm or reducing visitor satisfaction.
- Physical capacity refers to the maximum number of people that can fit in a space without causing crowding or damage.
- The Limit of Acceptable Change (LAC) sets acceptable ranges for factors that affect social, ecological, physical, and economic impacts.
Ecotourism Approach
- Sustainable tourism in natural and cultural heritage areas.
- Emphasizes environmental and cultural sustainability.
- Focuses on community participation, resource protection, indigenous knowledge, environmental education, and ethical practices.
Social Approach
- Emphasizes stakeholder involvement in tourism planning.
- Aims to direct benefits and resources towards the community and vulnerable groups.
Stakeholder/Participatory Approach
- Places people at the center of the planning process.
- All relevant stakeholders are involved in decision-making.
- Stakeholders include any group or individual with an interest or impact from tourism development.
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Description
Explore the various theories regarding the impact of tourism on modernization and economic development. This quiz covers aspects of Modernization, Trickle-Down, Neoliberal, and Dependency theories, examining both positive and negative consequences. Test your understanding of how these theories explain the dynamics of tourism and its effects on local cultures and economies.
